connectors k12

CONNECTORS Từ nối (Connectors) thường dùng để nối từ, cụm từ mệnh đề SO (= thế)  kết việc Ex : - The weather was lovely, so we stayed in the garden - I knew I was late so I ran to the station THEREFORE (= đó)  kết việc THEREFORE thường đặt sau dấu chấm chấm phẩy để bắt đầu mệnh đề câu khác Sau THEREFORE thường dùng dấu phẩy Có thể đặt THEREFORE sau chủ từ trước động từ - Ngoài dùng AS A RESULT (= kết là) để kết Ex : - He failed his driving test the first time Therefore, he took it again - He failed his driving test the first time and he therefore took it again - There was thick fog As a result, our flight was delayed BUT (= nhưng)  tương phản hai việc hai ý Có thể dùng BUT để nối hai từ, cụm từ mệnh đề Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the exam - By the end of the way, we were tired but happy Chúng ta dùng ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH để tương phản Nhưng nối câu BUT không dùng liên từ ngược lại Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the examination - Although he was intelligent, he didn’t pass the examination Ngoài BUT dùng với nghĩa ngoại trừ (= except / apart from) Ex : - I had no choice but to sign the contract - We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (= nhiên)  tương phản, HOWEVER NEVERTHELESS thường đặt sau dấu chấm dấu chấm phẩy Sau chúng phải dùng dấu phẩy Đôi HOWEVER củng đặt câu tách khỏi câu hai dấu phẩy NONETHELESS dùng thay cho HOWEVER NEVERTHELESS Ex : - She was feeling bad However, she went to school and tried to concentrate - She was feeling bad; however, she went to school and tried to concentrate - She was feeling bad She went to school, however, and tried to concentrate - The problams are not serious Nevertheless, we shall need to tackle them soon Chú ý : Có thể dùng HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB với ý nghĩa “NO MATTER HOW” (=cho dù đến nữa) Ex : - However cold it is outside, she has the window open (No matter how cold it is outside, …) - However hard he tried, he couldn’t get a promotion (No matter how hard he tried, …) WHEN / WHILE / AS (= / khi)  thời gian a WHEN (= khi) Ex : - When I came to her house, she made me a cup of tea - She was cooking dinner when I came b WHILE (= khi) Ex : - While the old man was crossing the road, a car nearly hit him - He was working overtime while his wife was waiting for him at home Có thể dùng WHILE WHEREAS để so sánh hai ý nhấn mạnh khác chúng Ex : - Frank is intelligent and industrious while / whereas his brother, Dick, is slow and rather lazy c AS (= khi) : tương tự WHILE Ex : - I bumped my head into the door as I was walking into the room - As he was driving home, he was stopped by the traffic police Chú ý : AS SINCE với nghĩa BECAUSE Ex : - As he lives near his office, he always walks to work - I’ll go first as I know the way - Since she was tired, she refused to go out with us - Since he is a married man, he rarely goes out in the evening d ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + AS / THOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB  dùng AS sau tính từ trạng từ với ý nghĩa ALTHOUGH Ex : - Hot as it was, he was wearing a thick coat (Although it was hot, …) - Tired as we were, we tried to finish work before going home (Although we were tired, …) - Bravely as they fought, they lost the battle BESIDES / IN ADDITION (TO) (= ra, nữa) BESIDES IN ADDITION đứng riêng Ex : - I don’t really want to go Besides, it’s too late now - This job is interesting In addition, it provides me with opportunities to go abroad Các từ MOREOVER FURTHERMORE dùng với nghĩa BESIDES Ex : - I’m not ready to go now Moreover, it’s raining - I haven’t discussed the matter with Mr Lee Furthermore, I haven’t contacted him Có thể dùng BESIDES IN ADDITION TO với danh từ V-ing Trong trường hợp chúng xem giới từ Ex : - My wife and I have a lot of things in common besides music - Besides / In addition to working as a teacher, she also plays the violin in an orchestra MỘT SỐ TỪ NỐI KHÁC : a OTHERWISE (= OR ELSE) : trái lại, ngược lại Ex : - We must be early, otherwise we won’t get a seat - We must be early, or (else) we don’t get a seat b IN CASE : trường hợp, phòng Ex : - You should bring more money in case you want to buy something - We bought some more food in case our friends came Không dùng WILL sau IN CASE Chỉ dùng với nghĩa tương lai Có thể dùng IN CASE OF + NOUN JUST IN CASE (= phòng hờ) Ex : - In case of fire, you can telephone this number for fire truck - I don’t think it will rain, but I’ll take a raincoat just in case c AS LONG AS, PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT) … : miễn Ex : - You can use my bike as long as you return it by six o’clock - Travelling by car is convenient provided / providing (that) you have somewhere to park Khi nói tương lai, không dùng WILL sau AS LONG AS PROVIDED ? PROVDING (THAT), dùng đơn d NOT ONLY …… BUT ALSO : …… mà …… Ex : - She was not only a teacher but also a good writer - He not only shouted at me but threatened to hit me e HARDLY …… WHEN …… / NO SOONER …… THAN …… : vừa …… …… Ex : - He had hardly had dinner when the lights went out EXERCISE – Complete each sentence using one of the words or phrases from the box You can use some words more than one BUT UNTIL EVEN THOUGH SO THAT WHILE PROVIDED SINCE SO AS BECAUSE OF AS IF BECAUSE HOWEVER AND Studying all night before an exam is foolish …… you feel so tired the next day I like sports cars ……, I don’t want to buy one for myself …… you like eating so much, why don’t you cook tonight ? Miguel speaks very little Spanish …… his parents are from Mexico There’s a 50-kiloometer speed limit on this road …… most drivers go faster than that …… “Shrek” is a children’s movie, parents like watching it, too My husband always gets up at 6.30 a.m., …… I tend to get up at the same time Most people like this restaurant …… its friendly atmosphere …… there had been no customers all day, the manager decided to close the shop early 10 I’ve done the washing up …… I’ve also cleaned the kitchen 11 Joe was short and dark, …… his sister was exact the opposite 12 I’m staying here …… I get my money back 13 You look …… you’ve seen a ghost 14 You can cancel the ticket …… you tell the airline 48 hours in advance 15 I’m going to the bank now …… I’ll have enough money for shopping - EXERCISE – Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence My boss is going on vacation next month, …… she’ll be away from the office for about four weeks A in other words B for instance C on the other hand D such as Green vegetables …… cabbage and broccoli are my least favourite food A as well as B such as C neither D in addition English is the language spoken by the people of the USA, Canada, the UK, New Zealand and Australia ……, English is one of the international languages of business A Like B In addition C On the contrary D For example We all felt cold, wet and hungry; ……, we were lost A moreover B for example C however D although The kitchen is on the first floor, …… the floor at street level A furthermore B that is C for instance D as a result I dislike one subject in college, German A namely B such as C including D for example …… she felt sleepy, she decided to go to bed early A As B Although C Despite D Because of The report was very sleepy, she decided to go to bed early A unlike B because C so that D nevertheless On the one hand, he’s a good salesman, but ……, he can’t work out discounts correctly A in the same way B as a result C on the other hand D in addition 10 …… teaching in a high school, he wrote articles for a magazine A Because of B Besides C In spite of D Therefore 11 It was …… route that we ended up getting lost A a such complicated B such a complicated C such complicated D so complicated 12 …… the football team, our town has a hockey team A In addition B Also C Beside D Besides 13 By the end of the day they were ravenous, as they had eaten nothing …… apples A but B until C for D than 14 We all enjoyed ourselves on vacation, …… the awful weather A nevertheless B although C in spite of D so 15 …… Mark brings the money for our lunch, we’ll go right down to the cafeteria A Since B As soon as C Now that D Until 16 When …… a dictionary, you need to be able to understand the symbols and abbreviations it contains A use B using C having used D to use 17 …… the danger, many people wanted to take part in the expedition A Although B Because C Besides D Despite 18 Bats are fascinating …… have many interesting and amazing qualities A animals Therefore, they B animals, they C animals Because they D animals They 19 They’re going to Bermuda …… a vacation A about B with C to D for 20 ……, he couldn’t catch up with the leading runner A In spite of he ran fast B Even though his running fast C Fast though he ran D As fast as he running 21 …… extremely bad weather in the mountains, we’re no longer considering our skiing trip A Since B Because C Due to D Due to the fact that 22 …… my daughter reaches the age of sixteen, she’ll be able to drive A Once B Since C Because D Although 23 My son likes to swim, jog, and …… football A plays B playing C play D to play 24 He wore a false beard …… recognize him A so as not to B for everyone not C in order no one to D so that no one could 25 Jimmy spent …… money buying movie tickets that he didn’t have enough left to buy a soft drink or candy bar A a lot of B such much C too much D so much 26 Great white sharks are dangerous to …… will attack without warning A humans They B humans, they C humans Because they D humans As long as they 27 She turned out the light …… electricity A not waste B so not waste C so not wasting D so as not to waste 28 ……, they went on walking to the next village A They were hungry B Hungry as they were C Although were hungry D Despite they were hungry 29 They were …… good roads that we could drive at high speed A so B such C such a D very 30 The ladder wasn’t …… to reach the window A too tall B enough tall C so tall D tall enough