International Symposium, China, 2004
VIETNAM’S SUGARCANE PRODUCTION
Dr. Nguyen Duc Quang, Mr. Ha Dinh Tuan
Institute of Sugarcane Research, Phu An, Ben Cat district, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
Mobile phone: (84) 913867107; Office: (84)650580552; Private: (84)650817203
FAX: (84)650562267; E-mail: nguyen_duc_quang@yahoo.com
Abtract
Vietnam’s sugarcane industry has been developing in recent years, with 44 sugar
factories and capacity of processing about 90.000 tons per day. The Vietnam Government is
fostering a plan that would lead to sugar self-sufficiency and eventually a transmition to an
exportable supply situation.
Vietnam’s domestic sugar industry is based on the production of sugarcane, which is
widely grown throughout the country, especially in the South. The area planted to sugarcane
has been gradually expanding in recent years. According to Government statistics, sugarcane
averaged 150.000 hectares in early 1990’s; reached 165.000 hectares in the 1994-1995
season; by 1998-1999 season 250.000 hectares were covered by this crop. The 2003-2004
season 305.000 hectares were under sugarcane cultivation, with an average productivity of
47.5 tons cane per hectare. About 80% of this is concentrated in the South of Vietnam. The
yield and quality of cane were still low, the reasons are damage of bores and unsuitable
technices, it needs advantage in the future.
Introduction
In Vietnam cane is generally grown on ramified condition in 1993 there were 143.200
hectares of sugarcane in 39 of 53 provinces. These areas have been increasing to 305.000
hectares in 45 of 61 provinces in 2004. In the Mekong Delta region the leading producing
provinces have been Long An, Tay Ninh, Ben Tre and Hau Giang. In the Central Coast the
leading provinces have been Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh and the largest concentrations of
sugarcane are currently in Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Hoa Binh provinces. Cane yield in Vietnam
have been averaging between 45 – 50 tons per hectare with a 10.5 – 11.0% CCS and a high
fiber content of 12 – 135. The goal of the Government is to lif yields to the more than 70 tons
per hectare level and increase the cane quality.
Production of cane averaged between 6.1 and 11.4 million tons in the mid 1990’s and
reached 14.5 million in the 2003-2004 season. Although the expansion of sugarcane area in
recent years indicates that the cane has become more profitable in the Agri-system, but the
profit from sugarcane production still is low. The Vietnam Government’s goal is to reduce the
area under sugarcane cultivation to less than 25,000 hectares and raise the yield to more than
70 tons per hectares. The areas under sugarcane cultivation in Vietnam were divided in to 5
zones including as follow:
- The highland of the Northeast: The areas under sugarcane production are low and
unconcentrate, because of high slope. The winter season is dry and cold conducting to low
cane yield, but high cane quality.
- The Red river Delta: The land is fertile and the area of sugarcane under cultivated is
unconcentrate. The cane yield is high, but the cane quality is normal.
- The Central Coast: The quality of land and rainfall are low, but sunshine levels is
higher. The Agri-climate conducting to low cane yield and high cane quality.
211
- The East-Southern: There are rainfall and dry seasons in a year, with fertile land and
high rainfall amounts. The area under sugarcane production in this region is about 40,000
hectares, the average cane yield ranges from 55 to 65 tons per hectares.
- The South (Mekong River Delta): With more than 100,000 hectares under sugarcane
production, the Mekong River Delta is one of the largest sugarcane regions of all. The cane yield
is highest (about 100-130 tons per hectares), but the cane quality is lowest.
Consumtion
Vietnam’s average sugarcane consumption per capita is estimated at between 8 and 10
kilograms. This compares with the world average of 20 kilogram and in the countries of
European with annual consumption per capita is 26 kilograms. The Government has decided
to reduce the value-added tax rate on sugar and by-products, in order to reduce the price of
sugar, to make the sugar price in Vietnam enough power to competition with outside.
Sugar proccessing
There are 44 sugar factories in Vietnam, with capacity processing about 90,000 tons
per day. The biggest capacity processing is 8,000 tons per day and in that 500 tons cane per
day is lowest once. Because of out of order, two of them were improceess in the current. Most
sugar factories in the North and the Centre have settled up in sugarcane areas, and sugarcane
has been cultivated by good cares of Farmers. Although drought is conduct to low cane yield,
but high quality is led to rise of gross sugar yields. In the South, most factories haven’t settled
up in sugarcane areas, because of high competitive sugarcane with other valid crops like rice,
fruit-trees, rubber, etc.
In 2003-2004 season, 42/44 factories have been working with 82,350 tons of cane per
day and total 10.6 million tons of material cane were processed. The factories processing were
achieved of 85% original capacity (in the 2002-2003 season is 93%). Although yielding
sugarcane is low in this season, but higher quality than 2002-2003 season led to higher gross
sugar yields. The sugar production is achieved 1,069,527 tons, including 300,000 tons of RE
and other sugars 769,527 tons, increasing 1.0% comparison with 2002-2003 season. With
150,000 tons manufactured by small semi-manual factories, so that the gross sugar yields in
2003-2004 season is 1,217,177 tons
Sub-products from cane
In Vietnam 34/42 factories could be produce fertilizer from bagasse, with amount of
200,000 tons per year, of that it only provide 50% of the field’s demand. Every year about 1.6
million litters of alcohol were distilled by molasses from sugar processing too and up to now
polly wood were only process in 3 of 44 factories, with quantity of 30,000 m3 per year.
Cane material production
In 2003-2004 season, total sugarcane areas are 305,000 ha, with 258,000 ha of dense areas,
cane yield achieved 47.5 tons per ha with 10.9% of average CCS. In the instance of the Vietnam
sugarcanes records have been kept a very old-cultural history. Sugarcane has been growing all of
different regions and Farmers accept science progress of Agro-technologies as easy.
Vietnam has more than 800 clones and varieties, many have good characters were
crossed by ISCR such as drought resistance, pests resistance and high quality, etc. These are
important materials for crossing in the future, which going to supply suitable varieties in
different regions of cultural sugar industry.
Reasons led to low yield and quality of cane
212
There are not enough resistant varieties to drought, flood and salty, etc. for each
suitable area. At present, most exotic varieties occupied high ratio of the acreage like F156,
My55-14, VN84-4137, VN84-422, VN85-1859, ROC1, ROC10, RO16, etc. Commercial
varieties haven’t shown good tonnage, viguor and quality characters. Shortage of varieties
have resistance to diseases (smut, with leaf, yellow leaf syndrome, etc.) and bores (Sesamia
sp., Phragmatoecia castaneae Hubner, Scirpophaga nivella Fabr.,Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer,
etc.). Meanwhile, the problems of bores are very importance; it is main reason for drop
sugarcane yields. Many regions are scattered with small areas under sugarcane production;
those are difficult to work by cultural machine. Especially, sloping hill (in the North and
Centre) and low land (Mekong delta). Many factories are getting shortage of raw material for
working at full capacity. The high land regions are depending on rainfall for growth sugarcane
and low land regions are usually flooded by water. In contrast, there are not many of good
irrigation or good hydraulic systems as necessaries. Especially in the Eastern South zone,
bores dropped yielding cane in many recent years. The competitive culture between sugarcane
and many valid crops are always violence.
The sugar cane bores in Vietnam
There are 8 species of sugarcane bores in Vietnam (Table 1.), the cane could be
damaged in all state of growing. The cane yield could be lost by them average of 20-40% per
year. Three of them were vary dangerous to cane from planting to harvesting as Phragmataecia
castaneae Hubner, Sesamia sp. and Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer, with frequency of them in the
field are 35.23; 33.54 and 22.44% to respond to each other.
Table 1. Major species of sugarcane bores in Vietnam
Name
Family
Phragmataecia castaneae Hubner
Cossidae
Sesamia sp.
Noctuidae
Sesamia inferens Walker
Noctuidae
Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer
Pyralidae
Eucosma schistaceana Snellen
Eucosmidae
Chilo auricilius Dudgeon
Pyralidae
Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius
Pyralidae
Chilo infuscatellus Snellen
Pyralidae
The ratio of damaged cane in the field caused by three bores were 35.38, 22.33 and
32.89% in order. The cause of them is not low yield cane and bad quality.
Table 2. Density of species and their damage on the cane field in
the Eastern South zone (8/1999 - 8/2001)
Damaged
Density of species
cane by
Species
Ratio of species to total
bores
No. of larva
(%)
(%)
Phragmataecia castaneae Hubner
1,615
35.23
35.38
Sesamia sp.
1,534
33.54
22.33
Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer
1,027
22.44
32.89
Sesamia inferens Walker
65
1.4
0.7
Eucosma schistaceana Snellen
149
3.26
5.04
Chilo auricilius Dudgeon
98
2.14
1.87
Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius
76
1.65
1.65
Chilo infuscatellus Snellen
16
0.34
0.14
Total
4,570
100.0
100.0
213
The 42 natural enemies of sugarcane bore were found in Vietnam. Including 21
species of parasitic, they could parasite on all phase of cane bores;
Table 3. Natural enemies of sugarcane bore in the Eastern South
and near zones (1/2000 - 12/2002)
TT
Natural enemy (species)
Family, Oder
Sugarcane bore (species) Appearance
A- Parasitic insect/bore phase
1. Trichogramma chilonis
Trichogrammatidae Eucosma schistaceana
Ishii/egg
- Hymenoptera
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Scirpophaga nivella
Eucosma schistaceana
2. Trichogramma japonicum Trichogrammatidae Scirpophaga nivella
Asmead/egg
- Hymenoptera
Chilo auricilius
Sesamia sp.
3. Trichogramma ostriniae
Trichogrammatidae Eucosma schistaceana
Pang & Chen/egg
- Hymenoptera
4. Trichogrammatoidea nana Trichogrammatidae Chilo auricilius
Zehntner/egg
- Hymenoptera
Phragmataecia castaneae
5. Telenomus rowani
Scelionidae
Scirpophaga nivella
Gahan/egg
- Hymenoptera
6. Telenomus beneficiens
Scelionidae
Eucosma schistaceana
Zehntner /egg
- Hymenoptera
7. Telenomus daobochongus Scelionidae
Chilo auricilius
Walker/egg
- Hymenoptera
Sesamia sp.
8. Telenomus sp./egg
Scelionidae
Sesamia sp.
- Hymenoptera
9. Cotesia flavipes
Braconidae
Eucosma schistaceana
Cameron/larva
- Hymenoptera
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Sesamia sp.
Phragmataecia castaneae
Eucosma schistaceana
10. Microbracon chinensis
Braconidae
Eucosma schistaceana
Szepligeti /larva
- Hymenoptera
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
11. Stenobracon nicevillei
Braconidae
Chilo auricilius & C.
Bingham/larva
- Hymenoptera
infuscatellus
12. Rhaconotus rosliensis
Braconidae
Phragmataecia castaneae
Lal./larva
- Hymenoptera
13. Elasmus zehntneri
Elasmidae
Scirpophaga nivella
Ferriere/larva
- Hymenoptera
14. Melaboris sinicus
Ichneumonidae
Eucosma schistaceana
Holmgren/larva
- Hymenoptera
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Sesamia sp.
15. Isotima javensis
Ichneumonidae
Scirpophaga nivella
Rohwer/larva
- Hymenoptera
214
+++
+
+
+
+++
+
+++
+
+
-
16. Enicospilus sp./larva
18. Xanthopimpla stemmator
Thunberg/pupa
Ichneumonidae
- Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
- Hymenoptera
Ichneumonidae
- Hymenoptera
19. Tetrastichus howardi
Olliff/pupa
Eulophidae
- Hymenoptera
20. Brachymeria sp./pupa
Chalcididae
- Hymenoptera
Tachinidae
- Diptera
17. Goryphus sp./larva
21. Sturmiopsis inferens
Townsend/pupa
B- Prey insect/ bore phase
22. Euborellia annulipes Lucas Carcinophoridae
- Dermaptera
23. Euborellia annulata
Fabricius
24. Doru sp.
25. Rhinocoris marginellus
Thunberg
26. Acanthaspis sp.
27. Chlaenius posticalis
Motschulky
28. Pherosophus sp.
29. Cicindela sexpunctata
Fabricius
30. Cicindela striolata Illiger
31. Paederus fuscipes Curtis
Carcinophoridae
- Dermaptera
Forficulidae
- Dermaptera
Reduviidae
- Hemiptera
Reduviidae
- Hemiptera
Carabidae
- Coleoptera
Carabidae
- Coleoptera
Cicindelidae
- Coleoptera
Cicindelidae
- Coleoptera
Staphilinidae
- Coleoptera
32. Brumus saturalis Fabricius Coccinellidae
- Coleoptera
33. Anoplolepis sp.
Formicidae
Sesamia sp.
Scirpophaga nivella
++
-
Eucosma schistaceana
Sesamia sp.
Phragmataecia castaneae
Eucosma schistaceana
Scirpophaga nivella
Sesamia sp.
Sesamia sp.
++
-
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Phragmataecia castaneae
Sesamia sp.
-
Eucosma schistaceana
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Phragmataecia castaneae
Sesamia sp.
Eucosma schistaceana
Sesamia sp.
Eucosma schistaceana
Sesamia sp.
Eucosma schistaceana
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Eucosma schistaceana
++
+
+
+++
Eucosma schistaceana
Sesamia sp.
Phragmataecia castaneae
Sesamia sp.
+
+
Sesamia sp.
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Sesamia sp.
-
Eucosma schistaceana
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Sesamia sp.
Scirpophaga nivella
+
-
Eucosma schistaceana
-
+
-
-
+
215
34. Camponotus sp.
35.
36.
37
38
39
40
41
- Hymenoptera
Formicidae
- Hymenoptera
Eucosma schistaceana
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Monomonium sp.
Formicidae
Eucosma schistaceana
- Hymenoptera
Chilo auricilius & C.
infuscatellus
Pheidole sp.
Formicidae
Eucosma schistaceana
- Hymenoptera
Eucosma schistaceana
Sesamia sp.
Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin/larva, Moniliaceae, Moniliales
pupa
Beauveria bassiana Bals Vuill /larva, pupa
Baeuloviridae, virus
NPV/larva, pupa
Birds/eggs, larva, pupa
Lacerta/moth
-
42. Solenopsis sp.
Formicidae
- Hymenoptera
Eucosma schistaceana
Eucosma schistaceana
+
+
+
+
+++
+
-
Note: +++: Many appearance (>50%)
++ : Moderate appearance (26 - 50%)
+ : Little appearance (6 - 25%)
- : Rare appearance (0 - 5%)
Sugarcane bores controls in Vietnam
In the Vietnam sugarcane bores were managed by methods as follow:
* Planting time:
Cane was planted at Spring-Winter time (Oct.-Nov.) to avoid damage by Sesamia sp.
and Chilo sacchariphagus Bojer species.
* Cultural methods:
Inter-row spacing at 1.0m is higher vigorous of cane growing, higher cane population,
longer internode and low damage of bores than 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4m spacing.
Early applying fertilizer and balance of NPK dose have reduced damage of cane bores
in all season.
Trash mulching have level of damage caused by bores is low comparison with trash
burning, specially Chilo auricilius and C. infuscatellus. are reduced considerable population
in drought season.
* Bio-controls:
The release of 37,000 to 50,000 Trichogramma chilonis Ishii per hectare per month
(from April to December) on common varieties. Which have been reduced of 6.6% damage
percentage by Eucosma schistaceana; 40.2% by Chilo auricilius and Chilo infuscatellus. So
that population of Eucosma schistaceana from 176.4 dropped to 102.7 larvaes per 100m2;
Chilo auricilius and Chilo infuscatellus from 268.3 dropped to 141.2 larvaes/100m2.
* Varieties:
In the North, some resistant varieties like group ROC (but ROC10), VD, CP34-79,
NH56-12, QD11, F156. In the South and Central Coast, some promising varieties are high
resistance such as K84-200, ROC16, VN84-4137; moderate resistance such as VN84-422,
VN85-1859.
216
* Chemical methods:
Apply Kyazinon 10G just after planting were reduced from 23.3-78.7% damaged
plants at tilering stage; and 16.1-32.6% damaged plants at elongate growth, which are caused
by cane bores.
Apply Basudin 10G or Furadan 10G with the dose of 20-30 kilograms per hectare just
after planting about 20% of cane yield was increesed.
Combine of spraying Basudin 500EC or Azodrine 500EC two times at April and June
with cut damaged cane and strew partial grain of Basudin are reduced loosing of cane yield by
bores.
REFERENCE
1. Ministry of Agriculture and rural development of Vietnam (2000), Result of 5 years carried
out the sugarcane program. Hà nội, Vietnam.
2. Ministry of agriculture and rural development of Vietnam, 2002. Report of closing
sugarcane in 2001-2002 season. Vietnam’s sugarcane industry conference 8/2002.
3. Diep, Do Ngoc. 2002. Research for bores in sugarcane and bores control in South-Eastern
(Thesis of PhD.). Hanoi University Agriculture No 1, Hanoi, Vietnam.
4. Quang, Nguyen Duc. 2004. Research for Sesamia sp. on sugarcane in the South-eastern
and thier coltrol method (Thesis of PhD), Vietnam Agricultre Science Institute, Hanoi
Vietnam.
5. Ben Cat Institute of Sugarcane Reseach (1999), The results science reseach 1995-1999 (tài liệu
lưu hành nội bộ).
6. A. Agarwal, R. A. and Z.A. Siddiqi (1964), “Sugarcane pests”, In Entomology in India, Ent.
Soc., India, New Delhi, pp. 149 - 186.
7. David. H. and K. Ananthanarayana (1991), “An ecological perspective of the natural enemies
in the sugarcane eco-system”. Biocontrol technology for sugarcane pest management (David, H.
and S. Easwaramoothy), Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, pp. 11 - 50
8. Gupta, B. D. (1958), “Some friends of the sugarcane farmer, Pt. 1. Parasites of the top borer
Scirpophaga nivella Fabricius”, Indian. Sub., 8, pp. 439 - 444.
9. Gupta, B. D. (1959), “Insect pests of sugarcane in India”, III. The top borer, Indian Sug.,
9, pp. 127 - 149.
217
... years carried out the sugarcane program Hà nội, Vietnam Ministry of agriculture and rural development of Vietnam, 2002 Report of closing sugarcane in 2001-2002 season Vietnam’s sugarcane industry... production In 2003-2004 season, total sugarcane areas are 305,000 ha, with 258,000 of dense areas, cane yield achieved 47.5 tons per with 10.9% of average CCS In the instance of the Vietnam sugarcanes... of bores are very importance; it is main reason for drop sugarcane yields Many regions are scattered with small areas under sugarcane production; those are difficult to work by cultural machine