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VIETNAM’S SUGARCANE PRODUCTION

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International Symposium, China, 2004 VIETNAM’S SUGARCANE PRODUCTION Dr. Nguyen Duc Quang, Mr. Ha Dinh Tuan Institute of Sugarcane Research, Phu An, Ben Cat district, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam Mobile phone: (84) 913867107; Office: (84)650580552; Private: (84)650817203 FAX: (84)650562267; E-mail: nguyen_duc_quang@yahoo.com Abtract Vietnam’s sugarcane industry has been developing in recent years, with 44 sugar factories and capacity of processing about 90.000 tons per day. The Vietnam Government is fostering a plan that would lead to sugar self-sufficiency and eventually a transmition to an exportable supply situation. Vietnam’s domestic sugar industry is based on the production of sugarcane, which is widely grown throughout the country, especially in the South. The area planted to sugarcane has been gradually expanding in recent years. According to Government statistics, sugarcane averaged 150.000 hectares in early 1990’s; reached 165.000 hectares in the 1994-1995 season; by 1998-1999 season 250.000 hectares were covered by this crop. The 2003-2004 season 305.000 hectares were under sugarcane cultivation, with an average productivity of 47.5 tons cane per hectare. About 80% of this is concentrated in the South of Vietnam. The yield and quality of cane were still low, the reasons are damage of bores and unsuitable technices, it needs advantage in the future. Introduction In Vietnam cane is generally grown on ramified condition in 1993 there were 143.200 hectares of sugarcane in 39 of 53 provinces. These areas have been increasing to 305.000 hectares in 45 of 61 provinces in 2004. In the Mekong Delta region the leading producing provinces have been Long An, Tay Ninh, Ben Tre and Hau Giang. In the Central Coast the leading provinces have been Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh and the largest concentrations of sugarcane are currently in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Hoa Binh provinces. Cane yield in Vietnam have been averaging between 45 – 50 tons per hectare with a 10.5 – 11.0% CCS and a high fiber content of 12 – 135. The goal of the Government is to lif yields to the more than 70 tons per hectare level and increase the cane quality. Production of cane averaged between 6.1 and 11.4 million tons in the mid 1990’s and reached 14.5 million in the 2003-2004 season. Although the expansion of sugarcane area in recent years indicates that the cane has become more profitable in the Agri-system, but the profit from sugarcane production still is low. The Vietnam Government’s goal is to reduce the area under sugarcane cultivation to less than 25,000 hectares and raise the yield to more than 70 tons per hectares. The areas under sugarcane cultivation in Vietnam were divided in to 5 zones including as follow: - The highland of the Northeast: The areas under sugarcane production are low and unconcentrate, because of high slope. The winter season is dry and cold conducting to low cane yield, but high cane quality. - The Red river Delta: The land is fertile and the area of sugarcane under cultivated is unconcentrate. The cane yield is high, but the cane quality is normal. - The Central Coast: The quality of land and rainfall are low, but sunshine levels is higher. The Agri-climate conducting to low cane yield and high cane quality. 211 - The East-Southern: There are rainfall and dry seasons in a year, with fertile land and high rainfall amounts. The area under sugarcane production in this region is about 40,000 hectares, the average cane yield ranges from 55 to 65 tons per hectares. - The South (Mekong River Delta): With more than 100,000 hectares under sugarcane production, the Mekong River Delta is one of the largest sugarcane regions of all. The cane yield is highest (about 100-130 tons per hectares), but the cane quality is lowest. Consumtion Vietnam’s average sugarcane consumption per capita is estimated at between 8 and 10 kilograms. This compares with the world average of 20 kilogram and in the countries of European with annual consumption per capita is 26 kilograms. The Government has decided to reduce the value-added tax rate on sugar and by-products, in order to reduce the price of sugar, to make the sugar price in Vietnam enough power to competition with outside. Sugar proccessing There are 44 sugar factories in Vietnam, with capacity processing about 90,000 tons per day. The biggest capacity processing is 8,000 tons per day and in that 500 tons cane per day is lowest once. Because of out of order, two of them were improceess in the current. Most sugar factories in the North and the Centre have settled up in sugarcane areas, and sugarcane has been cultivated by good cares of Farmers. Although drought is conduct to low cane yield, but high quality is led to rise of gross sugar yields. In the South, most factories haven’t settled up in sugarcane areas, because of high competitive sugarcane with other valid crops like rice, fruit-trees, rubber, etc. In 2003-2004 season, 42/44 factories have been working with 82,350 tons of cane per day and total 10.6 million tons of material cane were processed. The factories processing were achieved of 85% original capacity (in the 2002-2003 season is 93%). Although yielding sugarcane is low in this season, but higher quality than 2002-2003 season led to higher gross sugar yields. The sugar production is achieved 1,069,527 tons, including 300,000 tons of RE and other sugars 769,527 tons, increasing 1.0% comparison with 2002-2003 season. With 150,000 tons manufactured by small semi-manual factories, so that the gross sugar yields in 2003-2004 season is 1,217,177 tons Sub-products from cane In Vietnam 34/42 factories could be produce fertilizer from bagasse, with amount of 200,000 tons per year, of that it only provide 50% of the field’s demand. Every year about 1.6 million litters of alcohol were distilled by molasses from sugar processing too and up to now polly wood were only process in 3 of 44 factories, with quantity of 30,000 m3 per year. Cane material production In 2003-2004 season, total sugarcane areas are 305,000 ha, with 258,000 ha of dense areas, cane yield achieved 47.5 tons per ha with 10.9% of average CCS. In the instance of the Vietnam sugarcanes records have been kept a very old-cultural history. Sugarcane has been growing all of different regions and Farmers accept science progress of Agro-technologies as easy. Vietnam has more than 800 clones and varieties, many have good characters were crossed by ISCR such as drought resistance, pests resistance and high quality, etc. These are important materials for crossing in the future, which going to supply suitable varieties in different regions of cultural sugar industry. Reasons led to low yield and quality of cane 212 There are not enough resistant varieties to drought, flood and salty, etc. for each suitable area. At present, most exotic varieties occupied high ratio of the acreage like F156, My55-14, VN84-4137, VN84-422, VN85-1859, ROC1, ROC10, RO16, etc. Commercial varieties haven’t shown good tonnage, viguor and quality characters. Shortage of varieties have resistance to diseases (smut, with leaf, yellow leaf syndrome, etc.) and bores (Sesamia sp., Phragmatoecia castaneae Hubner, Scirpophaga nivella Fabr.,Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer, etc.). Meanwhile, the problems of bores are very importance; it is main reason for drop sugarcane yields. Many regions are scattered with small areas under sugarcane production; those are difficult to work by cultural machine. Especially, sloping hill (in the North and Centre) and low land (Mekong delta). Many factories are getting shortage of raw material for working at full capacity. The high land regions are depending on rainfall for growth sugarcane and low land regions are usually flooded by water. In contrast, there are not many of good irrigation or good hydraulic systems as necessaries. Especially in the Eastern South zone, bores dropped yielding cane in many recent years. The competitive culture between sugarcane and many valid crops are always violence. The sugar cane bores in Vietnam There are 8 species of sugarcane bores in Vietnam (Table 1.), the cane could be damaged in all state of growing. The cane yield could be lost by them average of 20-40% per year. Three of them were vary dangerous to cane from planting to harvesting as Phragmataecia castaneae Hubner, Sesamia sp. and Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer, with frequency of them in the field are 35.23; 33.54 and 22.44% to respond to each other. Table 1. Major species of sugarcane bores in Vietnam Name Family Phragmataecia castaneae Hubner Cossidae Sesamia sp. Noctuidae Sesamia inferens Walker Noctuidae Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer Pyralidae Eucosma schistaceana Snellen Eucosmidae Chilo auricilius Dudgeon Pyralidae Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius Pyralidae Chilo infuscatellus Snellen Pyralidae The ratio of damaged cane in the field caused by three bores were 35.38, 22.33 and 32.89% in order. The cause of them is not low yield cane and bad quality. Table 2. Density of species and their damage on the cane field in the Eastern South zone (8/1999 - 8/2001) Damaged Density of species cane by Species Ratio of species to total bores No. of larva (%) (%) Phragmataecia castaneae Hubner 1,615 35.23 35.38 Sesamia sp. 1,534 33.54 22.33 Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer 1,027 22.44 32.89 Sesamia inferens Walker 65 1.4 0.7 Eucosma schistaceana Snellen 149 3.26 5.04 Chilo auricilius Dudgeon 98 2.14 1.87 Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius 76 1.65 1.65 Chilo infuscatellus Snellen 16 0.34 0.14 Total 4,570 100.0 100.0 213 The 42 natural enemies of sugarcane bore were found in Vietnam. Including 21 species of parasitic, they could parasite on all phase of cane bores; Table 3. Natural enemies of sugarcane bore in the Eastern South and near zones (1/2000 - 12/2002) TT Natural enemy (species) Family, Oder Sugarcane bore (species) Appearance A- Parasitic insect/bore phase 1. Trichogramma chilonis Trichogrammatidae Eucosma schistaceana Ishii/egg - Hymenoptera Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Scirpophaga nivella Eucosma schistaceana 2. Trichogramma japonicum Trichogrammatidae Scirpophaga nivella Asmead/egg - Hymenoptera Chilo auricilius Sesamia sp. 3. Trichogramma ostriniae Trichogrammatidae Eucosma schistaceana Pang & Chen/egg - Hymenoptera 4. Trichogrammatoidea nana Trichogrammatidae Chilo auricilius Zehntner/egg - Hymenoptera Phragmataecia castaneae 5. Telenomus rowani Scelionidae Scirpophaga nivella Gahan/egg - Hymenoptera 6. Telenomus beneficiens Scelionidae Eucosma schistaceana Zehntner /egg - Hymenoptera 7. Telenomus daobochongus Scelionidae Chilo auricilius Walker/egg - Hymenoptera Sesamia sp. 8. Telenomus sp./egg Scelionidae Sesamia sp. - Hymenoptera 9. Cotesia flavipes Braconidae Eucosma schistaceana Cameron/larva - Hymenoptera Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Sesamia sp. Phragmataecia castaneae Eucosma schistaceana 10. Microbracon chinensis Braconidae Eucosma schistaceana Szepligeti /larva - Hymenoptera Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus 11. Stenobracon nicevillei Braconidae Chilo auricilius & C. Bingham/larva - Hymenoptera infuscatellus 12. Rhaconotus rosliensis Braconidae Phragmataecia castaneae Lal./larva - Hymenoptera 13. Elasmus zehntneri Elasmidae Scirpophaga nivella Ferriere/larva - Hymenoptera 14. Melaboris sinicus Ichneumonidae Eucosma schistaceana Holmgren/larva - Hymenoptera Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Sesamia sp. 15. Isotima javensis Ichneumonidae Scirpophaga nivella Rohwer/larva - Hymenoptera 214 +++ + + + +++ + +++ + + - 16. Enicospilus sp./larva 18. Xanthopimpla stemmator Thunberg/pupa Ichneumonidae - Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae - Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae - Hymenoptera 19. Tetrastichus howardi Olliff/pupa Eulophidae - Hymenoptera 20. Brachymeria sp./pupa Chalcididae - Hymenoptera Tachinidae - Diptera 17. Goryphus sp./larva 21. Sturmiopsis inferens Townsend/pupa B- Prey insect/ bore phase 22. Euborellia annulipes Lucas Carcinophoridae - Dermaptera 23. Euborellia annulata Fabricius 24. Doru sp. 25. Rhinocoris marginellus Thunberg 26. Acanthaspis sp. 27. Chlaenius posticalis Motschulky 28. Pherosophus sp. 29. Cicindela sexpunctata Fabricius 30. Cicindela striolata Illiger 31. Paederus fuscipes Curtis Carcinophoridae - Dermaptera Forficulidae - Dermaptera Reduviidae - Hemiptera Reduviidae - Hemiptera Carabidae - Coleoptera Carabidae - Coleoptera Cicindelidae - Coleoptera Cicindelidae - Coleoptera Staphilinidae - Coleoptera 32. Brumus saturalis Fabricius Coccinellidae - Coleoptera 33. Anoplolepis sp. Formicidae Sesamia sp. Scirpophaga nivella ++ - Eucosma schistaceana Sesamia sp. Phragmataecia castaneae Eucosma schistaceana Scirpophaga nivella Sesamia sp. Sesamia sp. ++ - Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Phragmataecia castaneae Sesamia sp. - Eucosma schistaceana Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Phragmataecia castaneae Sesamia sp. Eucosma schistaceana Sesamia sp. Eucosma schistaceana Sesamia sp. Eucosma schistaceana Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Eucosma schistaceana ++ + + +++ Eucosma schistaceana Sesamia sp. Phragmataecia castaneae Sesamia sp. + + Sesamia sp. Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Sesamia sp. - Eucosma schistaceana Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Sesamia sp. Scirpophaga nivella + - Eucosma schistaceana - + - - + 215 34. Camponotus sp. 35. 36. 37 38 39 40 41 - Hymenoptera Formicidae - Hymenoptera Eucosma schistaceana Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Monomonium sp. Formicidae Eucosma schistaceana - Hymenoptera Chilo auricilius & C. infuscatellus Pheidole sp. Formicidae Eucosma schistaceana - Hymenoptera Eucosma schistaceana Sesamia sp. Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin/larva, Moniliaceae, Moniliales pupa Beauveria bassiana Bals Vuill /larva, pupa Baeuloviridae, virus NPV/larva, pupa Birds/eggs, larva, pupa Lacerta/moth - 42. Solenopsis sp. Formicidae - Hymenoptera Eucosma schistaceana Eucosma schistaceana + + + + +++ + - Note: +++: Many appearance (>50%) ++ : Moderate appearance (26 - 50%) + : Little appearance (6 - 25%) - : Rare appearance (0 - 5%) Sugarcane bores controls in Vietnam In the Vietnam sugarcane bores were managed by methods as follow: * Planting time: Cane was planted at Spring-Winter time (Oct.-Nov.) to avoid damage by Sesamia sp. and Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer species. * Cultural methods: Inter-row spacing at 1.0m is higher vigorous of cane growing, higher cane population, longer internode and low damage of bores than 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4m spacing. Early applying fertilizer and balance of NPK dose have reduced damage of cane bores in all season. Trash mulching have level of damage caused by bores is low comparison with trash burning, specially Chilo auricilius and C. infuscatellus. are reduced considerable population in drought season. * Bio-controls: The release of 37,000 to 50,000 Trichogramma chilonis Ishii per hectare per month (from April to December) on common varieties. Which have been reduced of 6.6% damage percentage by Eucosma schistaceana; 40.2% by Chilo auricilius and Chilo infuscatellus. So that population of Eucosma schistaceana from 176.4 dropped to 102.7 larvaes per 100m2; Chilo auricilius and Chilo infuscatellus from 268.3 dropped to 141.2 larvaes/100m2. * Varieties: In the North, some resistant varieties like group ROC (but ROC10), VD, CP34-79, NH56-12, QD11, F156. In the South and Central Coast, some promising varieties are high resistance such as K84-200, ROC16, VN84-4137; moderate resistance such as VN84-422, VN85-1859. 216 * Chemical methods: Apply Kyazinon 10G just after planting were reduced from 23.3-78.7% damaged plants at tilering stage; and 16.1-32.6% damaged plants at elongate growth, which are caused by cane bores. Apply Basudin 10G or Furadan 10G with the dose of 20-30 kilograms per hectare just after planting about 20% of cane yield was increesed. Combine of spraying Basudin 500EC or Azodrine 500EC two times at April and June with cut damaged cane and strew partial grain of Basudin are reduced loosing of cane yield by bores. REFERENCE 1. Ministry of Agriculture and rural development of Vietnam (2000), Result of 5 years carried out the sugarcane program. Hà nội, Vietnam. 2. Ministry of agriculture and rural development of Vietnam, 2002. Report of closing sugarcane in 2001-2002 season. Vietnam’s sugarcane industry conference 8/2002. 3. Diep, Do Ngoc. 2002. Research for bores in sugarcane and bores control in South-Eastern (Thesis of PhD.). Hanoi University Agriculture No 1, Hanoi, Vietnam. 4. Quang, Nguyen Duc. 2004. Research for Sesamia sp. on sugarcane in the South-eastern and thier coltrol method (Thesis of PhD), Vietnam Agricultre Science Institute, Hanoi Vietnam. 5. Ben Cat Institute of Sugarcane Reseach (1999), The results science reseach 1995-1999 (tài liệu lưu hành nội bộ). 6. A. Agarwal, R. A. and Z.A. Siddiqi (1964), “Sugarcane pests”, In Entomology in India, Ent. Soc., India, New Delhi, pp. 149 - 186. 7. David. H. and K. Ananthanarayana (1991), “An ecological perspective of the natural enemies in the sugarcane eco-system”. Biocontrol technology for sugarcane pest management (David, H. and S. Easwaramoothy), Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, pp. 11 - 50 8. Gupta, B. D. (1958), “Some friends of the sugarcane farmer, Pt. 1. Parasites of the top borer Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius”, Indian. Sub., 8, pp. 439 - 444. 9. Gupta, B. D. (1959), “Insect pests of sugarcane in India”, III. The top borer, Indian Sug., 9, pp. 127 - 149. 217 ... years carried out the sugarcane program Hà nội, Vietnam Ministry of agriculture and rural development of Vietnam, 2002 Report of closing sugarcane in 2001-2002 season Vietnam’s sugarcane industry... production In 2003-2004 season, total sugarcane areas are 305,000 ha, with 258,000 of dense areas, cane yield achieved 47.5 tons per with 10.9% of average CCS In the instance of the Vietnam sugarcanes... of bores are very importance; it is main reason for drop sugarcane yields Many regions are scattered with small areas under sugarcane production; those are difficult to work by cultural machine

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