Transregional networking in the chinese journalistic diaspora hu wenhu sin chew jit poh and guomindang china, 1929 1937

TRANSREGIONAL NETWORKING IN THE CHINESE JOURNALISTIC DIASPORA: HU WENHU/SIN CHEW JIT POH AND GUOMINDANG CHINA, 1929-1937 SHU SHENG-CHI B A (Hons.), NUS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 i Acknowledgement This study is essentially about the exploits of the Chinese newspapermen associated with “Tiger Balm King” Hu Wenhu‟s Sin Chew Jit Poh in colonial Singapore more than eighty years ago, in particular their interpersonal connections and interactions with important professional counterparts based in China under the rule of the Guomindang Government Along the long road towards the completion of the thesis, I have been greatly indebted to many people and institutions Whatever shortcomings of this study are solely mine First and foremost, my appreciation goes to my thesis supervisor Associate Professor Huang Jianli for his unwavering patience, support and encouragement As an important academic mentor ever since my undergraduate days, his tireless counsels have played no small part in my growth as a budding scholar I also thank him for taking considerable time off his often tight and busy schedule to read my drafts and offer many deeply-considered comments I have also benefited tremendously from the guidance of Associate Professor Wong Sin Kiong (currently Head of the NUS Chinese Studies Department) and Associate Professor Michael Feener Prof Wong opened me to the world of overseas Chinese studies during my undergraduate days His course on the Chinese in the United States had been a source of inspiration for my Honors thesis Ng Poon Chew and the Chung Sai Yat Po, 1900-1904 Moving on to the graduate years, his research seminar on the Chinese in Southeast Asia had given me not just a great opportunity to further my pursuits in the field, but also a viable platform to test the conceptual ii framework of transregional networking on the endeavors of the Hakka Chinese in colonial Malaya in establishing educational institutions both within the colonial society of their settlement as well as their native places in China It was a great privilege for me to be in his seminar and to work with him for the publication of my seminar paper along with those of my fellow course mates For the History Department graduate research seminar which saw this study taking its initial form, I was very fortunate indeed to have Prof Feener as my instructor Being a wellestablished scholar in the field of Islamic legal history as well as an avid reader of works on a great variety of other areas, his erudite and unbridled passion for learning and generating knowledge continue to inspire I am also deeply grateful for his highly constructive feedbacks on the development of my ideas for the study In fact, the notion of „interpersonal relationship,‟ which constitutes the crucial feature of the study‟s conceptual-analytical framework of „transregional networking,‟ originated from consultation and seminar sessions with him I would also like to thank my two other graduate course instructors, Associate Professor Maurizio Peleggi and Dr Mark Emmanuel, for their interests in my work as well as the insightful feedbacks they provided The study‟s application of the concept of “cultural capital” (which originates from French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu) owes much to Prof Peleggi‟s reading course on Cultural History, while Dr Emmanuel‟s work on the Malay newspapers and newspapermen as the constituents of a vibrant “epistemological community” in the pre-WWII period affords a fascinating and thought-provoking vista to the currently popular subject of print culture in the discipline of History iii My warm appreciations also go to Dr Wong Hong Teng (formerly Senior Lecturer and Deputy Head of the NUS Chinese Studies Department) and Dr Nicolai Volland Dr Wong has been a long-established scholar in historical studies on the Chinese news media in Malaya/Singapore It has been a great pleasure and privilege for me to know him I remain deeply grateful for his enthusiasm in my work as well as his warm generosity in sharing with me his vast knowledge and expertise and offering advices based upon his rich experience in conducting research at overseas institutions The latter has been of great help for my research trip to Hong Kong in April 2008 Dr Volland had been part of the distinguished University of Heidelbergbased research group working on Chinese print culture Upon joining the NUS Chinese Studies Department in mid 2007, he offered an Honors level course on the historical development of print culture in China I thank him enormously for kindly allowing me to sit in the course, opening me further to the colorful and exuberant world of print culture and media studies and introducing me to the brilliant scholarship of the Heidelberg group I thank him also for the sharing with me his research experiences in the PRC and offering me beneficial advices prior to and during my research trip to Beijing in October-November 2007 The writing of this thesis would not be possible without generous sponsorship from the NUS Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) in the forms of the NUS Research Scholarship (2006-2008) and the FASS Graduate Research Support Scheme (2007), as well as that from the NUS History Department in the form of the History Graduate Research Fund (2008) For the unstinting administrative guidance and support I have been receiving from the History Department throughout my stint as a graduate student, I would like to express my appreciations for Associate Professor iv Yong Mun Cheong (Head of the History Department, 2009-present), Associate Professor Albert Lau (Head of the History Department, 2006-2009), Associate Professor Brian Farrell (Deputy Head of the History Department, 2004-2009), Graduate Studies Coordinator Associate Professor Thomas DuBois and the Department‟s Graduate Secretaries Ms Kelly Lau and Ms Gayathri D/O Dorairaju I also remain deeply grateful towards Professor Ng Chin Keong and Dr Simon Avenell for being my referees in my application for the Master of Arts (History) program and the NUS Research Scholarship During my research trip to Shanghai in March-April 2008, I was greatly indebted to several wonderful people who offered immeasurably generous advices and assistance I wish to express my warmest appreciation for Professor Wu Qingtang 吴庆棠教授, currently a research fellow at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences and author of the seminal work Xinjiapo Huawen baoye yu Zhongguo 新加坡华文报 业与中国 (Singapore Chinese Press and China) Apart from sharing with me his research experience and current work on contemporary Chinese-language news media, as well as a number of heartwarming lunch treats, he offered to serve as my tour guide during my visits to the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences 上海社会科学院 (SASS) and his alma mater, the Fudan University 复 旦 大 学 His startlingly unflagging energy and enthusiasm continue to amaze He also introduced me to his academic mentors and peers, all of whom are highly established scholars in the field of journalism studies and history They include Professor Ning Shufan 宁树藩教授, Professor Ma Guangren 马光仁教授 and Professor Huang Hu 黄瑚教授兼副院长 (concurrently the Vice-Dean) of the Fudan University School of Journalism 复旦大学 v 新闻学院, as well as Professor Wu Zhiyong 武志勇教授 from the SASS Institute of Journalism Studies 上海社科院新闻研究所 I have also had the great pleasure to know Guo Enqiang 郭恩强, a graduate research student at the SASS Institute of Journalism Studies I wish to extend my deepest gratitude to them all for their warm hospitality Prof Ning, Prof Ma, Prof Huang Hu, Prof Wu Zhiyong and Enqiang had offered greatly beneficial advices on working and locating source materials in library and archive collections in Shanghai and shared with me the impressive and encyclopedic knowledge they had accumulated over their years of painstaking archival work, research and writing on journalists/newspapermen who made their careers and names in the Shanghai journalistic circle during the Republican period and contributed to the splendor of a highly eventful and often turbulent chapter in the history of Chinese journalism I would also like to thank Prof and Vice-Dean Huang Hu for the generous assistance he rendered in helping me to gain access to the collections of the Fudan University Archive, Humanities Library, and School of Journalism Library The bulk of the research for this study was conducted in the NUS Libraries and the National Library in Singapore, the National Library of China 中国国家图书 馆 and the Renmin University Library 人民大学图书馆 in Beijing, the Shanghai Municipal Archive 上海市档案馆, the Shanghai Library 上海图书馆, the Fudan University Archive 复旦大学校史馆, Humanities Library and School of Journalism Library 复旦大学文科图书馆及新闻学院图书馆, the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Library 上海社科院图书馆 and the University of Hong Kong Libraries vi (including the Fung Ping Shan Library 冯平山图书馆) I would like to thank the staff of all these institutions for their tireless patience and magnanimity in handling my copious requests and granting kind permissions to access and reproduce materials that are crucial for this study I have enjoyed the warm friendship cum academic comradeship of several fellow graduate students My appreciations go to Ismail Fajrie Alatas, Chi Zhen, Jack Chia Meng Tat, Henry Chong Ren Jie, Siriporn Dabphet, E Mei, Yamamoto Fumihito, Ho Chi Tim, Hu Wen, Kiang Yeow Yong, Kang Ge-wen, Ma Lujing, Grace Mak, Ng Eng Ping, Pang Yang Huei, Minami Orihara, Dinesh Sathisan, Leander Seah (graduated from the NUS History Department in 2005 and currently a PhD candidate in the Department of History, University of Pennsylvania), Seng Guo Quan, Sin Yee Theng, Panu Wongcha-um, Wang Luman, Wei Bingbing, Xue Liqing, Yang Shaoyun and Zhang Jing They have enlivened my life as a graduate student and provided encouragement and support in one way or another Their respective research experiences and projects have also provided much food for thought in the process of broadening my horizons and perfecting my craft as a budding scholar and historian Among them, I would like to express my gratitude especially to Leander for sharing his thought-provoking insights on conceptualizing the history of Chinese migration, in particular the possibilities offered by the conceptual-analytical framework of “transregionality” (which he so enthusiastically advocates in his own doctoral research on the Jinan University and the Nanyang migrants), Eng Ping for proofreading drafts of my thesis and offering many valuable comments, Dinesh for his particularly high interest in my work as a fellow „compatriot‟ working on the vii subject of print culture (his research topic features Tamil newspapers and newspapermen in colonial Malaya) and his constructive feedbacks during the History Department graduate research seminar presentation, Guo Quan for his generous assistance in helping me get in touch with Prof Wu Qingtang, E Mei, Hu Wen and Luman for their kind advices on getting around and doing research in the PRC During my research trip to Beijing, E Mei had also offered me both warm hospitality and guidance as my host in her home city I also thank Zhang Jing and Chi Zhen for their companionship during my field trip to Beijing in October-November 2007 Last but not least, to my parents and younger brother Chia-chi, I thank you all for always being „there‟ as my solace and support throughout the arduous yet ultimately rewarding journey of graduate study viii Table of Contents Acknowledgement i Summary x Notes on Translation, Romanization and Currencies xiii List of Tables xv List of Map and Illustrations xvi List of Abbreviations xvii Introduction Chapter From Institutional to a Social History of the ChineseLanguage Press General Journalistic Development, Late Qing – 1930s 12 State-News Media Relations during the Nanjing Decade 15 Locating the Diasporic/Transregional Dimension 19 Dynamics of Diasporic Relations in the Context of Local Singapore Rivalry 33 Pattern of Diasporic Relations during the Nanjing Decade 33 Pioneering Chen Jiageng/NYSP‟s Early Connections 40 Local Singapore Rivalry between Chen Jiageng/NYSP and Newcomer Hu Wenhu/SCJP 44 Competitive Accumulation of Cultural-Political Capital by Hu Wenhu/SCJP 48 ix Chapter Chapter Professional Networking and the Influence of China Politics 58 Interpersonal Ties, Mutual Recognitions: Visits of China Newspapermen to Nanyang/Singapore 62 More Interpersonal Ties Revealed: Reverse Visits of Nanyang/Singapore Newspapermen to China 65 Collaboration on News Indexing Project 75 Beyond Journalism: Grappling with China Politics 78 High Nanyang Demand for Knowledge and the Transregional Information Infrastructure 88 Nationalistic Responses to Japanese Incursions and Guomindang Party-State Politics 88 Contestations over Stationing of China/OverseasBased Correspondents 95 Accumulation of Intellectual Capital through Transregional Networking: SCJP‟s “SpeciallyCommissioned Weekly Op-Ed” 101 Conclusion 110 Glossary of Chinese Terms, Titles and Names 115 Bibliography 121 122 Newspapers Shenbao 申报 (Shanghai Daily) Shanghai: 1872-1949 Xinwenbao 新闻报 Shanghai: 1893-1949 Shibao 时报 Shanghai: 1904-1939 Shishi xinbao 时事新报 Shanghai: 1911-1949 Lat Pau 叻报 Singapore: 1881-1932 Zonghui xinbao 总汇新报 (Union Times) Singapore: 1908-1941 Sin Kok Min Jit Pao 新国民日报 Singapore: 1919-1940 Nanyang Siang Pau 南洋商报 Singapore: 1923-1983 Sin Chew Jit Poh 星洲日报 Singapore: 1929-1983 Contemporary Professional Journalism Periodicals Guoji zhoubao 国际周报 (International Weekly), Vols 1-2 (1928-1929) Shanghai: Guoji Dianxunshe 国际电讯社 (International News Agency) Jizhe zhoubao 记者周报 (Journalist Weekly), Issue Nos 1-26 (May-November 1930) Shanghai: Shanghai Shi Jizhe Lianhehui 上海市记者联合会 (Shanghai Journalists Association) Baoxue jikan 报学季刊 (Journalism Quarterly) Shanghai: Shenshi Dianxunshe 申时 电讯社, 1934-1935 (Shenshi News Agency) Newspaper and Periodical Indices Qikan suoyin 期刊索引 (Master-Key to Periodicals), Vols 1-7 (1933-1937) Nanjing: Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan 中 山 文 化 教 育 馆 (Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education) Ribao suoyin 日报索引 (Master-Key to the News), Vols 1-7 (1934-1937) Nanjing: Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan 中 山 文 化 教 育 馆 (Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education) 123 Press Commemorative Books Fu Wumen 傅无闷 et al (eds.) Xingzhou ribao zhounian jinian kan 星洲日报周年纪 念刊 (Sin Chew Jit Poh First Anniversary Commemorative Book) Singapore: Sin Chew Jit Poh, 1930 Fu Wumen 傅无闷 et al (eds.) Xingzhou ribao er zhounian jinian kan 星洲日报二 周 年 纪 念 刊 (Sin Chew Jit Poh Second Anniversary Commemorative Book) Singapore: Sin Chew Jit Poh, 1931 Fu Wumen 傅无闷 et al (eds.) Xingzhou ribao si zhounian jinian kan: Xin Fujian 星 洲 日 报 四 周 年 纪 念 刊 ： 新 福 建 (Sin Chew Jit Poh Fourth Anniversary Commemorative Book: The New Fujian) Singapore: Sin Chew Jit Poh, 1933 Guan Chupu 关楚璞 et al (eds.) Xingzhou shi nian: Xingzhou ribao shi zhounian jinian tekan 星洲十年：星洲日报十周年纪念特刊 (10 Years in Singapore: Sin Chew Jit Poh Tenth Anniversary Special Commemorative Book) Singapore: Sin Chew Jit Poh, 1940 Shi nian: Shenshi Dianxunshe chuangli shi zhounian jinian tekan 十年：申时电讯社 创 立 十 周 年 纪 念 特 刊 (10 Years: Shenshi News Agency Tenth Anniversary Commemorative Book) Shanghai: Shenshi Dianxunshe (Shenshi News Agency), 1934 Op-Ed Collections Fu Wumen 傅无闷 (ed.) Xingzhou ribao teyue xingqi lunwen 星洲日报特约星期论 文 (Sin Chew Jit Poh Specially-Commissioned Opinion-Editorials Collection) Singapore: Sin Chew Jit Poh, 1935 Chen Binhe 陈彬龢 (ed.) Shenbao pinglun xuan 申报评论选 (Selected Editorials in Shenbao) Shanghai: Shenbao, 1932 Sources pertaining to Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan choubei weiyuanhui zong baogao 中山文化教育馆 筹备委员会总报告 (Complete Report of the Organizing Committee for the Sun Yatsen Institute for the Advancement of Culture and Education) Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan, 1933 124 Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan er zhounian xin guan luocheng jinian kan 中山文化 教育馆二周年新馆落成纪念刊 (Commemorative Issue Celebrating the Second Anniversary of the Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education and the Opening of the New Premise) Nanjing: Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan, 1935 Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan shi zhounian gongzuo gaikuang 中山文化教育馆十 周年工作概况 (Overview on the Work of Sun Yat-sen Institute for Advancement of Culture and Education over the Past Ten Years) Compiled and printed in March 1943 by Zhongshan Wenhua Jiaoyu Guan Contemporary Journal Articles Anonymous “Juantouyü 卷头语” (Foreword) Shenbao yuekan 申报月刊 (Shenbao Monthly), 3:7 [Chuangkan er zhounian jinian tedahao 创 刊 二 周 年 纪 念 特 大 号 (Second Anniversary Extra- Large Edition)], 15 July 1934 Anonymous “Chuangkanci 创刊辞” (Inaugural Issue Foreword) Shijie zhishi 世界 知识 (World Culture), 1:1, 16 September 1934 Chen Jiageng (Tan Kah Kee) 陈嘉庚 “Weijü shibai caishi kechi 畏惧失败纔是可 恥” (Shameful is Fear of Failure rather than Failure Itself) Dongfang zazhi 东方杂志 (The Eastern Miscellany), 31:7, April 1934 Cheng Ping 成平 (Cheng Shewo 成舍我) “Xingjiapo zhi baoye 星嘉坡之报业” (The Press in Singapore) Jizhe zhoubao 记者周报 (Journalist Weekly), Issue No 17, September 1930 Ge Gongzhen 戈公振 “Guoji baojie zhuanjia dahui zhi xiansheng 国际报界专家大 会之先声” (Precursors to the International Conference of Press Experts) Dongfang zazhi 东方杂志 (The Eastern Miscellany), 24:14, 25 July 1927 Huang Yanpei 黄炎培 “Chen Jiageng huijia xingxue ji 陈嘉庚毁家兴学记” (Chen Jiageng‟s Sacrifice of his Family Wealth for Building Schools) Dongfang zazhi 东方 杂志 (The Eastern Miscellany), 16:12, 15 December 1919 Wu Zaozhou 吴藻洲 “Ribao yu suoyin 日报与索引” (The Daily Newspapers and Indexing) Guowen zhoubao 国 闻 周 报 (National News Weekly), 10: 49, 11 December 1933 125 Zhang Bi 张弼 “Guoji tongxinshe de beijing yu xianzhuang 国际通信社的背景与现 状” (The International News Agencies: Past and Present) Shijie zhishi 世界知识 (World Culture), 2:11, 16 August 1935 Zou Taofen 邹韬奋 “Pingzong jiyu: Kaiduan 萍踪寄语：开端” (Letters from a Wanderer: The Beginning) Shenghuo zhoukan 生活周刊 (Life Weekly), 8:28, 15 July 1933 .“Pingzong jiyu: Dao Xinjiapo 萍踪寄语：到新加坡” (Letters from a Wanderer: Arrival in Singapore) Shenghuo zhoukan 生活周刊 (Life Weekly), 8:35, September 1933 “Pingzong jiyu: Qiaobao de fenkai 萍踪寄语：侨胞的愤慨” (Letters from a Wanderer: Anger of the Overseas Chinese Compatriots) Shenghuo zhoukan 生活周刊 (Life Weekly), 8:36, September 1933 Fudan University Yearbooks and Bulletin Articles Fuh-Tan Banner, 1920 Shanghai: Fudan University, 1920 Fuh-Tan Banner, 1921 Shanghai: Fudan University, 1921 Fuh-Tan Banner, 1924 Shanghai: Fudan University, 1924 Fuh-Tan Banner, 1925 Shanghai: Fudan University, 1925 “Ben xiao tongxuehui gongjian Li Xiaozhang 本校同学会公饯李校长” (Our Student Union Held a Farewell Dinner for President Li Denghui) Fudan daxue xiaokan 复旦 大学校刊 (Fudan University Bulletin), No 231, 28 September 1936 “Li Xiaozhang gao tongxue shu 李校长告同学书” (President Li Denghui‟s Open Letter to All Fellow Students) Fudan daxue xiaokan 复旦大学校刊 (Fudan University Bulletin), No 231, 28 September 1936 126 Autobiographies and Memoirs Cai Tingkai 蔡廷锴 Cai Tingkai zizhuan 蔡廷锴自传 (Autobiography of Cai Tingkai) [Written between 1939 and 1946] Harbin: Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe, 1981 Cao Juren 曹聚仁 Shanghai Chunqiu 上海春秋 (Springs and Autumns in Shanghai) [Written in 1962; first compiled edition published in 1996] Reprint, Beijing: Sanlian shudian, 2007 Chen Jiageng 陈嘉庚 (Tan Kah Kee) Nanqiao huiyilu 南侨回忆录 (Memoir of a Nanyang Chinese) Reprint of original 1946 publication Hunan: Yuelu shushe, 1998 Gu Weijun 顾维钧 (V K Wellington Koo) Gu Weijun huiyilu 顾维钧回忆录 (Memoirs of V K Wellington Koo) 13 vols Translated by Institute of Modern History, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 中国社科院近代史研究所 Beijing: Zhonghua shujü, 1983-1994 Gu Zhizhong 顾执中 Baohai zayi 报海杂忆 (Recollections from the Journalistic World) Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1986 Baoren shengya 报人生涯 (Life of a Newspaperman) Nanjing: Jiangsu guji chubanshe, 1988 Hu Yuzhi 胡愈之 Wo de huiyi 我的回忆 (My Recollections) Dongtai: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe, 1990 Zhu Zijia 朱子家 (aka Jin Xiongbai 金雄白) Wang weizhengquan de kaichang yu shouchang 汪伪政权的开场与收场 (The Rise and Fall of the Puppet Wang Jingwei Regime) vols Hong Kong: Chunqiu zazhishe, 1959-1964 Huangpujiang de zhuolang 黄浦江的浊浪 (Murky Currents of the Huangpu River) Hong Kong: Wuxingji shubaoshe, 1964 Jizhe shengya wushi nian 记者生涯五十年 (Fifty Years as a Journalist) vols Hong Kong: Wuxingji shubaoshe, 1975 127 Published Works in the English Language Anderson, Benedict Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism London: Verso, 1983 Andriessen, Daniel Making Sense of Intellectual Capital: Designing a Method for the Valuation of Intangibles Burlington, Mass.: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann, 2004 Ang, Ien “Undoing Diaspora: Questioning Global Chineseness in the Era of Globalization.” In The Chinese Overseas, Vol 1, pp 321-343 Edited by Liu Hong New York: Routledge, 2005 Bourdieu, Pierre Distinctions: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste Translated by Richard Nice Cambridge, Mass Harvard University Press, 1984 Britton, Roswell The Chinese Periodical Press, 1800 – 1912 Reprint of original 1933 publication Taipei: Chengwen, 1966 Chan, John S N “An Exploratory Study of Aw Boon Haw‟s Thought.” Nanyang Xuebao (Journal of South Seas Society), 52, 1998, pp 22-57 Chao Ming-heng, Thomas The Foreign Press in China Shanghai: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1932 Chen Mong Hock The Early Chinese Newspapers of Singapore, 1881-1912 Singapore: University of Malaya Press, 1967 Chin Sei Jeong “Politics of Trial, the News Media and Social Networks in Nationalist China: The New Life Weekly Case, 1935.” In At the Crossroads of Empires: Middlemen, Social Networks and State-Building in Republican Shanghai, pp 131-154 Edited by Nara Dillon and Jean C Oi Stanford, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 2008 Coble, Parks, M Jr Facing Japan: Chinese Politics and Japanese Imperialism, 1931 – 1937 Cambridge, Mass.: Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University and Harvard University Press, 1991 Cochran, Sherman Chinese Medicine Men: Consumer Culture in China and Southeast Asia Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006 Coclanis, Peter A “Aw Boon Haw, Tan Kah Kee and the Rise of Big Business in Southeast Asia.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 23: 1, 1995, pp 88-98 Conrad, Sebastian and Dominic Sachsenmaier, (eds.) 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Titles and Names 115 Bibliography 121 x Transregional Networking in the Chinese Journalistic Diaspora: Hu Wenhu/ Sin Chew Jit Poh and Guomindang China, 1929- 1937 Summary This study examines diasporic... community in Singapore during the 1930s Moreover, the Singapore Chinese newspapers‟ enormous interest in the visiting League delegation showed the concerns of the Chinese press in China and the overseas... in strengthening their position within the competition in the Nanyang/Singapore Chinese journalistic circle, as well as establishing their name in the journalistic field of Guomindang China The