Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh (st)

TENSES ( Các ) LESSON : SIMPLE PRESENT: (HTĐ) Affir : Neg: S+V1 /Vs, es S+ do/ does + not+ V1 Ex : Water boils at 100o c Inter: Do/ does+ S + V1 …? Ex : How often you go to school? Ex : Tom doesn’t feel hungry *(Be):am, is, are not ; (have):has/ have not +got = / does + not + have Diễn tả :  Tình cảm, cảm giác, nhận thức hđộng  Thói quen, phong tục, tập quán  Chân lí, thật hiển nhiên Với : EVERY (day, year…), ALWAYS, OFTEN, USUALLY, SOMETIME, SELDOM, RARELY, NEVER, EVER, ONCE / TWICE / THREE TIMES + ( a day/ week/ month…), all the time, now and then Notes : Qui tắc thêm es động từ có S số : - Các động từ tận : o, sh, ch, x, s, z - Các động từ tận y mà đứng trước y phụ âm ta đổi y  i + es ( She studies, Tom tries, He plays ) PRESENT CONTINUOUS ( HTTD) S + am/ is/ are + Ving S + am/ is/ are + not + Ving Am/ Is/ Are + S + Ving ? Diễn tả : Với : Ex: We are studying English now Ex: She isn’t writing when he comes Ex: What are you doing while I am doing?  Hđộng xảy Htại vào lúc nói viết  hđộng kéo dài // Htại (while: khi)  hđộng kéo dài Htại có hđộng ngắn đột ngột xảy ra(S+ V 1/ Vs, es) ! AT PRESENT , AT THE MOMENT , NOW, RIGHT NOW, JUST NOW, ,… PRESENT PERFECT: (HTHT) S + has/ have + V3ed S + has/ have + not + V3ed Has/ Have + S + V3ed? Diễn tả: Ex: I’ve just opened the door Ex: We have studied English for many years Ex: Jack hasn’t come recently Ex: How long have you studied English?  Hđộng Qk ko rõ tg  Hđộng vừa xảy  Hđộng bắt đầu Qk, tiếp tục Htại & tiếp tục Tlai Với: BEFORE, ALREADY, RECENTLY= LATELY, EVER, NEVER, YET , JUST, TWICE, SEVERAL TIMES, SINCE + mốc TG, FOR + khoảng TG, UP TO NOW=UP TILL NOW=SO FAR… PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS: (HTHTTD) S + has/ have + been + Ving S + has/ have + not + been + Ving Has/ Have + S + been + Ving? Diễn tả: Ex: We have been studying English for many years - Hđộng bắt đầu Qkhứ, tiếp tục Htại & đến Tlai ( nhấn mạnh tính liên tục) - since + mốc TG ; for + khoảng TG SIMPLE PAST (QKĐ) S + V2ed S + did + not + V1 Did + S + V1 ? Ex: I saw him yesterday Ex: She didn’t come last week Ex: Did Mr Lee phone an hour ago? *(Be) : was / were → wasn’t, weren’t Diễn tả: - Hđộng xảy & chấm dứt hoàn toàn Qk ( xác đònh rõ TG) Với: - YESTERDAY, AGO ,LAST (night, week, year…) PAST CONTINUOUS (QKTD) S + was/ were + Ving Ex: We were watching TV at pm yesterday S + was/ were + not + Ving Ex:I was writing while my father was reading Was / were + S + Ving ? Ex: She was sleeping as the telephone rang Diễn tả:  Hđộng xảy / khoảng Qk xác đònh ( at 7pm, from to 7, …)  hđộng diễn // Qk (while: khi)  hđộng Qk kéo dài hđ ngắn đngột xảy (S + V2ed) Với: AT THAT TIME, AT THAT MOMENT… PAST PERFECT (QKTD) S + had + V3ed Ex: Last night I went to bed after I dad done my homework ed S + had + not + V3 Had + S + V3ed ? Diễn tả: - Hđộng xảy trước mốc TG Qk trước hđ Qk Với : ( trước: S+ had +V3ed ; sau: S + V2) SIMPLE FUTURE (TLĐ) S + will / shall + V1 Ex: I’ll buy it tomorrow S + will / shall + not + V1 Will / Shall + S + V1? *Note: will not =won’t ; shall not =shan’t Diễn tả:  Hđ xảy tlai  Lời yêu cầu (Will you + V1…? ); Đề nghò ( Shall I / we + V1 …?) Với: TOMORROW, SOON, NEXT (week, month,…) FUTURE PERFECT (TLHT) S + will / shall + have + V3ed Ex: We’ll have already finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow Diễn tả:  Hđộng hoàn tất tlai * Notes: 1) Near future: (Tlai gần) S + am/ is / are + going to + V1 : sẽ, sửa, dự đònh… Ex: I’m going to buy it tomorrow      2)Một số động từ sau thường không dùng với tiếp diễn Be : Ex: I am a student now Những động từ giác quan: see, hear, feel, look (trông có vẻ), smell, taste, recognize Những động từ cảm xúc: like, dislike love, hate, want wish, desire, refuse, forgive Những động từ lí trí: understand, know, think, realize, suppose, believe, remember, forget, mind, expect, recollect Những động từ bắt đầu, tiếp tục, kết thúc: begin, continue, finish… LESSON 2: PREPOSITIONS ( Giới từ) A COMMON PREPOSITION: I Prep Of Place: IN: ( nơi/ vùng/ khu vực/ quốc gia/ thành phố/ …) Ex: in the room/ Asia/ Britain/ London/ … in bed/ newspaper/ magazines/ the world/… ON: Ex: on the table/ the board/ the floor/ … on TV/ the radio/ telephone/ the way/ the street/ horse back/ … AT : (đòa điểm nhỏ) Ex: at the desk/ the station/ the airport/ 72 Pham Ngu Lao street… at home/ school/ work… FROM : từ (nơi xuất phát) Ex: Mr Mac Donald is from Scotland TO: đến (đích) Ex: Elizabeth went to the store BETWEEN : (2 người / vật) Ex: Mai is sitting between Nam and Nga AMONG: , số Ex : The letter is somewhere among these papers II Prep Of Time IN: 1977( 1890, 2008…) the summer (winter…) April (May, August…) the morning (afternoon, evening…) time: kòp lúc an hour - Ex : I will arrive in an hour ON : AT: holiday weekend Monday 15, October October 15th 1977 Monday morning Christmas day time : lúc fire : cháy o’clock night midnight noon (the) weekend Christmas the end of the moment SINCE (+ mốc TG): kể từ … Ex: He has studied English since 1900 FOR (+ khoảng TG) : được… Ex: _ for 17 years FROM: từ TO : đến Ex: I lived in village from 1977 to 1992 III Some Other Prep : By : ,bởi Ex: They can enrich the soil by using fertilizers * by bus/ car/ train/ plane/ … On foot: For : cho , vì, để (chỉ mục đích) Ex: What would you like for breakfast? Ex: Some people read for pleasure With : với , Ex: He went with her Ex: I can write better with my own pen About : Ex: What you think about her? Of : Ex: The window of the living room B PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES: Adj + TO : acceptable, accustomed, agreeable, contrary, harmful, important, kind, likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar, familiar, helpful, (but: it’s very kind of you.) Adj + IN : interested, rich, successful Adj + OF : afraid, ahead, aware, capable,confident, full, tired, sure, proud Adj + FOR : available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, responsible, sorry (S.O) Adj + FROM : absent, different, safe, far Adj + AT : clever, present, quick, skilful, good, bad, (angry at something/ with someone) Adj + WITH : acquainted, crowed, friendly, popular, busy, bored, pleased, fed up Adj + ABOUT : confused, sad, serious, worried, sorry (S.T) C VERB + NOUN ( PHRASE) + PREPOSITION: catch sight of : trông thấy give place to : nhường chỗ cho give way to : nhượng ,tránh đường cho keep pace with : theo kòp, sánh bước lose sight of : hút, không thấy lose touch with : liên lạc với lose track of : dấu vết make allowance for: chiếu cố đặc biệt make fun of : chế nhạo 10.make a fuss over/ about : cuống quýt việc D GO + PREPOSITION: after: đuổi theo ahead: tiến hành along: tiến triển away: đi, rời khỏi nơi back: trở by: trôi qua( thời gian) E CÁC TRƯỜNG HP KHÁC belong to : thuộc on the contrary : ngược lại on the whole : nói chung be up to = depend on : tuỳ thuộc vào listen to : lắng nghe suffer from : bò, chòu free from : giải phóng khỏi write …to : viết … cho… wait for : chờ 10 ask …for : hỏi xin 11 look at : nhìn 12 look after : chăm sóc 11 make room for : dọn chỗ cho 12 make use of : sử dụng 13 pay attention to : ý đến 14 put a stop to : làm dừng lại 15 put an end to : chấm dứt 16 set fire to : châm lửa, đốt 17 take account of : ý đến 18 take advantage of : lợi dụng 19 take care of : chăm sóc 20 take note of : ý đến 21 take notice of : ý tới down: giảm giá ≠ up: tăng giá on: tiếp tục off: nổ 10 out: tắt 11 over: xem xét kỹ 13 look up 14 look out 15 look for 16 laugh at 17 good at 18 good for 19 prevent… from 20 be in bed 21 regard … as 22 be divided into 23 take part in : tra từ điển : nhìn : tìm kiếm : cười nhạo : giỏi : tốt cho : ngăn … không cho : nằm giường : xem : chia thành : tham gia vào WORD FORM LESSON 3: ( Từ Loại ) A PARTS OF SPEECH: I Noun (n) 1) n + V : làm S cho V 2) V + n : làm O cho V 3) prep + n : làm O cho prep 4) be (là) + n : làm C ( C : complement: bổ ngữ) 5) adj + n Ex: People can see new film at the cinema S O O He is a scientist C * Notes: - a, an ,the - this, that, these, those - some, any, many, … + n - my, your, Tom’s, … II Adjective (adj.): 1) adj + n 2) adv + adj 3) be (thì, ), look có vẻ), feel, become, taste (có mùi), smell ( có vò), get, grow,remain, stay, turn, seem, appear, sound, … + adj Ex: That young girl is very beautiful III Adverb (adv): 1) S + Vi + adv Ex: They arrived safely 2) S + Vt + O + adv Ex: She did the housework disappointedly 3) S + Vaux + adv + Vmain 4) adv + adj 5) adv + adv 6) S + V + adv ( or: adv + S + V + … ) Ex: He can surely it Ex: He is reasonably right Ex: Jack runs very quickly Ex: We have bought it at that store recently (or: Recently we have bought it at that store.) IV Verb (v) : V đứng sau S Các hình thức ≠ V dùng nhiều vò trí khác Participle: Present participle ( Ving) ed Past participle ( V3 ) 1) Used in Continuous tenses ( Ving) ed 2) Used in Perfect tenses & Passive voice (V3 ) 3) Used as Adj: Ving  Active meaning ed Ex: a/ V3  Passive meaning The match excites the fans The match is exciting The fans are excited b/ The children have seen an interesting film The children are interested in the film B FORMATION OF N, ADJ, V: I V + suffix  n : V + -tion, ation -ment -er -ing - age -0 : conservation, preservation, prevention : development : fertilizer : poisoning, dirtying : drainage : safeguard II n + suffix  adj : - ful : harmful, useful, delightful, successful,hopeful, helpful, peaceful - less : childless, odourless, speechless, restless, careless, harmless, treeless - ly : manly, brotherly, worldly, hourly, yearly, daily n+ - like : childlike, godlike, lifelike, statesmanlike - y : dusty, snowy, rainy, sandy, dirty, healthy - ish : foolish, selfish, childish - al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural III OUT + Vi  Vt (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) : outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh IV UNDER + n / V  n / V( thấp hơn, bên dưới, hơn) : undergrowth, undercharge V OVER + n/ Adj /V  n/ Adj / V ( giới hạn, vượt, nhiều) overcoat, overanxious, overact C WORD FORM CHARTS: satisfy (v) satisfied( past Part) satisfying (pres part) satisfactory (adj) satisfactorily (adv) satisfaction (n) tolerate(v) tolerated( past Part) tolerant(adj) tolerable(adj) tolerably(adv) tolerance(n) important (adj) importance(n) difficult(adj) difficulty(n) disappoint(v) disappointed(past Part) disappointing(pres part) disappointedly(adv) disappointment(n) = adj determine (v) determination (n) tend (v) tendency(n) occupy (v) occupied (past Part) occupation(n) occupational (adj) 10 11 12 attract(v) attracted(past Part) attractive(adj) attractively(adv) attraction(n) 13 reason(v) reasonable(adj) reasonably(adv) reason(n) 14 absorb(v) absorbed(past Part) absorbent(adj) / (n) absorptive(adj) absorption(n) 15 deafen(v) deaf(adj) / (n) deafness(n) 16 militarize(v) militaristic(adj) military(adj) / (n) militarily(adv) militarism(n) potential (adj) / (n) expect(v) expected (past Part) expecting(pres part) expectant(adj) expectantly(adv) expectation(n) prefer(v) preferential(adj) preferentially(adv) preference(n) LESSON : ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME ( Mệnh Đề Trạng Từ Chỉ Thời Gian) I PRESENT TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE: Ex: 1/ a We always take our umbrellas when it rains b We are singing as she comes 2/ a I usually read a newspaper while I am waiting for the bus b I’m writing while they are talking 3./ He goes home after he has finished his work 4/ a She has played the piano since she was five b I’ve felt much better since I’ve been here 5/ a She greets me as soon as she sees me b He continues his journey as soon as he has finished his meal Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ TG) S + V1 / s / es S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (đang…) S+ V1 / s / es WHEN = AS WHENEVER S + V1 / s / es WHILE =AS S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving (đang…) S + AM / IS / ARE + Ving(đang…) S+ V1 / s / es S + HAS / HAVE + V3 ed ed AFTER S + HAS / HAVE + V3 SINCE S + V2 → ĐÃ CHẤM DỨT ed ed S + HAS / HAVE + V3 → Vẫn S + V1 / s / es AS SOON AS S + V1 / s / es UNTILL = TILL S + HAS / HAVE + V ed→ Hoàn tất II PAST TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE: EX: 1/ a I sat near the window whenever I took a bus b It was raining hard when I got there 2/ a I met him while I was walking down the street b I was writing while he was reading 3/ He smoked after he had finished his meal 4/ He had finished his meal before he smoked 5/ a He left as soon as I told him b He left as soon as he had finished his work Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ TG) S + V2 S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang…) S + V2 S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang…) S + V2 S + HAD + V3ED S + V2 WHEN = AS WHENEVER S + V2 WHILE =AS S + WAS / WERE + Ving (đang…) AFTER BY THE TIME BEFORE AS SOON AS UNTILL = TILL S + HAD + V3ED S + V2 S + V2 S + HAD + V3ED →Hoàn tất II FUTURE TENSES IN THE MAIN CLAUSE: EX: 1/ a We’ ll go when we want b I’m goint to wait until you have finished your homework 2/ We will have finished the work by the time you get back tomorrow Main Clause (Mđề chính) Adverbial Clauses of Time (Mđề Trạng từ TG) S + WILL / SHALL + V1 OR: S + AM / IS / ARE GOING TO + V1 S + WILL / SHALL + HAVE + V3 →Hoàn tất ed WHEN =AS AS SOON AS UNTILL = TILL BY THE TIME BEFORE S + V1 / s / es ed S + HAS / HAVE + V3 →Hoàn tất S+ V1 / s / es Note: Không dùng Tlai Mđề Trạng từ TG→ Dùng Htại thay LESSON : MAKING & ANSWERING QUESTIONS ( Dựng & Trả Lời Câu Hỏi) Types Questions Answers Yes, Spron + Vpreceding Q Yes - No Inter form? Or Inter form + A or B? Affir form + A/B Wh Wh + Inter form? Affir form No, Spron + Vpreceding Q + NOT Ex: Uncle Ho / die / 1969? - Did Uncle Ho die in 1969?  Yes, he did Faraday / writer or scientist? - Was Faraday a writer or a scientist?  He / Faraday was a scientist When / Tom / go / school? - When does Tom often go to school?  He/Tom often goes to school in the morning Notes: When “Wh” is the Subject or Modifies the Subject → Affir form is used in the Q Ex: a/ Who can swim? S + be / V ord + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)* ( * Bỏ ‘for O’ O = S chung chung * Bỏ O ‘to V’ O = S Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink He drove too badly to pass the driving test 4/ nên không thể…) be +adj S + + enough + (for +O) + To V1 ( + O ) V ord + adv (đủ… để…) The tea is not warm enough for me to drink He didn’t drive well enough to pass the driving test Ex:  Sentence Transformation: S(n) a/ It /This /That ↔ be + SO + adj THAT… + be + SUCH + (a/ an) +adj + n + THAT… The tea is so hot that I can’t drink it ↔ It is such hot tea that I can’t drink it S + Vord + SO + adv + THAT … ↔ S + be + SUCH + (a/an) + adj + Ex: n + THAT… He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test ↔ He was such a bad driver that S + V + SO c/ + He/ She/ They Ex: b/ + + adj / adv + THAT + S + V + (O )* S + V + TOO + adj/adv + (for +O) + TO + V1 (+ O)* * Bỏ ‘for O’ O = S chung chung * Bỏ O ‘To V’ O = S Ex: a) The tea is so hot that I can’t drink ↔ The tea is too hot for me to drink b) He drove so badly that he couldn’t pass the driving test ↔ He drove too badly to pass the driving test d/ …TOO + adj / adv … ≠ … NOT + ↔ + ENOUGH… adj /adv Ex: The tea is too hot for me to drink ↔ The tea is not warm enough for me to drink RELATIVE CLAUSES LESSON 11 : ( Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ) Relative Pronouns & Adverbs: Functions Subject Object Poss Which Which Who Whom Whose + n (of which) Whose + n Antecedents Things People Place Time Reason Adv Where When Why Notes: *Where = prep + nplace *When = prep + ntime *Why = for + the reason *‘THAT’ thay cho “WHO, WHOM, WHICH” mệnh đề có giới hạn (không đứng sau dấu phẩy, prep) *Dùng dấu phẩy tách mệnh đề quan hệ khỏi mệnh đề tiền danh từ là: - Danh từ riêng - Danh từ bổ nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - Danh từ bổ nghóa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S HOUSE,…) - Danh từ bổ nghóa = nhóm từ ( EX: The man from Hanoi,…) Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away Relative Clauses: Rel Cl Ant Things People People/ things Place Time Reason Relative clause Relative pronoun / adverb The other parts + which / that + V ( + O) + S+V + who / that + V( + O) + whom /that + S+V V ( + O) + whose +n+ S+V + where + when + S + V (+ O) + why Ex: a/ b/ c/ d/ e/ f/ g/ Could you iron the trousers? They’re hanging up behind the door ↔ Could you iron the trousers which/that are hanging up behind the door? She showed me the radio She had bought it ↔ She showed me the radio which/ that She had bought I don’t like the people People lose their temper easily ↔ I don’t like the people who /that lose their temper easily The man works here I saw him yesterday ↔ The man whom/ that I saw yesterday works here The house is very large Its door is green ↔ The house whose door is green is very large Have you seen the girl? I’m keeping her bicycle ↔ Have you seen the girl whose bicycle I’m keeping? Vietnam is beautiful We live in vietnam ↔Vietnam, where we live, is beautiful LESSON 12: Phát biểu: TOLD + O S+ REPORTED SPEECH (Câu Tường Thuật) S + V (chia rồi) … (THAT) + S +V (lùi thì) SAID Ex1: They said to us, “These are snakes.” ↔ They told us (that) those were snakes Ex2 : “I came at o’clock,” he said ↔ He said (that) he had come at o’clock Câu hỏi: a/ WH_ / How_ Questions: “WH + V + S… b/ YES _ NO Questions: “ V + S … ?” ?” Ex1: The stranger said, “ Where is Tra Vinh town school?” ↔ The stranger asked where Tra Vinh town school was Ex2: “ Did you see him?” she said to me ↔ She asked me if / whether I had seen him 3.Mệnh Lệnh &ø Yêu Cầu: To+V1 … ( KĐ) Not + To + V1 ( PĐ) TOLD S+ To + V1 (MLKĐ) +O+ ASKED Not to + V1 (MLPĐ) Ex: He said to us, “ Keep silent here, please.” ↔ He told us to keep silent there Ex: “Don’t laugh at me” said Mary ↔ Mary asked me not to laugh at her Notes: Change of Adverbs of Time & Place: Direct speech here this these now today Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech there that those then that day tonight yesterday ago tomorrow 10 next (week….) that night the previous day, the day before before the following day, the next day 10 the following (week…) Change of Pronoun & Poss Adj: Per 3 S + V Subj Obj Poss Adj Poss Pro I I We You They He She It Me Us You Them Him Her It My Our Your Their His Her Its Mine Ours Yours Theirs His Hers its YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY + O, “ person 1…………………… person 2” (chúng) (các)bạn Changes of Tenses: Direct Speech V1 / Reported Speech Vs/es am V2 ed was is are +Ving has / have + V3 ed were +Ving had + V3ed ed V2 was / were + Ving had been + Ving Notes: 1/ Khi từ ‘WH’ làm S bổ nghóa cho S O đổi thể Ex: “Who has broken this vase?” said my father ↔ My father asked who had broken that vase 2/ Khi câu trực tiếp diễn tả chân lí, thật hiển nhiên  O đổi Ex: Our teacher said, “The sun rises in the East.” ↔ Our teacher said that the sun rises in the east will shall can may must would should +V1 could might had to LESSON 13 : +V1 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (Mệnh Đề Chỉ Mục Đích) S + V + SO THAT _ + S + IN ORDER THAT …để mà… can/could will/ would shall/ should may/ might + V1 Ex: a) We study hard We want to pass the exam ↔ We study hard so that we can pass the exam b) I helped Nam I wanted him to finish the work on time ↔ I helped Nam in order that he could finish the work on time Notes: Phrase of Purpose to S +V + in order to + V1 so as to in order for + O +TO … đ… Ex: We study hard to pass the exam ↔ I helped Nam in order for him to finish the work on time COMPARISONS LESSON 14 : ( So Sánh) Types 1/ Equal Degree (So sánh bằng) Models AS + adj / adv + (bằng, như) AS NOT 2/Comparitive Degree 3/ Superlative Degree AS/SO + adj / adv (không bằng, không như) adj / adv(ngắn) ER + + MORE + adj / adv(dài) + THE + + adj / adv(ngắn) THE MOST + adj a) You are as tall as I am (=me) b) John doesn’t work as/so effectively as Tom (does) 2/ a) The letter will probably arrive sooner than you expect b) Mr Smith can drive more carefully than his wife (can) 3/ a) She works (the) hardest of anyone in the class b) That’s the most beautiful girl I’ve ever seen 1/ Notes: 1/ Short Adj / Adv (ngắn): - vần Ex: tall, soon Small… - vần tận = -y,-er, -le,-ow, -et, Ex: happy, clever, simple,… early 2/ Long Adj /Adv (dài): - vần trở lên, trừ trường hợp Ex: modern, carefully, comfortable… - vần tận = -ly Ex: quickly, loudly… 3/ So Sánh Nhất : Dùng cho đối tượng trở lên 4/ Khi thêm “-er ; -est” large larger largest big bigger biggest dry drier driest 5/ So Sánh Bất Qui Tắc: good / well better best bad / badly worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest Transformation: A 1/ ↔ B + V + adj / adv + ER _ MORE + adj /adv + V not + SO / AS + + adj /adv … AS THAN + + A AS THAN THAN EST / adv(dài) Examples:  Sentence + B adj / adv(phản nghóa) + ER ↔ B + V + _ + THAN + A MORE + adj /adv(phản nghóa) Ex: Betty is younger than Susan ↔ Susan is not so young as Betty ( ↔Susan is older than Betty.) A 2/ + adj + ER be + a(an) + _ + MORE + adj ↔ B + V not + SO /AS n + + AS + adv + THAN + B A Ex: He is a more careful driver than I am ↔I don’t drive so carefully as he does (=as him) S + has/have + never/not + V3 + such + a(an) + adj + n (before) 3/ adj + est ↔This is the + _ + n most + adj Ex: 4/ + (that) + S + has/have + (ever) V3 He has never watched such an exciting match before ↔ This is the most exciting match he’s ever watched No one / Nobody adj + er + place + be + _ + than + A more + adj adj + est ↔ A + be + the + + place most + adj Ex: No one in the village is stronger than Tom ↔ Tom is the strongest in the village LESSON 15 : SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION ( Biến đổi câu) khoảng TG + ago S + started /began + Ving / to V1… + 1/ ↔S Ex: V3 + has / have + (prep.+) mốc TG for + khoảng TG + been +Ving since + mốc TG We started studying English half an hour ago ↔ We’ve been studying English for half an hour khoảng TG + ago The last time + S + V2 + … was + (prep.+) mốc TG 2a/ for + khoảng TG ↔ S + has / have not + V3 … + Ex: The last time she had a swim was five years ago ↔ She has not had a swim for five years S + last + V2 + … when S 2b/ ↔ S Ex: + has / have not + V2 + V3 … + since + S + V2 I last went to the football match when I was a student ↔ I haven’t gone to the football match since I was a student S 3/ since + mốc TG + has / have not + for + V3 … + ↔ It + is + khoảng TG + 01 khoảng TG since + S + V2 Ex: She hasn’t had a swim for five years ↔ It is five years since she had a swim S 4/ + has /have + never/not + V … (+before) ↔ This / it is the first time + (that) + S + has /have + ever + V … Ex: I’ve never visited Paris before ↔ This is the first time (that) I’ve (ever) visited Paris S 5/ + V2 … and then (S) ↔ After + S + had + V3 … Ex: , + V2 S + V2 … I had breakfast and then went to school ↔ After I had had breakfast, I went to school 6/ The formal subject “IT”: Ving / To V1 … + be + adj /n (+for O) To V1… ↔ IT + be + adj / n (+for O) + Ex: Knowing English is useful ↔ It is useful to know English 7/ The formal object “IT”: Ving / To V1 … + ↔ S + V* + IT + be + adj /n adj / n + to V1… V* : find, make, think consider, believe, feel,… Ex: Living in the city is exciting ↔ Some people find it exciting to live in the city be accustomed to = be used to 8/ become accustomed to = get used to Ex: / + V ing We often go to school by bus We are used to going to school by bus used to + V Ex: My grandfather often played tennis when he was young ↔ My grandfather used to play tennis when he was young S + spend(s) / spent 10/ + time + V ing ↔ It + takes / took (+ O) + time Ex: + To V1 We spent five hours getting to London It took us five hours to get to London can S 11/ + not could + V1 … because of + prevent(s) / stop(s) n ↔S + _ + O + from + prevented / stopped Ex: We can’t drive because of fog ↔The fog prevents us from driving Ving 12/ Inversion: Đảo ngữ Adv* + V + S… Adv*: No longer, Never, Rarely, Seldom, Only, No sooner, Hardly … She no longer gets up early ↔ No longer does she get up early 13/ Who + /does + S + belong to? ↔ Who own(s) …….? ↔ Whose + V + S… ? ↔ Whose + n + V + S … ? Ex: Who does this bicycle belong to? ↔ Who owns this bicycle? ↔ Whose is this bicycle? ↔ Whose bicycle is this? Ex: 14/ Causative Form: O (Người) +V1 ( Chủ động) S + have / get + O (vật) + V3 nhờ làm việc (bò động) Ex : a) Tom is going to repair my T.V tomorrow ↔ I am going to have Tom repair my T.V tomorrow ↔ I am going to have my T.V repaired by Tom tomorrow b) He’s getting someone to mend the window ↔ He’s having the window mended 15/ Because + S + V ↔ Because of + n / Ving Example: a) Because she walked in the sun, she was sick ↔ Because of walking in the sun, she was sick b) Because the weather was bad,the train was delayed for twenty minutes ↔ Because of the bad weather, the train was delayed for twenty minutes b) Because the + n + be + adj ↔ Because of the + adj + c) Because he is ill, he can’t go there ↔ Because of his illness, he can’t go there n c) Because S ↔ Because of be + poss adj + adj n + d) Because she behaves well, everybody loves her ↔ Because of her good behavior, everybody loves her d) Because V*ord S + ↔ Because of Poss Adj + adj V* : develop, invent, liberate, + adv + n discover, (n) : development, invention, liberation, discovery, behave, rain… behavior, rain, … e) Because there was the August Revolution, Vietnam was freed from colonialism and feudalism ↔ Because of the August Revolution, Vietnam was freed from colonialism and feudalism e) Because ↔ Because of 16/ + there + be Although / Though ↔ Ex: 17 Styles: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) + In spite of / Despite + S + n… + n… + V n /Ving … Although he is rich, he is extremely mean ↔ In spite of his richness, he is extremely mean Using N There + be a determination There + be a tendency show a desire give thought to have knowledge of ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ Using V S + be determined S + tend desire think about/of know about Ex: There is a determination to overcome problems ↔ Children are determined to overcome problems LESSON 16 : SUBJECT AND VERB CONCORD *Special Cases: (Sự Hòa Hợp Giữa Chủ Từ Và Động Từ) prep 1/ n / pron + as well as + n / pron + V Ex: The teacher with his students is in the classroom 2/ N / Pron + or / nor + N / Pron + V Ex: Either he or you are the translator Each 3/ (of) + Every n / pron + V sing Ex: Each of us has books and pens Everybody 4/ Somebody Anybody = Everyone = Anyone Everything Something Ex: Everyone knows him = no one Anything None of + N/pron + V + Vsing Ex : None of the students have good mark None of the student has good mark Ex : A number of students are absent from class A number of + N + Vplural today The number of + N + Vsingular This year, the number of accidents has risen S(thời gian, tiền, khoảng cách, trọng lượng) + Vsingular Ex : Twenty dollars is too much for that shirt S(Ving/To V) + Vsingular Ex : Smoking is bad for health To live is to struggle ( Sống tranh đấu ) There + Be + N Ex : There is some sugar in the jar There are some books on the self 10 Phần trăm/phân số + of + Nkhông đếm + Vsingular Ex : Sixty percent of waste paper is recycled Phần trăm/phân số + of + Nplural + Vplural Ex : Half of the students in this school come from the country LESSON 17 : EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY I Expressions of quantity: 1) with plural, countable nouns: (Những Cụm Từ Chỉ Số Lượng) MOST A LARGE NUMBER OF MANY A LOT OF / LOTS OF SOME (A) FEW books are useful 2) With uncountable nouns: MOST A GREAT DEAL OF MUCH A LOT OF / LOTS OF SOME (A) LITTLE sugar is sold 3) With verbs: A GREAT DEAL OF They know MUCH about English literature A LOT (A) LITTLE * Notes: most them / us / … many + OF + the / this / that /these / those (a) few my / your /… /Tom’s/ … (a) little Many / Much thường dùng : - in neg & inter Form Ex: He can’t drink much - after TOO, SO, AS ,VERY Ex: There are too many night club here A little, a few ⇒ some : positive Ex : Would you like a little tea? Little , few ⇒ o : negative Ex : He’s a man of few words II HOW MUCH, HOW MANY Questions : 1) How many + pl Count Noun + inter form? 2) How much + uncount noun + inter form? Ex: how much time does jane spend studying? 3) How much + inter form? Ex: how much did he drink last night? Notes: Ex: how many students are there in your class? how many / how much + S + affir form? Ex: How many English tourists have visited TV? Irregular verbs be:am/is/are beat become begin bind Was/were, Beat Became Began Bound Been Beaten Become Begun Bound Là,thì,ở,bò,được Đánh Trở nên Bắt đầu Trói,buộc,bám bite blow break bring 10 build 11 buy 12 catch 13 choose 14 come 15 cost 16 cut 17 18 draw 19 drink 20 drive 21 eat 22 fall 23 feed 24 feel 25 fight 26 find 27 fly 28 forbid 29 forget 30 freeze 31 get 32 give 33 go 34 grow 35 hang 36 have 37 hear 38 hide 39 hit 40 hold 41 hurt 42 keep 43 know 44 lay 45 lead 46 leave 47 lend 48 let 49 lie 50 lose 51 make 52 meet 53 overcome Bit Blew Broke Brought Built Bought Caught Chose Came Cost Cut Did Drew Drank Drove Ate Fell Fed Felt Fought Found Flew Forbad(e) Forgot Froze Got Gave Went Grew Hung Had Heard Hid Hit Held Hurt Kept Knew Laid Led Left Lent Let Lay Lost Made Met Overcame Bitten Blown Broken Brought Built Bought Caught Chosen Come Cost Cut Done Drawn Drunk Driven Eaten Fallen Fed Felt Fought Found Flown Forbidden Forgetten Frozen Got/gotten Given Gone Grown Hung Had Heard Hidden Hit Held Hurt Kept Known Laid Led Left Lent Let Lain Lost Made Met Overcome Cắn Thổi Làm gãy,làm vỡ Mang lại Xây dựng Mua Bắt Chọn lựa Đến Trò giá Chặt, cắt Làm Vẽ Uống Lái xe Ăn Rơi,té Cho ăn Cảm thấy Chiến đấu Tìm thấy Bay Cấm Quên Đông lạnh Bò,được,trở nên Cho Đi Trồng,mọc,phát triển Treo,mắc Có Nghe Che giấu,ẩn nấp Đụng,đánh Cầm,nắm,giữ Làm đau Giữ Biết Đặt,để Dẫn,dắt Rời khỏi,để lại Cho mượn Để cho Nằm Mất,thua,lỗ Làm,chế tạo Gặp Khắc phục,vượt qua 54 pay 55 put 56 read 57 ride 58 ring 59 rise 60 run 61 say 62 see 63 seek 64 sell 65 send 66 shake 67 shine 68 shoot 69 show 70 sing 71 sleep 72 speak 73 sit 74 spend 75 stand 76 steal 77 strike 78 swim 79 swing 80 take 81 teach 82 tear 83 tell 84 think 85 throw 86 understand 87 wake 88 wear 89 win 90 write Paid Put Read Rode Rang Rose Ran Said Saw Sought Sold Sent Shook Shone Shot Showed Sang Slept Spoke Sat Spent Stood Stole Struke Swam Swung Took Taught Tore Told Thought Threw Understood Woke Wore Won Wrote Paid Put Read Ridden Rung Risen Run Said Seen Sought Sold Sent Shaken Shone Shot Shown Sung Slept Spoken Sat Spent Stood Stolen Struke Swum Swung Taken Taught Torn Told Thought Thrown Understood Woken Worn Won Written Trả tiền Đặt,để Đọc Cươi(ngự ̃ a, xe đạp) Rung (chuông) Mọc Chạy Nói Thấy Tìm đến Bán Gửi Rung, lắc Chiếu sáng Bắn Chỉ,cho xem Hát Ngủ Nói Ngồi Trãi qua, tiêu xài Đứng Ăn cắp Đánh Bơi Đung đưa,lúc lắc Lấy,đưa,dẫn Dạy Xé Kể,bảo Suy nghó Ném,liệng Hiểu Thức giấc Mặc,mang,đội Thắng,đoạt viết [...]... mệnh đề có giới hạn (không đứng sau dấu phẩy, prep) *Dùng 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy tách mệnh đề quan hệ ra khỏi mệnh đề chính khi tiền danh từ là: - Danh từ riêng - Danh từ được bổ nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - Danh từ được bổ nghóa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S HOUSE,…) - Danh từ được bổ nghóa = 1 nhóm từ ( EX: The man from Hanoi,…) Ex: They wanted to see my manager, who was away Relative Clauses: Rel... small house b ed S + would like / would love + to V1 / to have + V3  S+ wish + ( that) S + V2 / S + had + V3 ed Ex: I’d like to have met her  I wish I had met her LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE ( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu) A GERUND (Ving) : đóng vai trò V & N cùng một lúc Vai trò: 1 S ( Ex: Learning English is easily.) 2 O - Sau prep (Ex: We are interested in studying English.) - Sau một... 11/ + not could + V1 … because of + prevent(s) / stop(s) n ↔S + _ + O + from + prevented / stopped Ex: We can’t drive because of fog ↔The fog prevents us from driving Ving 12/ Inversion: Đảo ngữ Adv* + V + S… Adv*: No longer, Never, Rarely, Seldom, Only, No sooner, Hardly … She no longer gets up early ↔ No longer does she get up early 13/ Who + do /does + S + belong to? ↔ Who own(s) …….? ↔... risen 7 S(thời gian, tiền, khoảng cách, trọng lượng) + Vsingular Ex : Twenty dollars is too much for that shirt 8 S(Ving/To V) + Vsingular Ex : Smoking is bad for health To live is to struggle ( Sống là tranh đấu ) 9 There + Be + N Ex : There is some sugar in the jar There are some books on the self 10 Phần trăm/phân số + of + Nkhông đếm được + Vsingular Ex : Sixty percent of waste paper is recycled Phần ... đề quan hệ khỏi mệnh đề tiền danh từ là: - Danh từ riêng - Danh từ bổ nghóa = THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE - Danh từ bổ nghóa = sở hữu (MY, YOUR, …,TOM’S HOUSE,…) - Danh từ bổ nghóa = nhóm từ ( EX:... selfish, childish - al : magical, agricultural, industrial, natural III OUT + Vi  Vt (tốt hơn, nhanh hơn, lâu hơn) : outnumber, outgrow, outlive, outrun, outweigh IV UNDER + n / V  n / V( thấp... + V3 ed Ex: I’d like to have met her  I wish I had met her LESSON 9: GERUND AND INFINITIVE ( Danh Động Từ & Động Từ Nguyên Mẫu) A GERUND (Ving) : đóng vai trò V & N lúc Vai trò: S ( Ex: Learning