Policing a multiracial society developing a minority perspective

15 205 0
Policing a multiracial society developing a minority perspective

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

Thông tin tài liệu

105 Bibliography Abdullah, N. 2005. Exploring Constructions of the ‘Drug Problem’ in Historical and Contemporary Singapore. Working Papers, Singapore: Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. ---------------. 2004. Flights of Ecstasy: Youth Recreational Drug Abuse in Singapore, Unpublished Masters Thesis, Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. Aspinall, P. J. 2002. “Collective Terminology to Describe Minority Ethnic Population: The Persistence of Confusion and Ambiguity in Usage”, Sociology, 36(4): 803-16. Bayley, D. H. 1989. A Model of Community Policing: The Singapore Story. Washington DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Beazley, H. 2000. “Street Boys in Yogakarta: Social and Spatial Exclusion in the Public Spaces of the City”. In Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson (eds.) A Companion to the City, Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, pp. 472-88. Becker, H. 1967. “Whose Side Are We On”, Social Problems, 14(3): 239-47. ---------------. 1963. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. London: The Free Press of Glencoe. Beirne, P. and Nelken, D. 1997. Issues in Comparative Criminology. Aldershot: Dartmouth. Ben-Porat, G. 2008. “Policing Multicultural States: Lessons from the Canadian Model”, Policing and Society, 18(4): 411-25. Beresford, Q. and Omaji, P. 1996. Rites of Passage: Aboriginal Youth, Crime and Justice. Firemantle Arts Centre Press. Berk, R. A. and Adams, J. M. 2001. “Establishing Rapport with Deviant Groups”. In J. Mitchell Miller and Richard Tewksbury (eds) Extreme Methods: Innovative Approaches to Social Sciences Research, Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 58-71. Bird, G. 1987. The ‘Civilizing Mission’: Race and the Construction of Crime. Clayton, Vic.: Faculty of Law, Monash University. Black, D. 1980. The Manners and Customs of the Police. New York: Academic Press. Blythe, W. 1969. The Impact of Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Historical Study. London, Kuala Lumpur [etc.] Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P. 106 Bowden, T. 1978. “Guarding the State: The Police Response to Crisis Politics in Europe”, British Journal of Law and Society, 5(1): 69-88. Bowling, B. and Phillips, C. 2007. “Disproportionate and Discriminatory: Reviewing the Evidence on Police Stop and Search”. The Modern Law Review, 70(6): 936-61. ---------------. 2002. Racism, Crime and Justice. Harlow: Pearson Education. Braham, P., Rattansi, A. and Skellington, R. Racism and Antiracism, London: Sage in association with the Open University. Bridge, G. and Watson, S. 2000. A Companion to the City. Oxford, UK; Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Brogden, M. and Shearing, C. 1993. Policing for a New South Africa. London: Routledge. Brogden, M., Jefferson, T. and Walklate, S. 1988. Introducing Police Work. London: Unwin Hyman. Brown, D. 1994. The State and Ethnic Politics in Southeast Asia. London; New York: Routledge. Brown, M. 1981. Working the Street: Police Discretion and the Dilemmas of Reform. Russell Sage Foundation. Brunson, R. 2007. “‘Police Don’t Like Black People’: African-American Young Men’s Accumulated Police Experiences”, Criminology and Public Policy, 6(1): 71-102. Brunson, R. and Miller, J. 2006a. “Young Black Men and Urban Policing in the United States”, British Journal of Criminology, 46: 613-40. ---------------. 2006b. “Gender, Race, and Urban Policing: The Experience of African American Youths”, Gender and Society, 20(4): 531-552. Buendia, H. G. 1989. Urban Crime: Global Trends and Policies. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University. Buerger, M. E. 1994. “The Limits of Community”. In D. P. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, pp. 270-3. Cain, M. 1973. Society and the Policeman’s Role. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Cashmore, E. 1988. Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations. Second Edition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 107 Cashmore, E. and McLaughlin, E. 2008. Out of Order? : Policing Black People. London; New York: Routledge. Central Narcotics Bureau Annual Bulletin 2008. Chan, J. B. L. 1997. Changing Police Culture: Policing in a Multicultural Society. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. Chan, S. K. 2000. “Cultural Issues and Crime”, Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law. Chan, W. C. and Phang, A. 2001. “The Development of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Singapore”, Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, Singapore: Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore. Chin, Ko-lin. 2007. “Into the Thick of It: Methodological Issues in Studying the Drug Trade in the Golden Triangle”, Asian Criminology, 2: 85-109. Chin, Q. K. S. 2000. History of Crime Prevention in Singapore. Singapore: Department of History, University of Singapore. Choongh, S. 1998. “Policing the Dross: The Social Disciplinary Model of Policing”, British Journal of Criminology, 38(4): 623-34. ---------------. 1997. Policing as Social Discipline. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Christian, L. 1983. Policing by Coercion. London: GLC Police Committee and Pluto Press. Chua, B. H. 2005a. “The Cost of Membership in Ascribed Community”. In Will Kymlicka and Baogang He (eds.), Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 170-95. ---------------. 2005b. “Taking Group Rights Seriously: Multiracialism in Singapore”. Working Papers, No. 124: Singapore: Department of Sociology, National University of Singapore. ---------------. 2003. “Multiculturalism in Singapore: An Instrument of Social Control”. Race & Class. 44 (3): 58-77 Chua, B. H. and Edwards, N. 1992. Public Space: Design, Use and Management, Singapore, National University of Singapore: Singapore University Press. Cicourel, A. V. 1968. The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice. New York: Wiley. Clammer, J. 1998a. Race and State in Independent Singapore, 1965-1990: The Cultural Politics of Pluralism in a Multiethnic Society. Aldershot, Hants: Ashgate. 108 ---------------. 1998b. “Framing the Other: Criminality, Social Exclusion and Social Engineering in Developing Singapore”. In Catherine Jones Finer and Mike Nellis (eds.), Crime and Social Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 136-153. Cloward, R. A. & Ohlin, L. E. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity; A Theory of Delinquent Gangs. Glencoe, Ill., Free Press. Coleman, C. and Moynihan, J. 1996. Understanding Crime Data. Buckingham: Open University Press. Comber, L. 1959. Chinese Secret Societies in Malaya: A Survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900. Locust Valley, N.Y.: Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin. Cooley, C. H. 1922/1967. Human Nature and the Social Order, revised ed. New York: Schoken Books. Critcher, C. and Waddington, D. 1996. Policing Public Order: Theoretical and Practical Issues. Aldershot: Avebury. Cunneen, C. 1988. “The Policing of Public Order: Some Thoughts on Culture, Space and Political Economy”. In Mark Findlay and Russell Hogg (eds.). Understanding Crime and Criminal Justice, Sydney: Law Book Co., pp. 189-208. Dixon, D. 1997. Law in Policing. Oxford: Oxford University Presss. Dixon, D., Coleman, C., and Bottomley, K. 1990. “Consent and the Legal Regulation of Policing”. Journal of Law and Society, 13(3): 345-62. Donohue, J. J. 1998. The Impact of Race on Policing, Arrest Patterns, and Crime. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Downes, D. and Rock, P. 1988. Understanding Deviance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Drysdale, J. 1985. In the Service of the Nation. Singapore: Federal Publications. Eaton, M. 1993. Women after Prisons. Philadephia: Open University Press. Egger, S. and Findlay, M. 1988. “The Politics of Police Discretion”. In Mark Findlay and Russell Hogg (eds.). Understanding Crime and Criminal Justice, Sydney: Law Book Co., pp. 209-23. Fagan, J. and Davies, G. 2000. “Street Stops and Broken Windows: Terry, Race and Disorder in New York”. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 28. 109 Feagin, J. R. 1991. “The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places”, American Sociological Review, 56: 101-16. Findlay, M. and Hogg, R. 1988. Understanding Crime and Criminal Justice, Sydney: Law Book Co. Finer, C. J. and Nellis, M. 1998. Crime and Social Exclusion. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers. Finnane, M. 1994. Police and Government. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Freeman, M. D. A. 1985. Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. London: Sweet & Maxwell. Friedrich, R. J. 1977. “The Impact of Organization, Individual and Situational Factors on Police Behavior”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan. Gabbidon, S.L. 2007. Criminological Perspectives on Race and Crime. New York: Routledge. Gabbidon, S.L. and Taylor Greene, H. 2009. Race and Crime. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Gaines, L. 1994. “Community-Oriented Policing: Management Issues, Concerns and Problems”, Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice. February 1994: 17-35. Ganapathy, N. 2008a. “Criminal Justice Policy: Social Order, Risk and The ‘Governmental Project’”. In Tong C.K. and Lian, K. F. (eds.) Social Policy in PostIndustrial Singapore, Leiden; Boston: Brill, pp. 247-78. ---------------. 2008b. Policing Marital Violence in Singapore. Leiden: Brill. ---------------. 2005. “Critical Realist Reflections on Crime and Social Control in Singapore.” In James Sheptycki and Ali Wardak (eds.) Transnational & Comparative Criminology. London: GlassHouse Press, pp. 157-177. ---------------. 2002. “Crime and Deviance”. In Tong C. K. & Lian K. F. (eds.) The Making of Singapore Sociology, Singapore: Brill, pp. 414-58. ---------------. 2001. The Sociology of Policing Marital Violence in Singapore, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, National University of Singapore. ---------------. 2000. “Conceptualising Community Policing, Crime Prevention and Criminology: A Singapore Perspective”, The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. 33(3): 266-86. 110 ---------------. 1995. The Development of Criminal Policies in the Suppression of Chinese Secret Societies in Singapore, unpublished masters thesis, Department of Law, Brunel University, UK. Ganapathy, N. and Lian, K. F. 2002. “Policing Minority Street Corner Gangs in Singapore: A View From the Streets”, Policing and Society, 12(2): 139-52. Garland, D. 1985a. “The Criminal and His Science: A Critical Account of the Formation of Criminology at the End of the Nineteenth Century”, British Journal of Criminology, 25(1): 109-37. ---------------. 1985b. Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies. Aldershot: Gower. Gale, F. and Wundersitz. J. 1987. “Police and Black Minorities: The Case of Aboriginal Youth in South Australia”, ANZ Journal of Criminology, 20(2): 78-94. Goffman, E. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ---------------. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Goldberg, D. T. 2002. The Racial State. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ---------------. 1992. “The Semantics of Race”, Ethnic and Racial Studies. 15 (4): 543-69. Goldstein, J. 1990. Problem-Oriented Policing. New York: McGraw-Hill. ---------------. 1960. “Police Discretion not to Invoke the Criminal Process: Low Visibility Decisions in the Administration of Justice”, Yale Law Journal, 69: 543-94. Gordon, P. 1992. “Black People and the Criminal Law: Rhetoric and Reality”. In P. Braham, A, Rattansi and R. Skellington (eds.), Racism and Antiracism, London: Sage in association with the Open University, pp. 179-98. ---------------. 1983. White Law: Racism in the Police, Courts and Prisons. London: Pluto Greene, J. R. and Mastrofski, S. D. 1988. Community Policing: Rhetoric of Reality? New York: Praeger. Greene, J. R., Bergman, W. T., and McLaughlin, E. J. 1994. “Implementing Community Policing: Cultural and Structural Change in Police Organizations”. In D. P. Rosenbaum (ed.), The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, pp. 92-109. Hanif, N. M. 2007. “Prison’s Spoilt Identities: Racially Structured Realities Within and Beyond”, Current Issues in Criminal Justice. 20(2): 243-64. 111 Hasisi, B. and Weitzer, R. 2007. “Police Relations with Arabs and Jews in Israel”, British Journal of Criminology. 47(5): 728-45. Hirschman, C. 1986. “The Making of Race in Colonial Malaya: Political Economy and Racial Ideology”, Sociological Forum. 1(2): 330-61. Holdaway, S. 1997. “Constructing and Sustaining ‘Race’ within the Police Workforce”, The British Journal of Sociology. 48(1): 19-34. ---------------. 1996. The Racialization of British Policing. Houndmills, Basingstoke, and Hampshire: Macmillan Press; New York: St. Martin's Press. ---------------. 1983. Inside the British Police: A Force at Work. London: Blackwell. ---------------. 1979. The British Police. London: Edward Arnold. Hough, M. and Mayhew, P. 1983. The British Crime Survey. London: HMSO. Hudson, B. A. 1996. Race, Crime and Justice. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth. Hughes, G. 1998. Understanding Crime Prevention: Social Control, Risk and Late Modernity. Buckingham: Open University Press. James, D. 1979. “Police-Black Relations: The Professional Solution”. In S. Holdaway (ed.), The British Police. London: Edward Arnold. Jefferson, T. 1993. “The Racism of Criminalization: Policing and the Reproduction of the Criminal Other”. In L. Gelsthorpe (ed.), Ethnic Minorities and the Criminal Justice System: 21st Cropwood Round Table Conference, 1992, Cambridge: Institute of Criminology. ---------------. 1990. The Case Against paramilitary Policing. Milton Keynes [England]; Philadelphia: Open University Press. ---------------. 1988. “Race, Crime and Policing: Empirical, Theoretical and Methodological Issues”, International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 16: 521-39. Jefferson, T. and Walker, M. A. 1996. “Ethnic Minorities in the Criminal Justice System”. In Barbara A. Hudson (ed.), Race, Crime and Justice. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, pp. 91-104. Jones-Brown, D. 2007. “Forever the Symbolic Assailant: The More Things Change, The More they Remain the Same”. Criminology and Public Policy, 6(1): 103-22. Jupp. V. 1989. Methods of Criminological Research. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman. 112 Kao, N. M-S. 1981. Historical Analysis of the Fight against Serious Crime in Post-War Colonial Singapore, 1946-1959. Singapore: Department of History, University of Singapore. Keith, M. 1996. “Criminalization and Racialization”. In John Muncie, Eugene McLaughlin and Mary Langan (eds.) Criminological Perspectives: A Reader. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, in association with the Open University, pp. 271-83. Kelling, G. L. and Moore, M. H. 1988. “From Political to Reform to Community: The Evolving Strategy of Police”. In J. R. Greene & S. D. Mastrofski (eds.), Community Policing: Rhetoric of Reality? New York: Praeger, pp. 3-26. Kelling, G. L., Anthony, M. P., Dieckman, D. and Charles, E.B. 1974. The Kansas City Preventive Patrol Experiment: A Summary Report. Washington DC: Police Foundation. Kempa, M. and Singh, A-M. “Private Security, Political Economy and the Policing of Race”. Theoretical Criminology, 12(3): 333-54. Klein, M. 1967. Juvenile Gangs in Context, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall Kymlicka, W. and He, B. 2005. Multiculturalism in Asia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lea, J. and Young, J. 1984. What is to be Done about Law and Order?. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Lee, J. A. 1981. “Some Structural Aspects of Police Deviance in Relations with Minority Groups”. In C. Shearing (ed.) Organizational Police Deviance, Toronto: Butterworths, pp. 49-82. Lee, R. 1993. Doing Research on Sensitive Topics. London; Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications. Lemert, E. 1967. Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ---------------. 1951. Social Pathology: A Systematic Approach to the Theory of Sociopathic Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Lian, K. F. 2006. Race, Ethnicity and the State in Malaysia and Singapore. London; Boston: Brill. ---------------. 2006. “Race and Racialization in Malaysia and Singapore”. In Lian Kwen Fee (ed.) Race, Ethnicity and the State in Malaysia and Singapore, London; Boston: Brill, pp. 219-33. 113 ---------------. 1997. “Introduction: Ethnic Identity in Malaysia and Singapore”. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science. 25 (2): 1-6. ---------------. 1982. “Identity in Minority Group Relations”. Ethnic and Racial Studies. 5 (1): 42-52. Liazos, A. 1972. “The Poverty of the Sociology of Deviance: Nuts, Sluts, and Perverts”, Social Problems, 20: 103-20. Lofthouse, M. 1996. “The Core Mandate of the Police”. In Cras Critcher and David Waddington (eds.) Policing Public Order: Theoretical and Practical Issues. Aldershot: Avebury, pp. 39-51. Lundman, R. J. and Kaufman, R. L. 2003. “Driving While Black Effects of Race, Ethnicity and Gender on Citizen Self-Reports of Traffic Stops and Police Actions”, Criminology, 41. McBarnet, D. 1981. Conviction. London: Macmillan. McConville, M. and Shepherd, D. 1992. Watching Police, Watching Communities. London and New York: Routledge. McConville, M., Sanders, A., and Leng, R. 1991. The Case for the Prosecution: Police Suspects and the Construction of Criminality. London: Routledge. McEachern, A.W. and Bauzer, R. 1967. “Factors Related to Disposition in Juvenile Police Contacts”. In M. Klein (ed.) Juvenile Gangs in Context, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, pp. 148-60. Maguire, M. 1997. “Crime Statistics, Patterns, and Trends: Changing Perceptions and their Implications”. In Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan and Robert Reiner (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 135-79. Maguire, M., Morgan, R. and Reiner, R. 1997. The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. Second Edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Makepeace, W., Brooke, G. E., and Braddell, R. St. J. [1921] 1991. One Hundred Years of Singapore. Singapore: Oxford University Press. Mann, C. R. 1993. Unequal Justice: A Question of Color. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Mannheim, H. 1940. Social Aspects of Crime in England Between the Wars. London: Allen and Unwin. Manning, P. 1977. Police Work: The Social Organization of Policing. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 114 Manning, P. and Van Maanen, J. 1978. Policing: A View from the Street, Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear Publishing. Matza, D. 1969. Becoming Deviant. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall. Merton, R. C. 1967. Social Theory and Social Structure, revised and enlarged edition. New York: Free Press. Miller, J. M. and Tewksbury, R. 2001. Extreme Methods: Innovative Approaches to Social Sciences Research. Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon. Miller, K. 1908. Race Adjustment: Essays on the Negro in America. New York: The Neale Publishing Company. Monjardet, D. 1995. “The French Model of Policing”. In J.P. Broduer (ed.) Comparisons in Policing: An International Perspective, London: Aldershot, pp. 49-68. Morgan, R., Reiner, R., and McKenzie, I. 1990. Police Officers and Policy: A Study of Custody Officers. Final Report to the Economic and Social Research Council. Morrison, W. D. 1897. “The Interpretation of Criminal Statistics”. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 60: 1-24. Muir, W. K. 1977. Police: Street Corner Politicians, Chicago: University of Chicago Press Muncie, J., McLaughlin, E. and Langan, M. 1996. Criminological Perspectives: A Reader. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, in association with the Open University. Mutalib. H. 2005. “Singapore Muslims: The Quest for Identity in a Modern City-State”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 25(1): 53-72. Narayanan, G. 2004. “The Political History of Ethnic Relations in Singapore”. In Lai, Ah Eng (ed.) Beyond Rituals and Riots: Ethnic Pluralism and Social Cohesion in Singapore, Singapore: Eastern Universities Press, pp. 41-64. Nasir, K. 2007. “Rethinking the Malay Problem in Singapore: Image, Rhetoric and Social Realities”, Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 27(2): 309-18. Ooi, G.L. and Tan, T.W.T. 1992. “The Social Significance of Public Spaces in Public Housing Estates”. In Chua Beng-Huat and Norman Edwards (eds.) Public Space: Design, Use and Management, Singapore, National University of Singapore: Singapore University Press, pp. 69-81. Packer, H. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 115 Pang, J. K. 1989. A Typology of Singapore Police Officers and their Perception of Community-Based Policing. Singapore: Department of Sociology, University of Singapore. Paulo, Derrick A. “Where are the Statistics?” WEEKEND TODAY, Jan 17-18 2009: 8 Paternoster, R. and Iovanni, L. 1989. “The Labeling Perspective and Delinquency: An Elaboration of the Theory and an Assessment of the Evidence”, Justice Quarterly, 6: 359-94. Pearson, G. 1983. Hooligan. A Study of Respectable Fears. Macmillan: London. Russell, K. 1992. “Development of a Black Criminology and the Role of the Black Criminologist”. Justice Quarterly, 9(4): 667-83. Phang, A. 1990. The Development of Singapore Law: Historical and Socio-Legal Perspectives. Singapore: Butterworths. Phillips, C. and Bowling, B. 2003. “Racism, Ethnicity and Criminology: Developing Minority Perspective”, British Journal of Criminology, 43: 269-90. Porter, J. 1975. “Ethnic Pluralism in Canadian Perspective”. In N. Glover and D.P. Moynihan (eds.) Ethnicity, Theory and Experience, Cambridge, Mass.: Havard University Press, pp. 267-304. Punch, M. 1979a. “The Secret Social Service”. In S. Holdaway (ed.) The British Police. London: Edward Arnold, pp. 102-17. Quah. J. S. T. 1995. “Crime Prevention in a City State: The Functions of the Public Police in Singapore”. In K. Miyazawa and S. Miyazawa (eds.) Crime Prevention in the Urban Community, Deventer; Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pp. 227-52. ---------------. 1992. “Crime Prevention Singapore Style”. Asian Journal of Public Administration, 14(2): 149-85. ---------------. 1985. “Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response”. In Chandran Jeshurun (ed.) Governments and Rebellions in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 186-217. ---------------. 1979. “The Origins of Singapore Police Academy”, Singapore Police Journal 7: 15-23 ---------------. 1977. “The Role of the Police in a New State: The Case of Singapore”, Singapore Police Journal 6: 7-44. Quah, S. R. & Quah, J. S. T. 1987. Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore. Singapore; New York: Oxford University Press. 116 Reiner, Robert. 2007. Law and Order: An Honest Citizen’s Guide to Crime and Control. Cambridge: Polity Press. ---------------. [1985; 1992] 2000. The Politics of the Police. 3rd Edition. Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books; New York: St. Martin's Press. ---------------. 1996. “Race and Criminal Justice”. In Barbara A. Hudson (ed.), Race, Crime and Justice. Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, pp. 1-18. ---------------. 1993. “Race, Crime and Justice: Models of Interpretation”. In L. Gelsthorpe and W. McWilliams (eds.) Minority Ethnic Groups and the Criminal Justice System, Cambridge: University of Cambridge Institute of Criminology. ---------------. 1994. “Policing and the Police”. In Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 705-772. Robin, G. D. 2000. Community Policing – Origins, Elements, Implementation, Assessment. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press. Rockell, B. 2008. Women Street Hustlers: Who They Are and How They Survive. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Rosenbaum, D. P. 1994. The Challenge of Community Policing: Testing the Promises. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Roshier, R. 1989. Controlling Crime. Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Russell, K. 1992. “Development of a Black Criminology and the Role of the Black Criminologist”. Justice Quarterly, 9(4): 667-83. Schermerhorn, R. A. 1978. Comparative Ethnic Relations. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Scott, E. J. 1981. Calls For Service: Citizens Demands and Initial Police Response. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Sharp, D. and Atherton, S. 2007. “To Serve and Protect? The Experiences of Policing in the Community of Young People from Black and Other Ethnic Minority Groups”, British Journal of Criminology, 47(5): 746-63. Sim, J., Scraton, P., & Gordon, P. 1987. “Introduction”. In Phil Scraton (ed.) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State: Readings in Critical Criminology, Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp. 1-70 Singapore Police Force Magazine. 1977. Police Life. Public Affairs Department, Singapore. 117 Singh, A. S. 2007. Neither “Malay” nor “Indian”: The Racial State and the Tamil Muslim Dilemma in Singapore, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Singapore. Skolnick, J. 1966. Justice Without Trial. New York: Wiley. Skolnick, J. and Bayley, D. 1988. Community Policing: Issues and Practices around the World. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice. ---------------. 1986. The New Blue Line: Police Innovations in Six American Cities. New York: Free Press. Skolnick, J. and Fyfe, J. 1993. Above the Law: Police and the Excessive Use of Force. New York: The Free Press. Smith, D. J. 1997. “Ethnic Origins, Crime, and Criminal Justice”. In Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (2nd Edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 703-60. ---------------. 1997. “Case Construction and the Goals of the Criminal Process”, British Journal of Criminology. 37(3): 319-46. -----------------. 1994. “Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice”. In Mike Maguire, Rod Morgan, and Robert Reiner (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 1041-1119. -----------------. 1983. Police and People in London, I: Survey of Londoners. London: Policy Studies Institute. Smith, D. and Gary, J. 1983. Police and People in London IV: The Police in Action. Aldershot: Gower. Soh, F. W. M. 2003. Phoenix: The Story of the Home Team. Singapore: Times Editions. Spelman, W. and Dale, K.B. 1984. Calling the Police: Citizen Reporting of Serious Crime. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Straits Times, 16 Jan 2008, “Heroin-Linked Arrests Jumped by 600%”. Swettenham, F. 1900. The Real Malay. London: John Lane. Tannenbaum, F. 1938. Crime and the Community. Columbia: University Press. Taylor, I., Walton, P., and Young, J. 1975. Critical Criminology. London: Routledge. -----------------. 1973. The New Criminology. London: Routledge. 118 Tewksbury, R. and Gagné, P. 2001. “Assumed and Presumed Identities: Problems of Self-Presentation in Field Research”. In J. Mitchell Miller and Richard Tewksbury (eds) Extreme Methods: Innovative Approaches to Social Sciences Research, Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 72-93. Tong, C. K. & Lian, K. F. 2002. The Making of Singapore Sociology. Singapore: Brill. Waddington, P. A. J. 1999a. Policing Citizens. London: UCL Press. -----------------. 1984a. “Black Crime, the ‘Racist’ Police and Fashionable Compassion”. In D. Anderson (ed.) The Kindness that Kills, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. -----------------. 1983b. Are the Police Fair. London: Social Affairs Unit. Research Paper 2. Walker, M. 1995. Interpreting Crime Statistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. -----------------. 1987. “Interpreting Race and Crime Statistics”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A, 150(1): 39-56. Walker, N. 1993. “The International Dimension”. In R. Reiner and S. Spencer (eds.) Accountable Policing: Effectiveness, Empowerment and Equity, London: Institute for Public Policy Research, pp. 113-71. Walker, S., Spohn, C., & Delone, M. 1996. The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Belmont: Wadsworth. Warnford-Lock, C. G. 1907. Mining in Malaya for Gold and Tin. London: Carwither and Goodman. Weitzer, R. and Tuch, S. A. 2006. Race and Policing in America. New York: Cambridge University Press. Wilbanks, W. 1987. The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole. Wilkins, V. M. and Williams, B. N. 2008. “Black of Blue: Racial Profiling and Representative Bureaucracy”, Public Administration Review, 68(4): 654-64. Williams, G. H. 1985. The Law and Politics of Police Discretion. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. Wilson, J. Q. 1968. Varieties in Police Behavior: The Management of Law & Order in Eight Communities. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. 119 Wilson, J. Q. 1968. “Police”. In W. Outhwaite, T. Bottomore, E. Gellner, R. Nisbet, and A. Touraines (eds.) The Blackwell Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Social Thought, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 475. [...]...115 Pang, J K 1989 A Typology of Singapore Police Officers and their Perception of Community-Based Policing Singapore: Department of Sociology, University of Singapore Paulo, Derrick A “Where are the Statistics?” WEEKEND TODAY, Jan 17-18 2009: 8 Paternoster, R and Iovanni, L 1989 “The Labeling Perspective and Delinquency: An Elaboration of the Theory and an Assessment of the Evidence”, Justice Quarterly,... Methods: Innovative Approaches to Social Sciences Research, Boston, Mass.: Allyn and Bacon, pp 72-93 Tong, C K & Lian, K F 2002 The Making of Singapore Sociology Singapore: Brill Waddington, P A J 199 9a Policing Citizens London: UCL Press - 198 4a “Black Crime, the ‘Racist’ Police and Fashionable Compassion” In D Anderson (ed.) The Kindness that Kills, London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge... Research, pp 113-71 Walker, S., Spohn, C., & Delone, M 1996 The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America Belmont: Wadsworth Warnford-Lock, C G 1907 Mining in Malaya for Gold and Tin London: Carwither and Goodman Weitzer, R and Tuch, S A 2006 Race and Policing in America New York: Cambridge University Press Wilbanks, W 1987 The Myth of a Racist Criminal Justice System Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole... 359-94 Pearson, G 1983 Hooligan A Study of Respectable Fears Macmillan: London Russell, K 1992 “Development of a Black Criminology and the Role of the Black Criminologist” Justice Quarterly, 9(4): 667-83 Phang, A 1990 The Development of Singapore Law: Historical and Socio-Legal Perspectives Singapore: Butterworths Phillips, C and Bowling, B 2003 “Racism, Ethnicity and Criminology: Developing Minority Perspective ,... 1983b Are the Police Fair London: Social Affairs Unit Research Paper 2 Walker, M 1995 Interpreting Crime Statistics Oxford: Oxford University Press - 1987 “Interpreting Race and Crime Statistics”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 150(1): 39-56 Walker, N 1993 “The International Dimension” In R Reiner and S Spencer (eds.) Accountable Policing: Effectiveness, Empowerment and Equity,... Police in Singapore” In K Miyazawa and S Miyazawa (eds.) Crime Prevention in the Urban Community, Deventer; Boston: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, pp 227-52 - 1992 “Crime Prevention Singapore Style” Asian Journal of Public Administration, 14(2): 149-85 - 1985 “Meeting the Twin Threats of Communism and Communalism: The Singapore Response” In Chandran Jeshurun (ed.) Governments and Rebellions... from Black and Other Ethnic Minority Groups”, British Journal of Criminology, 47(5): 746-63 Sim, J., Scraton, P., & Gordon, P 1987 “Introduction” In Phil Scraton (ed.) Law, Order and the Authoritarian State: Readings in Critical Criminology, Milton Keynes; Philadelphia: Open University Press, pp 1-70 Singapore Police Force Magazine 1977 Police Life Public Affairs Department, Singapore 117 Singh, A S... Law and Order: An Honest Citizen’s Guide to Crime and Control Cambridge: Polity Press - [1985; 1992] 2000 The Politics of the Police 3rd Edition Brighton, Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books; New York: St Martin's Press - 1996 “Race and Criminal Justice” In Barbara A Hudson (ed.), Race, Crime and Justice Aldershot, Hants, England; Brookfield, Vt.: Dartmouth, pp 1-18 - 1993 “Race, Crime and... Rebellions in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp 186-217 - 1979 “The Origins of Singapore Police Academy”, Singapore Police Journal 7: 15-23 - 1977 “The Role of the Police in a New State: The Case of Singapore”, Singapore Police Journal 6: 7-44 Quah, S R & Quah, J S T 1987 Friends in Blue: The Police and the Public in Singapore Singapore; New York: Oxford... Neither “Malay” nor “Indian”: The Racial State and the Tamil Muslim Dilemma in Singapore, unpublished Honours thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Singapore Skolnick, J 1966 Justice Without Trial New York: Wiley Skolnick, J and Bayley, D 1988 Community Policing: Issues and Practices around the World Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice - 1986 The New Blue Line: Police Innovations ... Issues and Crime”, Singapore Academy of Law Journal, Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law Chan, W C and Phang, A 2001 “The Development of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice in Singapore”, Singapore... Singapore Keith, M 1996 “Criminalization and Racialization” In John Muncie, Eugene McLaughlin and Mary Langan (eds.) Criminological Perspectives: A Reader London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage,... and Search” The Modern Law Review, 70(6): 936-61 - 2002 Racism, Crime and Justice Harlow: Pearson Education Braham, P., Rattansi, A and Skellington, R Racism and Antiracism, London: Sage

Ngày đăng: 16/10/2015, 15:36

Từ khóa liên quan

Tài liệu cùng người dùng

  • Đang cập nhật ...

Tài liệu liên quan