EnergyPlus simulation of single coil twin fan air conditioning system

ENERGYPLUS SIMULATION OF THE SINGLE-COIL TWINFAN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM CLAYTON C. MILLER (B.S., M.A.E., University of Nebraska, United States) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE (BUILDING) DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge my parents for taking me to so many Nebraska State Geography Bees when I was a kid so that I would dream of one day traveling to other countries. The support from all my family and friends has been substantial throughout this process. Prof. Chandra Sekhar of NUS, my advisor, has been a major asset in this process through his guidance and support. I would like to acknowledge the assistance from Dr. Uma, Brent Griffith, Fred Buhl, and Alice Goh as well. I am grateful to the United States Department of State and the Fulbright Scholar program for supporting me for the first nine months of this project. The Fulbright program is a beacon of light in the world and promoting mutual understanding and respect amongst cultures is something that will always be a part of my life. I must mention also the support of NUS and the School of Design and Environment. Clayton C. Miller TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................ ii SUMMARY............................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................... viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 BACKGROUND............................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY ....................................................................................... 2 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS ......................................................................................... 2 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................................................................... 4 2.1 SINGLE COIL TWIN FAN (SCTF) SYSTEM .................................................................. 4 2.2 AIRSIDE SYSTEM MODELING ..................................................................................... 7 2.3 COMPUTERIZED COOLING COIL MODELS.............................................................. 12 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 15 3.1 SIMULATION APPROACH........................................................................................... 15 3.2 MODEL IMPLEMENTATION ....................................................................................... 18 3.3 MODEL VALIDATION ................................................................................................. 26 Chapter 4: DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGYPLUS AIR TERMINAL UNIT MODEL ................ 29 4.1 CALCULATION METHODOLOGY .............................................................................. 31 4.2 MODULE DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 35 Chapter 5: TERMINAL UNIT MODEL VALIDATION ........................................................... 37 ii 5.1 THREE ZONE ANALYTICAL VERIFICATION MODEL ............................................ 37 5.2 BCA ZERO ENERGY BUILDING (ZEB) COMPARISON ............................................ 42 Chapter 6: CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPARTMENTED COOLING COIL MODEL.................................................................................................................................... 53 6.1 ANALYSIS OF COIL CONTROL .................................................................................. 53 6.2 CONCEPTUAL COMPARTMENTED COIL CURVE FIT MODEL .............................. 56 Chapter 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................... 59 7.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS............................................................................................. 59 7.2 FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................................ 59 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 61 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 63 Appendix A: DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING ENERGYPLUS CALCULATIONS........... 65 Appendix B: ASHRAE TOOLKIT DETAILED COOLING COIL MODEL.............................. 75 Appendix C: ALTERNATIVE SIMULATION APPROACHES................................................ 83 Appendix D: AIRTERMINAL:DUALDUCT:VAV:OUTDOORAIR......................................... 85 Appendix E: INPUT DATA FILE (.IDF) FOR THREE ZONE ANALYTICAL COMPARISION ................................................................................................................................................. 95 Appendix F: BCA VAV FRESH AIR FLOWRATE DATA .................................................... 115 iii SUMMARY Clayton Miller ENERGYPLUS SIMULATION OF THE SINGLE-COIL TWIN-FAN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Thesis directed by Assoc. Professor S. Chandra Sekhar The goal of this thesis was to describe the development of a building energy simulation to show the potential energy performance of the newly-developed Single-Coil Twin-Fan (SCTF) air conditioning system. The objectives of this project were to develop a customized module of the energy efficient SCTF system, validate the model using industry-accepted simulation verification methods, and implement the module in a program with the capability to produce an energy simulation to show the potential performance of a typical building under a range of operating conditions and climates. Due to unique features such as a compartmented cooling coil and decoupled ventilation and recirculated air streams to the zone level, it is not possible to effectively simulate the SCTF system in any mainstream modeling application. A review of existing simulation software, computerized cooling coil models, and ventilation stream control was completed to establish the current state of the art. EnergyPlus was the simulation software chosen and two main modifications were made to the source code: decoupling of the ventilation air stream to the zone level and creation of a new dual duct terminal unit to control the separate air streams. An analytical and empirical verification of these modifications was completed using a three zone theoretical model as well as data from an installed system in the BCA Zero Energy Building (ZEB). It was found that the new terminal unit model performed as expected in the analytical model and was correlated with the empirical data from the ZEB. Comparison between simulated and measured air flow rates showed less than a 2% error for the time period selected, however, the overall shape of the two curves was dissimilar. This observation was attributed to the differences in the way the system was controlled in the simulation as compared to actual installed system. A conceptual development of the compartmented cooling coil was outlined and future effort in the modeling of the SCTF system was suggested including a more rigorous validation process and inclusion of reheat capabilities. iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Three Zone Analytical Verification Model Details ....................................................... 37 Table 2: Three Zone Analytical Model Internal Loads ............................................................... 38 Table 3: Three Zone Analytical Model Scenarios ...................................................................... 39 Table 4: Approximate Occupancy of VAV 2-1 Based on Measured Data ................................... 51 Table 5: Measured vs. Simulated Fresh Air Amount .................................................................. 52 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: SCTF Topology Diagram and Psychrometric Performance (Sekhar et al., 2004) ........... 5 Figure 2: Air and Coolant Flow Arrangement of the Compartmented Coil (Sekhar et al., 2004) ... 6 Figure 3: EnergyPlus Program Schematic (EnergyPlus, 2009) ..................................................... 8 Figure 4: Connections between the Main HVAC Simulation Loops and Sub-Loops (EnergyPlus, 2009) .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 5: EnergyPlus Zone Equipment (EnergyPlus, 2009)........................................................ 10 Figure 6: Schematic of AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat Unit (EnergyPlus 2009) .............. 11 Figure 7: Historical Development of Common Computerized Cooling Coil Model .................... 14 Figure 8: SCTF Simulation Scope Scenarios.............................................................................. 17 Figure 9: EnergyPlus Ventilation System Diagram (EnergyPlus, 2009)...................................... 19 Figure 10: Proposed SCTF Ventilation System .......................................................................... 19 Figure 11: EnergyPlus VAV Dual Duct Air System Component Arrangement ........................... 20 Figure 12: SCTF System Component Arrangement and Discrepancies....................................... 21 Figure 13: Supply Airside SCTF Components and Controller EnergyPlus Node Diagram .......... 24 Figure 14: Demand Airside SCTF Components and Controller EnergyPlus Node Diagram ........ 25 Figure 15: Waterside SCTF Components and Controller EnergyPlus Node Diagram.................. 26 Figure 16: Model Verification Method (Neymark and Judkoff, 2002) ........................................ 27 Figure 17: AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir Topology and Field Inputs ........................ 31 Figure 18: Ventilation and Flow Rate Calculation Flowchart ..................................................... 32 Figure 19: Calculation of Control Action Type .......................................................................... 33 Figure 20: Recirculated Air flow Rate Calculation ..................................................................... 34 Figure 21: Reheat Option Calculation Flow Chart...................................................................... 35 Figure 22: Three Zone Analytical Verification Model ................................................................ 38 Figure 23: Analytical Model Occupancy Profile ........................................................................ 39 Figure 24: VAV Single Duct - Design Day System Flowrates.................................................... 40 Figure 25: SCTF System - Design Day System Flowrates.......................................................... 41 Figure 26: System Outdoor Air Flowrate Comparison ............................................................... 42 vi Figure 27: BCA Academy and Systems (BCA, 2010) ................................................................ 44 Figure 28: ZEB Second Storey Floor Plan (BCA, 2010) ............................................................ 45 Figure 29: ZEB AHU 2-1 (BCA, 2010) ..................................................................................... 46 Figure 30: AHU 2-1 VAV Terminal Unit (BCA, 2010) ............................................................. 47 Figure 31: VAV 2-1 Fresh Airflow Functional Testing Results .................................................. 48 Figure 32: AHU 2-1, VAV 2-1 Example Operation ................................................................... 49 Figure 33: Actual VAV Box Control for ZEB ............................................................................ 50 Figure 34: Measured vs Simulated Fresh Air Flowrate for VAV 2-1 on Aug 5, 2010 ................. 51 Figure 35: Prototype Compartmented Cooling Coil Control ....................................................... 54 Figure 36: Recirculated Air Stream Bypass Damper (Sekhar et. al 2004) ................................... 55 Figure 37: Implemented Compartmented Cooling Coil Control ................................................. 55 Figure 38: Compartmented Cooling Coil Curve Fit Model Information Flow ............................. 57 vii LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ̇ Outdoor Air Stream Mass Flow Rate ̇ Recirculated Air Mass Flow Rate Total Outdoor Air Cooling Load Sensible Outdoor Air Cooling Load Rated Total Outdoor Air Cooling Load Rated Sensible Outdoor Air Cooling Load Total Recirculated Air Cooling Load Sensible Recirculated Air Cooling Load Total Rated Recirculated Air Cooling Load Sensible Rated Recirculated Air Cooling Load Outdoor Air Stream Dry bulb Inlet Temp. Outdoor Air Stream Wet bulb Inlet Temp. Recirculated Air Stream Dry Bulb Inlet Temp. Cooling Water Inlet Temp. Rated Cooling Water Inlet Temp. CW Chilled Water DOAS Dedicated Outdoor Air System IDD Input Data Dictionary for EnergyPlus (.idd file extension) IDF Input Data File for EnergyPlus (.idf file extension) LMTD Log Mean Temperature Difference OA Outdoor (Ventilation) Air RA Recirculated (Return) Air SCTF Single Coil, Twin Fan Air Conditioning System VAV Variable Air Volume ZEB Zero Energy Building viii Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, buildings are responsible for almost half of the U.S. energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions annually; globally the percentage is even higher . With the threat of anthropogenic climate change and increased global energy demand driving prices to record highs, the need to develop new methods of producing and conserving energy is crucial. The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system accounts for a significant portion of the energy used in a building; depending on the climate and building type, HVAC systems utilize up to 40% of total energy consumption. With increased growth and development of many third world countries in tropical climates, it is crucial for the improvement and implementation of air conditioning systems that provide adequate indoor environmental quality and thermal comfort in humid climates while being the most energy efficient. One such innovation, the Single-Coil, Twin-Fan system (SCTF) was developed at the National University of Singapore as a dynamic solution to the need for improved ventilation and thermal comfort control while reducing the overall energy and greenhouse gas impact of the HVAC system. The SCTF air conditioning system was developed at NUS as a new method of arranging a typical system by splitting the air stream supplied to each space within a building into two paths while still using a single, compartmented coil to simultaneously condition both. This arrangement can reduce the airflow in either air stream when indoor or outdoor air conditions will allow and this can significantly reduce energy consumption while still maintaining proper comfort conditions and indoor environmental quality through adequate ventilation (Sekhar et al., 2004). Much of the energy savings can be attributed to the variable control of the ventilation air in tropical climates such as Singapore, where removal of humidity is a major issue. 1 In this thesis, the building simulation environment EnergyPlus was utilized to produce a detailed energy model of a typical office building that utilizes the SCTF system. EnergyPlus is a nextgeneration, modular simulation program designed to model the performance, energy consumption and pollutant production of a building (Crawley et al., 2001). It was developed by the U.S. Department of Energy as a tool for building designers and operators to predict the energy performance of a building in order to make design or operations decisions. It was designed so that individuals could develop new “modules” that describe the energy consumption characteristics of innovative types of HVAC technologies that could be added to the existing EnergyPlus code in order to simulate those systems. 1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The individual objectives of this study were as follows:  Identify the deficiencies within various building simulation engines with regards to modeling the unique components and configuration of the SCTF system  Formulate mathematical models of the unique SCTF system components based on previous research and information  Implement the modeling strategies into the chosen energy simulation engine  Analytically validate the implemented terminal unit module using a theoretical three-zone building with the SCTF system  Compare the actual control of an installed system at the Zero Energy Building (ZEB) to the module in order to identify discrepancies and further development opportunities. 1.3 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS Chapter 2 focuses on a literature review of the topics of whole building energy simulation using EnergyPlus, the SCTF system development and case studies, and popular cooling coil models 2 used in common energy simulation programs. Chapter 3 breaks down the methodology process in which the SCTF system was analyzed for applicability into EnergyPlus and identifying modification opportunities in existing modules were identified. Chapter 4 goes into detail in the development of a new terminal unit model within EnergyPlus which models outdoor air and recirculated air separately. Chapter 5 focuses on the validation and simulation results of this air terminal unit model. Chapter 6 gives an overview of the conceptual development of a compartmented cooling coil model based on empirical data. Finally, Chapter 7 aggregates the conclusions and future recommendations for SCTF simulation in the EnergyPlus environment. 3 Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW A review of the literature was completed for this thesis in order to investigate previous efforts to develop and define the physical description of the Single-Coil Twin-Fan system and the performance models, which can be used to predict its energy consumption. The specific features of the SCTF system and the challenges in terms of modeling were investigated individually and methods of verification were reviewed as well. The module development and technical information for EnergyPlus from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was reviewed to understand how a new mathematical model could be inserted into the existing source code, compiled, tested, and verified for the successful completion of a whole building energy simulation. In addition, a review of past efforts to model cooling coils in computerized simulation was completed to provide background for a compartmented cooling coil model. 2.1 SINGLE COIL TWIN FAN (SCTF) SYSTEM In order to understand how the Single-Coil Twin-Fan system can be modeled in the EnergyPlus simulation environment, the development of the system was studied through the work of various researchers. Sekhar, Tham and Cheong were the first to investigate the unique concept of decoupling the recirculated and outdoor air fresh air streams and conditioning them separately using a single, compartmented cooling coil (Sekhar et al., 2004). Their initial proof-of-concept study defined the air conditioning and distribution topology, major system components, and the ability to independently control the temperature and humidity of two different airstreams. Figure 1 is taken from this study and it shows the topology diagram of the SCTF system as developed for the first prototype. The figure also illustrates the psychrometric process of the two air streams as they are conditioned and supplied through the system. 4 Figure 1: SCTF Topology Diagram and Psychrometric Performance (Sekhar et al., 2004) The study covered the conceptual framework of the system, a detailed analysis of the airconditioning and air distribution method, and described a series of seven experiments in which a prototype was used to condition two office space chambers. These experiments were designed to demonstrate the system‟s ability to address varying combinations of thermal and ventilation loads in different zones. The results of this study validated the ability of the system‟s configuration to effectively condition and distribute air while maintaining both zones within the acceptable limits of thermal comfort and ventilation while reducing the cooling coil energy consumption by an estimated 12%. This installation was also the first application of a compartmented cooling coil and the basics of implementation were covered in this initial study. Figure 2 was taken from the report and shows a schematic of the unique orientation of the compartmented cooling coil. 5 Figure 2: Air and Coolant Flow Arrangement of the Compartmented Coil (Sekhar et al., 2004) Subsequent research projects were undertaken to more specifically analyze the performance of the SCTF system, initially Maheswaran and Sekhar developed a fin efficiency method which is a departure from traditional methodology of assuming constant heat transfer coefficients across the whole of a coil (Maheswaran and Sekhar, 2004). Elimination of these types of assumptions was meant to bring solutions closer to real world conditions and give models the ability to replicate the performance of more complex coils. Next, research was completed which focused on establishing a mathematical model of the compartmented coil configuration (Maheswaran et al., 2006). The goal of this study was to indentify a method of obtaining the fundamental heat and mass transfer coefficients for the compartmented coil to be used in the coil sizing and selection process as well as a means of predicting its performance characteristics. Additionally, the performance of the compartmented coil was studied through the concept of fin efficiency using a simplified numerical model which was evaluated using a Monte Carlo simulation approach (Maheswaran and Sekhar, 2007). Throughout the process of each of these investigations, data was collected from the installed 6 prototype and used in the formulation of the theoretical mathematical model. A more detailed aggregation of the data from these studies was presented by Maheswaran in a doctorial thesis (Maheswaran, 2005) . A study by Bin and Sekhar outlined detailed, numerical CFD modeling of the compartmented cooling coil (Bin and Sekhar, 2007). This effort was furthered through a study which outlined a three dimensional model for a diffuser specific to the SCTF‟s decoupled outdoor and recirculated air streams (Bin and Sekhar, 2007). In 2007, a real-world system was installed in an office building at the National University of Singapore. A study was completed which gathered operations data from the installed system and concluded that “the SCTF system is able to provide adequate ventilation in a typical large office premises, based on “demand ventilation” and “demand cooling” in the individual occupied zones.” (Sekhar et al., 2007). A review of air conditioning systems in tropical climates was also completed by Sekhar which included the SCTF system as an option for optimal control and dehumidification (Sekhar, 2007). In addition, a review of one of the industry‟s most prominent ventilation standards, ASHRAE Standard 62.1 was completed in order to put into context the usual ventilation requirements that the SCTF system must uphold (ASHRAE/ANSI, 2007). The Singapore Standard 553: Code of Practice for Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings was also covered to understand the local requirements (SPRING, 2009). 2.2 AIRSIDE SYSTEM MODELING HVAC systems performance prediction has been the focus for a significant amount of research throughout the years and especially since computing and information technology has become ubiquitous and relatively cheap. Most of the early simulation programs incorporated some form or airside systems modeling. An overview of the approaches used to model such systems over time 7 was completed by Wright and it includes explanations for the two main categories of component simulation: Empirical and First Principle (Wright, 2010). The purpose of the study of the SCTF system was to create the ability to simulate the performance of the system in a detailed whole building energy simulation program. EnergyPlus (Crawley et al., 2001) was selected as a suitable platform for this purpose based on its developer-friendly modular structure and flexible approach to modeling central air systems. An outline of the decision to use EnergyPlus can be found in Chapter 3. EnergyPlus is an integrated simulation environment in which the zone, system, and plant are solved simultaneously using fundamental heat balance principles. The EnergyPlus source code is essentially a collection of hundreds of different FORTRAN modules that contain the algorithms necessary to simulate many different complex heating, cooling, ventilation, water, and lighting systems as well as various auxiliary energy consuming end uses. The modules interact with each other during a simulation in a hierarchical fashion that is governed by the integrated solution manager. Figure 3 was taken from the EnergyPlus User Manual and it shows the relationship between the major simulation driver routines and the different system module categories (EnergyPlus, 2009). Figure 3: EnergyPlus Program Schematic (EnergyPlus, 2009) 8 At the system level, the airside can be simulated using the HVAC Air loop Module (Fisher et al., 1999). The Air Loop is a system-level object that describes the individual components that make up the airside conditioning and distribution system, establishes the relationships each component has with each other, and divides them into the supply and demand section categories. Figure 4, which was taken from the EnergyPlus Engineering Reference, illustrates how the building systems are simulated on a system level. The program solves for the zone air temperature by prediction of the value at the beginning of the simulation based on previous runs, performs a simulation of each system type on both the demand and supply sides, and then corrects the value based on the simulated system response. This process is repeated until the difference between predicted and corrected zone conditions has met a certain convergence value. The airloop arrangement for VAV systems was reviewed as part of this study as many of its modeling considerations can be applied to the SCTF system (Yasutomo et al., 2003). Figure 4: Connections between the Main HVAC Simulation Loops and Sub-Loops (EnergyPlus, 2009) The SCTF system is primarily unique in the way it conditions the air in a centralized manner using a compartmented cooling coil and how it regulates two decoupled air streams in a dual duct 9 air distribution system. From the systems side, the simulation modules that were reviewed closely were the existing cooling coils modules and the outdoor air and dual duct air distribution control. A review of the methods in which the airside systems are controlled within the simulation was completed in order to understand the options for enhancement or customization (Ellis et al., 2008). Zone equipment is simulated in EnergyPlus within the Air Loop orientation through the use of interchangeable modular terminal units that are sized and operated based on the zone information. Figure 5, taken from the EnergyPlus User Manual, shows the interchangeable options available within the Air Loop concept. Figure 5: EnergyPlus Zone Equipment (EnergyPlus, 2009) 10 At the zone level, the existing air distribution system and air terminal units within EnergyPlus were reviewed to determine functionality and potential modification – especially the variable air volume dual duct unit (EnergyPlus, 2009). The current AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV object simulates a hot and cold deck, variable volume supply air system by alternating the flow of each air stream according to the needs of the zone thermostat. The AirTerminal:SingleDuct:ConstantVolume:Reheat object models the performance of a single duct terminal unit with reheat. Figure 6, taken from the EnergyPlus User Manual, shows the diagram of the AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat object currently in EnergyPlus. Figure 6: Schematic of AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat Unit (EnergyPlus 2009) Module development for the EnergyPlus source code is outlined in the EnergyPlus Programming Standard which outlines basics in Fortran development, EnergyPlus naming conventions, program variables, module structure and interaction, and code documentation (EnergyPlus, 2009). The EnergyPlus level subroutine calling tree was analyzed and used in the development and debugging of the modified source code (EnergyPlus, 2009). Multiple EnergyPlus development processes for research purposes were also reviewed including a reports by Stadler outlining the implementation of onsite electricity generation (Stadler et al., 2006), Ihm on development of a thermal energy storage model (Ihm et al., 2004), and Sailor regarding creation of a green roof model (Sailor, 2008). An especially applicable implementation study of a VRV systems modeling in EnergyPlus was reviewed due to the similarities of the objectives with this study in terms of an innovative system type being simulated (Zhou et al., 2008). 11 Documentation pertaining to existing EnergyPlus calculation algorithms and source code module structure can be found in Appendix A. The information analyzed and structured in this appendix was used in the necessary modification analysis to determine what additions would be made in the project processes. 2.3 COMPUTERIZED COOLING COIL MODELS The process for development of options to simulate the performance of a compartmented cooling coil required a literature review of the existing conventional cooling coil performance models that have been implemented into computerized code throughout the last 40 years. The first category of these types of models is a based on the Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) solution (Elmahdy and Mitalas, 1977). This method predicts the performance of the coil and leaving air and water conditions for all three possible coil conditions: “all wet”, “all dry”, and “partially wet-partially dry”. Further studies went into more detail regarding the confirmation of these coil condition phenomenon (Elmahdy and Biggs, 1979). Elmahdy and Biggs also investigated the efficiency of extended surfaces or fins on a heat exchanger and the methods in which this phenomenon could be mathematically modeled (Elmahdy and Biggs, 1983). The computerized versions of these algorithms were adapted for the MODSIM/HVACSIM+ program (Clark, 1985) and the detailed simulation model for EnergyPlus. The second heat exchanger modeling type which was implemented in a forward model is based on the NTU/effectiveness relationship of heat and mass transfer (Kays and London, 1964). This type of coil model calculates the number of transfer units (NTU) that are a function of the heat transfer coefficient of the coil and the minimum stream capacity. The NTU value is then used to calculate the effectiveness of the coil as a heat exchanger that can then be used to determine the coil leaving conditions. The Kays and London model was used as a basis for cooling coils in the 12 HVAC2 Toolkit: Algorithms and Subroutines for Secondary HVAC Systems Energy Calculations (Brandemeuhl, 1993) and TRNSYS Simulation Program (TRNSYS, 1990) which in turn provided components of the EnergyPlus simple model. An overview of the calculation procedure of the HVAC2 Toolkit cooling coil model can be found in Appendix B. An improved version of the HVAC2 Toolkit model was created for the purposes of implementation in EnergyPlus for the simple cooling coil modeling option (Chillar and Liesen, 2004). This detailed calculation flow was studied to determine applicability in a forward model of the compartmented cooling coil. More advanced dynamic forward model versions were also developed in order to simulate coils in advanced feedback controller, control strategies, and diagnostic methods (Zhou and Braun, 2007). These models can simulate the transient behavior of cooling and dehumidifying coils over time and are usually more computationally intensive. In order to model a cooling coil in EnergyPlus, there are two different options: simple and detailed geometry methods (EnergyPlus, 2009). The simple method uses the least number of user inputs to approximate the leaving air and water temperatures and energy consumption and is a simulation program-optimized combination of the algorithms from the Elmahdy/Mitalas and Kays/London models. The detailed model uses inputs such as area, number of tubes, fin spacing and other geometry-based inputs and was based on the Elmahdy and Mitalas algorithm. Another standard type of model is the curve fit algorithm that uses empirical manufacturer or experimental data to create a data-driven (inverse) model. This type is common in many manufacturer coil selection and energy simulation programs. A curve fit model developed for the water to air heat pump for EnergyPlus was analyzed as a potential strategy for approximating the performance of the compartmented coil (Tang, 2003). Figure 7 shown shows the historical relationships between the reviewed computerized cooling coil models including the ones found in EnergyPlus. 13 Figure 7: Historical Development of Common Computerized Cooling Coil Model 14 Chapter 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology process for this project is centered on the formulation of mathematical models to simulate the operation of the SCTF system in the real world. After a thorough investigation of the previous efforts in simulation of airside and waterside systems in other computerized models, a simulation approach was developed and implemented in the EnergyPlus source code. This implementation was then empirically validated by comparing the predicted performance of the SCTF system to that of collected data from an installed system at the Building and Construction Authority‟s Zero Energy Building (ZEB) in Singapore. 3.1 SIMULATION APPROACH Through a review of the conventional cooling coil model literature and the existing research completed on the SCTF system a set of possible project direction scenarios was formulated and analyzed to determine which overall strategy to take for this project. The first scenario outlines a study focused on the airside development of the SCTF system in EnergyPlus. The entire solution would be built in EnergyPlus and decoupling of the outdoor air and recirculated air would be developed from the outdoor air system to the terminal unit. A new forward model dual duct unit would be developed and any deficiencies in the outdoor air system would be investigated and modified for the SCTF system orientation. This approach would modify EnergyPlus to have the ability to simulate any centralized dual duct DOAS system and not just the SCTF system. In this scenario, the compartmented cooling coil would be approximated using two coil models and a conceptual development plan would be presented for future research and implementation into EnergyPlus. The second scenario focused on development of a forward physical or data-driven inverse model of the compartmented cooling coil, implementation of this model in the more modular simulation 15 program TRNSYS for testing, and a conceptual and practical implementation plan in EnergyPlus for both the airside system and the cooling coil model. TRNSYS is a simulation program developed for unique HVAC and solar system types in which there are more robust capabilities for system orientation and control. The program is more applicable for research than building design and would be a testing platform for a compartmented cooling coil model developed using existing experimental data for the SCTF system. An overview of the calculation procedure for this scenario can be seen in Appendix C. The last scenario included was an implementation of the forward physical model developed in previous research of the compartmented cooling coil (Maheswaran, 2005). The main objective of this approach would be to create a computerized version of the detailed fundamental model presented in the research with row-by-row sequential control volume analysis across both compartments accounting for the variable heat transfer coefficients and fin efficiencies that have to be considered on such a complex coil. This model would be computationally intensive and the first application would be most appropriate in a FORTRAN or MATLAB modeling environment. Less complex versions of this fundamental model could then be fine-tuned for whole building energy simulation analysis programs like EnergyPlus. Appendix C contains the basis of development for this computerized mathematical model. The decision was made early in the process to pursue the first scenario. The main focus of the project was to enhance EnergyPlus for the benefit of the thousands of real world users who utilize this free modeling engine for design and operations. The second scenario was not considered optimal because it didn‟t address this concern. The third scenario was rejected because while the mathematical model developed in previous research is deemed appropriate for advanced coil simulation and selection, it is not suitable for hourly energy simulation programs due to a long computation time and its need for inputs and coil characteristics not available within the EnergyPlus environment. 16 Figure 8 demonstrates the three possible scenarios considered and details regarding types of tasks to be accomplished. Figure 8: SCTF Simulation Scope Scenarios 17 3.2 MODEL IMPLEMENTATION Through investigations during the literature review process and analysis between the SCTF system and a conventional dual duct VAV system, three key objectives were identified with regards to EnergyPlus modification and addition: 1. Modeling of the decoupled outdoor air and recirculated air streams in a centralized air distribution system 2. Zone-by-zone flow control of the two airstreams based on individual ventilation and thermal load requirements 3. Performance prediction of the compartmented cooling coil These discrepancies between existing and proposed simulation capabilities are elaborated upon in this section. A detailed overview of the SCTF modeling approach was outlined in a conference paper by the author (Miller and Sekhar, 2010). Decoupling of Outdoor and Recirculated Air Streams Currently, in order to simulate a ventilation air system in EnergyPlus, the model is defined as shown in Figure 9 in which an “Outdoor Air Mixer” is an integral component of the outdoor air system, and in a centralized air distribution system, the supply air must be distributed to the individual zones in a mixed air condition. Setting the OA Mixer at 100% ventilation air can simulate traditional single duct DOAS systems and then a zone-conditioning unit must be added in each zone to compensate for the additional conditioning load. 18 Figure 9: EnergyPlus Ventilation System Diagram (EnergyPlus, 2009) In the proposed SCTF model, the ventilation and relief air streams are not mixed until the air loop equipment and this feature is a fundamental deviation from existing air loop simulation methodology. This difference can be seen below in Figure 10. Figure 10: Proposed SCTF Ventilation System Zone-by-Zone Flow Control at the Terminal Unit With respect to the air loop configuration and terminal unit design, it was identified that the SCTF system most closely resembles the component arrangement of the centralized, dual duct VAV system. 19 Figure 11: EnergyPlus VAV Dual Duct Air System Component Arrangement Figure 11 illustrates that an existing mixed air dual duct system is comprised of three major categories of components: the outdoor air system, cooling and heating coils and fans, and the air distribution system. The outdoor air system is designed to regulate the system-wide ventilation air requirements and mix the appropriate amount of recirculated return air. The mixed air is then conditioned in either the hot or cold deck and supplied via mixing boxes at the zone level that regulate based on the zone air temperature setpoint. The SCTF system conditions and distributes the air without mixing the ventilation and recirculated air and due to its main application so far in humid, tropical climates, it only cools each air stream. Figure 12 shows the orientation of the SCTF system and key discrepancies from a conventional mixed air system. 20 Figure 12: SCTF System Component Arrangement and Discrepancies 21 The primary difference between the SCTF system and a conventional system is that the recirculated air is not mixed with the outdoor air before being conditioned and supplied to each zone. In this way, the system is able to decouple the ventilation load from the thermal requirements and control it based on the occupancy of the space or a set ventilation requirement. The return airstream is divided into relief air and recirculated air at the outdoor air system and then conditioned and supplied based on the thermal load requirements of the space. The airflow in each stream is controlled by its own variable speed fan, which allows decoupled control of the system resulting in energy savings. An advantage of this system orientation is better control when a space has a high ventilation load requirement but a low thermal load requirement, as in the case of a fully occupied conference room on a mild day. The outdoor air stream is kept at full load capacity to accommodate for the high ventilation requirement while the recirculated air stream can be kept to a minimum or even off if there is little cooling requirement. In a mixed air system, when the ventilation requirement is the dominating load it is not possible to regulate the airflow based on the thermal load and overcooling can occur or reheat may need to be installed to maintain thermal comfort. Performance Prediction of the Compartmented Cooling Coil Another key difference of the SCTF system is the compartmented cooling coil. This coil conditions both air streams with a single continuous water coil arrangement. The unique nature of the compartmented cooling coil poses several challenges with regards to simulation as compared to a conventional cooling coil. Previous research has identified several of these differences (Maheswaran et. al., 2006):  Different off coil conditions are delivered by the coil and different heat transfer rates exist for the two different air streams  The geometry and characteristics such as fin spacing, water tube lengths, materials, face area, etc. across the two compartments can vary according to the load requirements 22  The coil is to be controlled using the off-coil conditions of one of the air streams which results in float in the off-coil conditions of the other air stream These issues were the main motivation for a series of experiments conducted on a set of compartmented cooling coils in previous research in order to determine the fundamental heat and mass transfer coefficients and boundary conditions with the goal of formulating a mathematical model (Maheswaran et. al., 2006). The resultant fundamental forward model that was developed was based on variable heat transfer coefficient calculations as a function of the coil fin surface temperature. None of the existing cooling coil models within EnergyPlus have the ability to simulate the unique considerations outlined above or the leaving air and water conditions of either compartment. In the scope chosen, the compartmented cooling coil was approximated through the use of two separate cooling coils. Conceptual development of future cooling coil models is outlined in Chapter 6. As outlined in Scenario #1, the main objectives of the approach were to develop the new dual duct air terminal unit (AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir) and test the outdoor air system to determine if the approach of splitting the return air before the relief air input of the outdoor air system would result in balanced and stable airflow rates throughout the EnergyPlus air loop. Demand and supply airside diagrams of this arrangement are shown in Figure 13 and Figure 14. It should be noted that the two air-side nodes that symbolize the passing of air to and from outdoor air conditions are shown as the Outdoor Air Inlet Node bring ventilation air into the building and the Relief Air Outlet Node which is exhausting a portion of the recirculated air. The waterside diagram in Figure 15 illustrates the separate cooling coils and the control and supply of chilled water on the waterside. 23 Figure 13: Supply Airside SCTF Components and Controller EnergyPlus Node Diagram 24 Figure 14: Demand Airside SCTF Components and Controller EnergyPlus Node Diagram 25 Figure 15: Waterside SCTF Components and Controller EnergyPlus Node Diagram 3.3 MODEL VALIDATION After the development of the mathematical solution of a new air terminal unit and the implementation and debugging of the source code for the AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir object, options for validation and verification of the 26 modifications were completed. A framework for building model validation is outlined in Figure 16 taken from 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (ASHRAE, 2009). The framework was part of a review done for the International Energy Agency Building Energy Simulation Test and diagnostic method for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment models -HVAC BESTEST (Neymark and Judkoff, 2002). Figure 16: Model Verification Method (Neymark and Judkoff, 2002) According to earlier work by Judkoff, a more detailed explanation of the types of accuracy evaluation is as follows (Judkoff, 1983):  Empirical Validation – in which calculated results from a program, subroutine, or algorithm are compared to monitored data from a real building, test cell, or laboratory experiment  Analytical Validation – in which outputs from a program, subroutine or algorithm are compare to results from a known analytical solution or a generally accepted numerical method for isolated heat transfer mechanisms under very simple and highly defined boundary conditions. 27  Comparative Testing – in which a program is compared to itself or to other programs that may be considered better validated or more detailed and, presumably, more physically correct. For the purposes of this study, it was decided to first pursue the Analytical Validation from the standpoint that the decoupling of the outdoor and recirculated air could be calculated using inputs from the simulation and performed using a less complex simulation method such as a spreadsheet. A three zone analytical model was used to complete this process with a comparative simulation of both the SCTF system and a conventional system. The three-zone model was based on the conventional building model used by the EnergyPlus development team for demonstration of new technologies within the simulation engine. An empirical validation was completed using measured data from an installed SCTF system. This was not the most optimal empirical validation scenario in that many aspects of the system performance can‟t be controlled and quality of the data may be questionable due to the normal calibration and installation issues that occur outside of a controlled laboratory. These aspects were taken into consideration during the analysis of the results and it is suggested that future work focus on validation according to data measured in a more controlled environment – especially when it comes to validation of a compartmented cooling coil model. Data from the month of August 2010 was collected for this purpose as previous months had multiple calibration issues and system configuration problems that were addressed during this project. The data from the week of August 1-7 was focused on as the quality of the sensor data for that time period was deemed the best. The data was collected from the installed BMS system that was accumulating data points at 1-3 minute intervals since the building was completed in 2009. This data was collected after a series of commissioning activities were undertaken; an overview of the commissioning process completed to increase the sensor data value is outlined in Chapter 5. 28 Chapter 4: DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGYPLUS AIR TERMINAL UNIT MODEL In response to the tasks outlined in Chapter 3, a series of improvements to the HVAC Air Loop simulation within EnergyPlus was completed which allow for the capability to simulate the SCTF system. The feature covered in this Chapter is with respect to modeling the decoupled outdoor air and recirculated air streams that are applicable to any type of centralized dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS). Currently within the Air Loop system in EnergyPlus, outdoor air for ventilation is provided solely through the AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem object, which is a subsystem on the supply side. This object describes the components and controllers that precondition and modulate the OA based on either a minimum flow rate for the system, which is derived from design conditions, or a dynamic flow rate based on occupancy. The Outdoor Air system currently requires that an OutdoorAir:Mixer component be present within the arrangement. This object mixes the mandated amount of ventilation air with recirculated air to meet a mixed air temperature setpoint. Details of the existing EnergyPlus Outdoor Air system model can be found in Appendix B. The needs of the SCTF system require that the two air streams remain unmixed and supplied through a dual duct arrangement. This arrangement was constructed using the existing EnergyPlus air loop components and branch structure by inserting a return air splitter in the recirculated air stream before the outdoor air system. This return branch was split off into the recirculated air stream while the remainder was used as an input into the outdoor air system. The outdoor air system control was overridden to provide 100% outdoor air into the OA stream and exhaust all of the return air that is passed to it. This orientation was tested for errors in node agreements and, while none were found, the system simulation wasn‟t stable or accurate using a conventional Dual Duct VAV Terminal unit due to the existing model‟s expectations of a hot and cold air stream inputs. 29 The determined solution for this control issue was to develop a new type of air terminal unit that was the key component in the demand-side of the Air Loop and an alternative to the existing ventilation control in the supply-side Outdoor Air System object. This unit was designed to set the airflow setpoints of each airstream according to the individual requirements of each zone. A summation of the zone-by-zone airflow rates for each stream was then used to set the flow for the supply-side primary air system by following these control arrangements:  Outdoor Air (OA) Stream Flowrate Control - The terminal unit was designed to set the airflow of the of the OA stream at the zone level based on the zonal ventilation requirements which are defined and calculated within the module. The summation of these zonal flow rates controls the outdoor air stream on the supply side of the Air Loop.  Recirculated Air (RA) Stream Flowrate Control - The RA stream controller within the terminal unit sets the flowrate of recirculated cooling air stream in order to meet the zone temperature setpoint.  Terminal Reheat Control - If the thermostat calls for heating when the RA stream is fully closed then the Reheat water/steam/electric coil is activated until the zone air setpoint is met. The terminal unit is modeled without a reheat coil by leaving the associated fields blank. The reheat control component was planned as part of the new terminal unit design but was not focused on in this study due to its lack of use in tropical climates. The new dual duct air terminal unit was designed to first size the system based on the maximum combined airflow of the two streams using zone thermal load calculations and ventilation requirements defined at the zone level. The user then specifies the outdoor air control action type and calculation method. These choices stipulate how the terminal unit sets the outdoor airflow at each timestep. 30 4.1 CALCULATION METHODOLOGY The EnergyPlus object included a number of inputs related to the topology and calculation requirements for the system. Figure 17 shows the node arrangements of the object and the EnergyPlus input fields needed for simulation. Figure 17: AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir Topology and Field Inputs The calculation procedure for Dual Duct system control is contained within the “DualDuctHVAC.f90” module of the EnergyPlus source code. The existing source code for this module was modified and amended to simulate the unique nature of decoupled ventilation and recirculated air streams. The first step in the calculation procedure was to determine the zone level ventilation requirements at design condition and for each time stamp. This process is done by the user inputting information regarding whether the zone outdoor air should be calculated based on Flow/Person, Flow/Area, the Sum or Max of those two calculations, or the Zone Exhaust air flow rate. Figure 18 illustrates the calculation procedure the terminal unit model completes in order to size the unit‟s maximum total zone airflow and the design ventilation requirement. 31 Figure 18: Ventilation and Flow Rate Calculation Flowchart 32 After the energy simulation warm up and sizing process, EnergyPlus simulates the system at subhourly time steps in order to predict system performance. The variable time-step simulation feature of EnergyPlus allows the engine to account for the dynamic nature of the various simulated systems and, during the process of this research project, the simulations were run at fifteen minute intervals. During the simulation process, the terminal unit sets the ventilation air for each zone based on the setting within the “Outdoor Air Control Action Type”. This field sets the method by which the actual OA stream flow is calculated. There are three choices: Constant, Fixed, and Scheduled. When set to Constant, the OA flow rate is maintained at the Design OA Airflow, which is either user-defined or auto-calculated based on the design ventilation conditions and inputs. When set to “Scheduled”, Outdoor Airflow rate is set as a fraction of the Design OA Airflow based on a defined schedule. For “Dynamic”, Outdoor Airflow rate is modulated based on dynamic ventilation parameters, namely the Occupancy Schedule. Figure 19 illustrates how the ventilation setpoint for each time step is set according to the specified control action type. Figure 19: Calculation of Control Action Type 33 The recirculated air stream is then controlled by determining how much of the cooling load is not being met by the ventilation air stream and setting it to compensate for this deficiency. Figure 20 shows the process by which the thermal load is simulated using the two mixed air streams. Figure 20: Recirculated Air flow Rate Calculation The final component of the terminal unit is an optional reheat coil that reheats a minimum airflow rate after the two air streams are mixed. This functionality is necessary in certain climates or space uses. Figure 21 illustrates the method by which reheat capability is determined to be necessary and the control of the heating coil. 34 Figure 21: Reheat Option Calculation Flow Chart 4.2 MODULE DEVELOPMENT Implementation of the AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:Outdoor air object was completed through a series of intermediate steps of modification of the existing HVACDualDuctSystem.f90 file within the EnergyPlus source code. The EnergyPlus source code is divided into over two hundred module files which contain the data, variables definitions, and subroutines needed to compile and run the simulation program (EnergyPlus, 2009). Each module is divided into specific sections, each with a different function during the simulation process. The “Definitions” section of the 35 module defines the TYPE variables added to the module in order to simulate each deck of the dual duct system as either “OA” or “RA” as opposed to “HOT” and “COLD”. The “Driver” subroutine is the main section of code that is called by the heat balance manager to simulate the operation of the terminal unit at the necessary timesteps. It contains the added call for the “SimDualDuctVAVOutdoorAir”subroutine, which is one of the main additions to the source code itself in this project. The “Get Input” routine was modified to acquire the unique input parameters for this system type from the “IDF” input file. The “IDD” input file was modified to account for these new input types. The next set of subroutines in the module is the “Initialization”, “Sizing”, the “Algorithm”, “Updating”, and “Reporting” subroutines. The “Initialization” section gets the defined variables ready for the next phase in the sequence of the simulation whether it is per simulation, environment, hourly, or sub-hourly timestep. The “Sizing” section calculates major system parameters based on the maximum or design day conditions of the zones. The “Algorithm” section is where the performance of the components is actually simulated by the module. The “Update” section then takes the results of the calculation and passes the information on to be used in the next timestep. The “Reporting” section outputs whichever data has been specified in the input file as being included in the output reports. The complete work of source code modification can be found in Appendix D presented as a text difference report from the existing HVACDualDuctSystem.f90 file. The report contains all of the modified, added, and removed source code content from this project. The implementation and module development of the terminal unit model in EnergyPlus is outlined in further detail in a conference paper by the author (Miller and Sekhar, 2010). 36 Chapter 5: TERMINAL UNIT MODEL VALIDATION As outlined in Chapter 3, an initial verification of the terminal unit model‟s performance as compared to an installed system was completed using data from the BCA‟s ZEB. 5.1 THREE ZONE ANALYTICAL VERIFICATION MODEL Predicting the operational output of the module modification can be deemed relatively simple due to the fact that the flowrate of outdoor and recirculated air at each time step can be manually calculated based on the instantaneous load and ventilation requirements. Analytical verification was done on a theoretical three-zone test case building which was similar to the Dual Duct VAV Example file from the EnergyPlus installation. The key features of the building simulation can be seen in Table 1 and the detailed Input Data File (.idf) can be found in Appendix E. Table 1: Three Zone Analytical Verification Model Details 37 Figure 22 shows the physical representation of the three-zone building‟s orientation and geometry. Figure 22: Three Zone Analytical Verification Model Table 2: Three Zone Analytical Model Internal Loads The tested model was simulated for three different HVAC system types including one scenario with the new TerminalUnit:DualDuct:VAV:Outdoor air object. Details of the scenarios can be seen in Table 3. 38 Table 3: Three Zone Analytical Model Scenarios SCTF System Single Duct VAV Single Coil, Twin-Fan Centralized single duct with System Description centralized dual duct system mixed air ventilation with decoupled OA and RA Zone-by-zone ventilation Fixed minimum OA Ventilation Control OA flowrate based on percentage set in design demand control ventilation Ventilation Rate 0.00944 m3/s-Person 0.0011 m3/s-m2 0.00944 m3/s-Person 0.0011 m3/s-m3 The same occupancy profile was used for both scenarios. This profile is based on a standard office space occupancy condition and can be found in Figure 23. Figure 23: Analytical Model Occupancy Profile 39 Each of the two scenarios was executed for the peak design day condition using Singapore weather data. The results of the Single Duct VAV system, shown in Figure 24, illustrate that the system outside air flow rate was constant based on the fixed ventilation requirements for an office building. Figure 24: VAV Single Duct - Design Day System Flowrates The SCTF system was also simulated using the same weather data and the results, shown in Figure 25, illustrate how the system outdoor air flowrate modulated based on the occupancy schedule while the recirculated air compensated for the remaining cooling load. 40 Figure 25: SCTF System - Design Day System Flowrates It is obvious from the comparison of the two system flowrates that the SCTF system is able to modulate the outdoor air based on occupancy and that the summation of the zone airflow rates was compensated by the system supply air fan. The analytical verification of the functionality of the new terminal unit model was seen from these visualizations. Figure 26 shows a comparison of the total system outdoor air flowrates for the two scenarios. 41 Figure 26: System Outdoor Air Flowrate Comparison 5.2 BCA ZERO ENERGY BUILDING (ZEB) COMPARISON In order to provide further comparison of the implemented EnergyPlus terminal unit model, empirical data was gathered from an implementation of the system in the Singapore Building and Construction Authority‟s (BCA) Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) located in Singapore. The goal of this comparison was to analyze the behavior of actual SCTF terminal units in the field to verify expected operating conditions as compared to the implemented EnergyPlus model. The ZEB was opened in Oct 2009 and has been in operation for approximately one year since the date of this 42 report. Figure 27 is a screenshot from the controls interface showing the general form of the building and the categories of building system types available. The analysis in this section was carried out on the SCTF Air Handling Unit (AHU) 2-1 which serves a majority of the second floor of the building, including the library and a few offices and this is shown in Figure 28. A screenshot from the controls system of AHU 2-1 is found in Figure 29. AHU 2-1 serves eleven zones throughout the second floor and each zone has its own terminal unit mixing box. These boxes are an implemented real-life version of the new terminal unit developed as part of this project. Figure 30 illustrates one of these VAV boxes as shown in the controls interface. The first series of experiments on the second story AHU and its terminal units was a functional testing procedure to confirm the operation of the terminal unit control and to verify the system response according to the CO2 level. The CO2 setpoint of each VAV box was first set to an abnormally high level in which the expected behavior of the damper was to close fully as the system would allow the CO2 level to increase. The setpoint was then lowered incrementally to observe the effect when the setpoint crossed the setpoint threshold and when it was abnormally low the boxes were observed to be full open. This process was repeated for each terminal unit for both occupied and unoccupied conditions. The graphed results from VAV 2-1 can be seen in Figure 31. Graphs from this process for the remaining terminal units from AHU 2-1 can be found in Appendix F. 43 Figure 27: BCA Academy and Systems (BCA, 2010) 44 Figure 28: ZEB Second Storey Floor Plan (BCA, 2010) 45 Figure 29: ZEB AHU 2-1 (BCA, 2010) 46 Figure 30: AHU 2-1 VAV Terminal Unit (BCA, 2010) 47 Figure 31: VAV 2-1 Fresh Airflow Functional Testing Results 48 An objective of this verification approach was to observe the controls performance of the installed, real-world SCTF VAV boxes and compare it to that of the control of the theoretical EnergyPlus module that was developed as part of this project. The main focus of this analysis was in how the terminal unit controlled the fresh air stream as a function of CO2 in the real world and how the model approximated this function by controlling based on occupancy variation. In order to perform this analysis, data was collected from the BCA ZEB and a few weeks during the month of August were identified as an appropriate representation of SCTF system operation. Figure 32 shows the operation of VAV Box 2-1 for one of those days; plotted is the CO2 reading of the box and the fresh airflow stream supplied as a result of the control logic contained in the terminal unit controller. Figure 32: AHU 2-1, VAV 2-1 Example Operation As mentioned previously, the real-world terminal unit controller modulates the fresh airflow rate comparing the measured room CO2 value to a setpoint value in the control system. The control algorithm also includes a dead-band and proportional gain control based on the magnitude of 49 difference from the setpoint. This control algorithm is illustrated in Figure 33 that was taken from the BMS user manual. Figure 33: Actual VAV Box Control for ZEB In order to compare the output of the implemented EnergyPlus module to that of the installed system, an approximation was formulated to convert the CO2 profile from the measured data into an occupancy profile that can be used in EnergyPlus. The typical day profile that was shown in Figure 33 was modified using this approach according to a correlation observed for this particular zone. The approximated occupancy profile according to the measured data and CO2 profile can be seen in Table 4. . 50 Table 4: Approximate Occupancy of VAV 2-1 Based on Measured Data This occupancy profile was then simulated using a simplified model of the ZEB in EnergyPlus and the results can be seen in Figure 34 as compared to the measured data. Figure 34: Measured vs Simulated Fresh Air Flowrate for VAV 2-1 on Aug 5, 2010 Differences in the way the actual system controlled the spaces and that of the EnergyPlus terminal unit were noticed. These observed discrepancies were attributed to the difference in the way the 51 real world and the simulation controls the outdoor air. In the first few hours of the day the simulated model showed much more ventilation air supplied due to its reliance on the occupancy schedule showing a limited number of people in the space. However, in the measured data, the flowrate remained quite low due to the fact that the CO2 setpoint had not been crossed yet. It was observed that the actual airflow rate is not linearly proportional to the occupancy as is the case in the simulation. In order to understand the magnitude of these differences, a summation of the hourly averages of the measured vs. simulated outdoor air flowrate was computed to determine the total amount of fresh air supplied to the zone throughout the course of the day. The results of this summation can be found in Table 5. Table 5: Measured vs. Simulated Fresh Air Amount It was observed that despite the difference in the way the outdoor air was controlled in the realworld versus the simulation, the total flow rate and, therefore energy consumption, of the system had a difference of only 2.42 cubic meters of fresh air which was less than a 2% difference. This fact showed that the model could be considered an adequate approximation for how the SCTF VAV terminal unit operates for the particular day analyzed. The major source of error for predictive simulations was therefore more likely be in the assumptions used, as most designers do not have access to actual occupancy data of a building – especially if it is not built yet. 52 Chapter 6: CONCEPTUAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPARTMENTED COOLING COIL MODEL According to the modeling approach identified in Chapter 3, the simulation of the compartmented cooling coil was approximated using two cooling coils in the EnergyPlus simulation. This Chapter is included to outline the conceptual development of a compartmented cooling coil model that could be further developed in future research. 6.1 ANALYSIS OF COIL CONTROL In order to understand the compartmented cooling coil and the applicable modeling approaches, it is necessary to provide an overview of the theoretical versus practical coil control strategy. From the theoretical standpoint, the chilled water valve for the coil is controlled using the off-coil temperature of either one of the air streams – preferably the stream with the more critical cooling load. In tropical climates, this is usually the outdoor air stream that has a high latent cooling load. An illustration of this control is shown in Figure 35 which shows the independent input variables of the entering fluid conditions which are set by other parts of the simulation, the dependent input variables which are actuator or control setpoints, and the dependent output variables which are what the coil model is solving for at each timestep. This type of control results in off-coil conditions of one air stream being controlled in an accurate way while the other air stream‟s conditions are left “floating” based on the heat transfer of the entire cooling coil. 53 Figure 35: Prototype Compartmented Cooling Coil Control In the implemented versions of the coil, it was determined that independent control of both air streams was necessary. This resulted in the creation of a face and bypass damper arrangement in the recirculated air stream that can be seen in Figure 36. The advantages of this arrangement are that the outdoor air stream can be controlled through modulation of the cooling coil valve and the recirculated air stream can be controlled independently by modulating the face velocity of the supply air. 54 Figure 36: Recirculated Air Stream Bypass Damper (Sekhar et. al 2004) This bypass coil arrangement results in a revised control diagram as shown in Figure 37. Figure 37: Implemented Compartmented Cooling Coil Control 55 6.2 CONCEPTUAL COMPARTMENTED COIL CURVE FIT MODEL For the purposes of simulation in EnergyPlus, the empirical data collected from the SCTF prototype experiments and case studies could be used to develop an equation fit model to predict the performance of a compartmented coil for the purpose of hourly simulation in EnergyPlus. Development of this equation fit model uses the methodology for water-to-air and water-to-water heat pump coil models within EnergyPlus as a guideline. These models, developed by Tang (2005), use the manufacturer‟s data to create a set of non-dimensional governing equations or curves to predict the performance of a heat pump in heating and cooling mode. For the compartmented cooling coil, the data derived from the prototype would be used to create a similar set of governing equations and methodology for calculation of the performance coefficients. The governing equations for the SCTF system would be based on the ratio of part load cooling performance compared to the reference capacity. They would be a function of various input parameters from each air stream. The basis of these functions is seen in equations (1) through (4). ̇ ( ) (1) ̇ ̇ ( ( ( ̇ ̇ ) (2) ) (3) ̇ ̇ ̇ ) (4) 56 Each of the inputs in the governing equations is then multiplied by an equation fit coefficient that is calculated from the coil performance data using the Generalized Least Squares Method. The ratio of capacity would then be used to predict the performance of the coil at part load conditions and calculate the water and air leaving temperatures. Figure 38 illustrates the various inputs, reference conditions, capacity coefficients, and outputs in the proposed curve fit compartmented coil model. Figure 38: Compartmented Cooling Coil Curve Fit Model Information Flow 57 The equation-fit cooling coil shown would be a substitute for the current approximation of the compartmented coil as two separate cooling circuits. 58 Chapter 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 SUMMARY OF RESULTS Through this project a number of objectives were completed:  A proper scope was identified regarding the development of a preliminary energy simulation model of the SCTF system. The scope that was chosen focused on using EneryPlus to model the SCTF terminal unit allowing the ability to simulate a dual duct DOAS system.  The AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem object was created and inserted in the EnergyPlus source code. This module adds the ability to simulate the SCTF terminal unit.  The new terminal unit object was validated using a three zone analytical model in EnergyPlus. The results of this verification showed expected control of the two air streams independently based on modulating thermal and occupancy profiles.  Empirical data from the BCA Zero Energy Building was compiled and individual fresh air stream controls within VAV boxes were compared to the EnergyPlus model results. This analysis showed that while the actual and simulated terminal units were controlled differently, the overall aggregate outdoor airflow rate was almost the same. In the sample day compared, the overall outdoor airflow simulated was less than 2% higher than the measured value. 7.2 FUTURE WORK Objectives for future work or research that were indentified:  More rigorous Empirical and Intermodel comparisons for the AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir should be completed to verify performance and 59 enhance the controls capabilities of the model within EnergyPlus to account for other real-world scenarios.  Further development of the compartmented cooling coil model is needed in order to automatically size and simulate this type of coil in a whole building energy simulation program. The approach outlined in Chapter 6 could provide a basis for this development.  Further development and implementation of the SCTF terminal unit in energy models is needed to show the whole building energy comparison to buildings with conventional mixed air systems could be completed using the new terminal unit. This would allow the system to gain credibility amongst designers and building owners with regards to energy efficiency.  The developed procedure and the results of these comparisons would be the basis for a report that would instruct building professionals on how to use the new module and the EnergyPlus environment to design and analyze the SCTF system. Consequently, designers would have to ability to predict energy savings and encourage the adoption of this new system type compared to conventional systems. 60 REFERENCES ASHRAE (2009). 2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. ASHRAE/ANSI (2007). ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. BCA (2010). Screenshots from BCA ZEB Controls System. Bin, Y. and S. C. Sekhar (2007). "Numerical algorithm studies of CFD modeling for a compartmented cooling coil under dehumidifying conditions." 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Energy and Buildings 33(4): 319331. Ellis, P. G., P. A. Torcellini and D. Crawley (2008). Simulation of Energy Management Systems in EnergyPlus. NREL/CP-550-41482. United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL): 12p. Elmahdy, A. H. and R. C. Biggs (1979). "Finned Tube Heat Exchanger: Correlation of Dry Surface Heat Transfer Data." ASHRAE Transactions 85(Pt 2): 262-273. Elmahdy, A. H. and R. C. Biggs (1983). "Efficiency of Extended Surfaces with Simulatenous Heat and Mass Transfer." ASHRAE Transactions 89: 135-143. Elmahdy, A. H. and G. P. Mitalas (1977). "Simple Model for Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils for Use in Calculating Energy Requirements for Buildings." ASHRAE Transactions 83(Pt 2): 103-117. EnergyPlus (2009). EnergyPlus Engineering Reference. The Reference to EnergyPlus Calculations, US Department of Energy. EnergyPlus (2009). EnergyPlus Programming Standard. To understand and be able to write the code. EnergyPlus (2009). Guide for Module Developers, US Department of Energy. Fisher, D. E., R. D. Taylor, F. Buhl, R. J. Liesen and R. K. Strand (1999). A Modular, LoopBased Approach to HVAC Energy Simulation And Its Implementation in EnergyPlus. Building Simulation „99. Ihm, P., M. Krarti and G. P. Henze (2004). "Development of a thermal energy storage model for EnergyPlus." Energy and Buildings 36(8): 807-814. Judkoff, R., D. Wortman, B. O'Doherty, and J. Burch (1983). A Methodology for Validating Building Energy Analysis Simulations. Golden, CO, Solar Energy Research Institute (now NREL). SERI/TR-254-1508. Kays, W. M. and A. L. London (1964). Compact Heat Exchangers. New York, McGraw-Hill. Maheswaran, C. R. and S. C. Sekhar (2004). Fin efficiency of the newly developed compartmented coil of a single coil twin fan system. 5th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation and Energy Conservation in Buildings. Toronto, Canada. Maheswaran, U. (2005). Mathematical Modelling and Performance Evaluation of the Compartmented Coil for Enhanced IAQ and Energy Efficiency Department of Building. Singapore, National University of Singapore. Doctor of Philosophy: 169. 61 Maheswaran, U. and S. C. Sekhar (2007). "Performance evaluation of a compartmented cooling coil using the Monte Carlo simulation approach." Journal of Heat Transfer 129(9): 12861290. Maheswaran, U., S. C. Sekhar, K. W. Tham and K. W. Cheong (2006). "Single-coil twin-fan airconditioning and air-distribution system - Toward development of a mathematical model of the compartmented coil." HVAC and R Research 12(3 C): 825-842. Miller, C. and C. Sekhar (2010). Development of a Dual Duct Air Terminal Unit in EnergyPlus to Model Centralized Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) in Cooling Mode. IAQVEC 2010: The 7th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality, Ventilation, and Energy Conservation in Buildings, Syracuse, NY, USA. Miller, C. and C. Sekhar (2010). Modeling of the Single Coil, Twin Fan Air-Conditioning System in EnergyPlus. SimBuild 2010: 4th National Conference of IBPSA-USA. New York, NY, USA. Neymark, J. and R. Judkoff (2002). International Energy Agency Building Energy Simulation Test and diagnostic method for heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning equipment models (HVAC BESTEST). vol. 1: Cases E100-E200. Sailor, D. J. (2008). "A green roof model for building energy simulation programs." Energy and Buildings 40(8): 1466-1478. Sekhar, S. C. (2007). A review of ventilation and air-conditioning technologies for energyefficient healthy buildings in the tropics, Dallas, TX, United states, Amer. Soc. Heating, Ref. Air-Conditoning Eng. Inc. Sekhar, S. C., Y. Bin, K. W. Tham and D. Cheong (2007). IAQ and Energy Performance of the newly developed Single Coil Twin Fan air-conditioning and air distribution system Results of a Field Trial Clima 2007 WellBeing Indoors. Sekhar, S. C., K. W. Tham, U. Maheswaran and K. W. Cheong (2004). Development of energyefficient single-coil twin-fan air-conditioning system with zonal ventilation control, Nashville, TX, United states, Amer. Soc. Heating, Ref. Air-Conditoning Eng. Inc. SPRING (2009). Code of Practice for Air-Conditioning and Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings. Singapore. Stadler, M., R. Firestone, D. Curtil and C. Marnay (2006). On-Site Generation Simulation with EnergyPlus for Commercial Buildings. United States: 18p. Tang, C. C. (2003). Modeling Heat Pumps in a Quasi-Steady State Energy Simulation Program. Mechanical Engineering. Stillwater, OK, Oklahoma State University. Master of Science. TRNSYS (1990). A Transient System Simulation Program: Reference Manual, Solar Energy Laboratory, Univ. Wisconsin-Madison: pp. 4.6.8-1- 4.6.8-12. Wright, J. (2010). HVAC Systems Peformance. Building Performance Simulation for Design and Operations. J. L. M. H. a. R. Lamberts. London and New York, Spon Press. Yasutomo, T., M. Zheng and N. Nakahara (2003). VAV HVAC system simulation using Energyplus. Proceedings of the 2003 4th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning, Beijing, China, Tsinghua University. Zhou, X. and J. E. Braun (2007). "A simplified dynamic model for chilled-water cooling and dehumidifying coils - Part 2: Experimental validation (RP-1194)." HVAC and R Research 13(5): 805-817. Zhou, Y. P., J. Y. Wu, R. Z. Wang, S. Shiochi and Y. M. Li (2008). "Simulation and experimental validation of the variable-refrigerant-volume (VRV) air-conditioning system in EnergyPlus." Energy and Buildings 40(6): 1041-1047. 62 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS Modeling of the Single Coil, Twin Fan Air-Conditioning System in EnergyPlus Presented in August 2010 – New York, NY - Simbuild 2010 Conference Presentation (or Poster) Abstract Clayton Miller, MSc Student, Dept. of Building, National University of Singapore Assoc. Professor, Chandra Sekhar, Dept. of Building, National University of Singapore In hot and humid tropical climates, the cooling and ventilation systems account for a significant portion or the energy consumed within a building; moreover, dehumidification is key in maintaining thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Recently a new type of cooling and air distribution system, the Single Coil, Twin Fan (SCTF) system, was developed as a means of achieving these objectives in a more effective and energy efficient method. The proposed presentation will outline an effort to develop a building energy simulation model for this unique system in the whole building simulation program EnergyPlus. The SCTF system is a unitary, multi-zone system which conditions the outdoor ventilation and recirculated return air in two separate streams through a single compartmented cooling coil and supplies these unmixed streams via two variable speed fans and dual duct arrangement to zonal mixing boxes. The main challenges addressed in EnergyPlus include the existing inability to concurrently simulate unmixed air streams within a centralized VAV system, supply and control outdoor air and recirculated air independently to a space via dual duct network, and prediction of performance of a compartmented cooling coil – all of which have potential applications in other innovative systems. Development of a Dual Duct Air Terminal Unit in EnergyPlus to Model Centralized Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS) Presented in August 2010 – Syracuse, NY - IAQVEC 2010 Conference Presentation Abstract Clayton Miller, MSc Student, Dept. of Building, National University of Singapore Assoc. Professor, Chandra Sekhar, Dept. of Building, National University of Singapore The whole building energy simulation program EnergyPlus is developed and distributed by the US Department of Energy as a tool which professionals in the building industry can use to size and predict the performance of many types of building system arrangements. Within the program, one of the most widely utilized features for modeling air distribution systems is the Air Loop arrangement. This simulation feature is composed of various air system components such as coils, fans, and terminal units and it is divided into two parts: the primary supply side and the zone equipment demand side. Currently the control of ventilation air within the simulation is only controlled on the supply side through the mixing box and outdoor air system components. This existing arrangement doesn‟t allow for control or mixing of ventilation air and recirculated air further downstream in the demand side of the loop as would be required in certain types of dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS). The proposed presentation would outline the development of a new EnergyPlus object, AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir, which is designed to accommodate for systems with decoupled outdoor air and recirculated air downstream of the outdoor air system. The terminal unit is designed to set the airflow of the OA stream at the zone level based on the zonal ventilation requirements that are defined and calculated within the module. The recirculated air stream would then be modulated to meet the zone setpoint and reheat would be available as necessary in certain climates. Potential system types and applications for this new terminal unit will be discussed as well as preliminary testing and verification results. 63 Energy Savings Study of the Single Coil, Twin Fan Air Conditioning (SCTF) System Abstract yet to be submitted to: Energy and Buildings Clayton Miller, MSc Student, Dept. of Building, National University of Singapore Assoc. Professor, Chandra Sekhar, Dept. of Building, National University of Singapore In hot and humid tropical climates, the cooling and ventilation systems account for a significant portion or the energy consumed within a building; moreover, dehumidification is key in maintaining thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Recently a new type of cooling and air distribution system, the Single Coil, Twin Fan (SCTF) system, was developed as a means of achieving these objectives in a more effective and energy efficient method. An energy simulation model was developed in the energy simulation program EnergyPlus that was used to quantify the consumption of this unique system type. The development of this model included the formulation of new components within the simulation engine. This simulation was analytically validated using a theoretical three-zone model. It was also compared to the actual energy consumption of an installed system in the Zero Energy Building (ZEB) in Singapore. This comparison resulted in the conclusion that approximation of fresh air supply through occupancy is not a totally accurate solution at the hourly level due to its inherent differences from actual control based on a CO 2 setpoint and sensor feedback, However it was found that the overall aggregate amount of fresh air averaged across each day was similar between the actual and simulated systems and therefore can be considered a good approximation. 64 Appendix A: DOCUMENTATION OF EXISTING ENERGYPLUS CALCULATIONS HVACDualDuctSystem.f90 Dual Duct Terminal Unit Calculation Flow: 65 66 67 HVACSingleDuctSystem.f90 Single Duct Terminal Unit Calculation Flow: 68 69 70 Mixed Air Module Subroutine Detailed Hierarchy: 72 EnergyPlus Version 5.0 Subroutine Calling Hierarchy: 73 74 Appendix B: ASHRAE TOOLKIT DETAILED COOLING COIL MODEL 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 Appendix C: ALTERNATIVE SIMULATION APPROACHES 83 84 Appendix D: AIRTERMINAL:DUALDUCT:VAV:OUTDOORAIR 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 Appendix E: INPUT DATA FILE (.IDF) FOR THREE ZONE ANALYTICAL COMPARISION SCTF Model: !-Generator IDFEditor 1.37c !-Option OriginalOrderTop UseSpecialFormat !-NOTE: All comments with '!-' are ignored by the IDFEditor and are generated automatically. !Use '!' comments if they need to be retained when using the IDFEditor. ! DualDuctVarVolDamperOutdoorAir.idf - TEST FILE FOR DEBUGGING - OUTDOOR AIR SYSTEM ADDED AND THE RETURN AIR SYSTEM ! SEPARATED. ! - With MANUAL air stream sizing BASED ON A SIZING RUN ! Additional Outputs - Nodes added to test the recently completed decoupling of the OA and RA streams ! Basic file description: 1 story building divided into 3 interior conditioned zones. Roof with no plenum. ! No ground contact with floor. ! ! Highlights: Example of dual duct variable volume central system which simulates decoupled outdoor air and ! recirculated air though the use of the AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir object. ! One airstream supplies outdoor air at ventilation requirements set at the zone level ! while the other modulates the flow rate of recirculated air in order to meet the zone cooling ! setpoint. This system is applicable in hot and humid climates and is cooling-only at this time. ! ! Simulation Location/Run: SGP_Singapore.486980_IWEC, 2 design days, 2 run periods, ! Run Control executes the design days only. ! ! Location: Singapore, Singapore ! ! Design Days: SINGAPORE_SGP Annual Cooling (DB=>MWB) 1%, MaxDB=32.8°C MWB=26.3°C ! SINGAPORE_SGP Annual Heating 99%, MaxDB=23.5°C ! ! Run Period (Weather File): 1/14, 7/7, SGP_Singapore.486980_IWEC ! ! Run Control: No Zone or System sizing required (design days only, see RUN CONTROL object) ! ! Building: Single floor rectangular L-shaped building 40 ft south wall, 40 ft west wall, zone height 10 feet. ! There is a single window in the West Zone south wall. The walls are 1 in stucco over 4 in common brick ! and gypboard. The roof is a built up roof with 1/2 in stone over 3/8 in felt over 1 in dense insulation ! supported by 2 in heavy weight concrete. The window is single pane 3mm clear. ! The window to wall ratio is approxomately 0.07. ! ! The building is oriented due north. ! ! Floor Area: 130.1 m2 (1403 ft2) ! Number of Stories: 1 ! ! Zone Description Details: ! ! (0,12.192,0) (9.144,12.192,0) ! ________________________________ ! | | ! | | ! | | ! | | ! | North | ! | | ! | | ! | (6.096,6.096,0) | ! |________________________________|____________ (12.192,6.069,0) ! | (0,6.096,0) | (9.144,6.096,0) | ! | | | ! | | | ! | | | ! | West | East | window = * ! | | | ! | | | ! | | | ! |___**************___|________________________| ! ! (0,0,0) (6.069,0,0) (12.192,0,0) ! ! Internal gains description: ZONE West - lighting is 0 watts, equip is 2928.751 watts, 3 occupants ! Internal gains description: ZONE North - lighting is 878.6252 watts, equip is 2928.751 watts, 4 occupants ! Internal gains description: ZONE East - lighting is 1464.375 watts, equip is 1464.375 watts, 3 occupants ! ! Interzone Surfaces: 3 interzone surfaces (see diagram) ! Internal Mass: None ! People: 10 ! Lights: 2343 W ! Equipment: 7323 W ! Windows: 1 - single pane clear 3mm glass ! Detached Shading: None ! Daylight: None ! Natural Ventilation: None ! Compact Schedules: Yes ! Solair Distribution: FullInteriorAndExterior ! ! HVAC: 3 zone dual duct variable volume system. Central chilled ! water coil scheduled to provide 13 C summer supply air temperature. ! The terminal unit sets the airflow of the of the OA stream ! at the zone level based on the zonal ventilation requirements. ! The RA stream controller within the terminal unit would set the flowrate of recirculated ! cooling air stream in order to meet the zone temperature setpoint ! Thermostat setting at 24 C in summer with 30 C set back temperature. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Zonal Equipment: Central Air Handling Equipment: System Equipment Autosize: Purchased Cooling: Purchased Heating: Purchased Chilled Water: Purchased Hot Water: Coils: Pumps: Boilers: AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir Yes No (chilled water, condenser, and hot water loop volumes are autosized) No No Yes (only used if alternate priority control equipment list is selected) Yes Coil:Cooling:Water:DetailedGeometry Pump:VariableSpeed None 95 ! Chillers: only) ! ! ! ! Towers: ! ! Results: ! Standard Reports: ! Timestep or Hourly Variables: ! Time bins Report: ! HTML Report: ! Environmental Emissions: ! Utility Tariffs: Version,5.0; Building, NONE, 0, Suburbs, 3.9999999E-02, 0.50000000, FullInteriorAndExterior, 25; Chiller:Electric (PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad set up for electric chiller Chiller:ConstantCOP or DistrictCooling may be used if desired in various combinations by changing priority control equipment list name in PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad object. COOLING TOWER:SINGLE SPEED None Timestep None None None None !- Name !- North Axis {deg} !- Terrain !- Loads Convergence Tolerance Value !- Temperature Convergence Tolerance Value {deltaC} !- Solar Distribution !- Maximum Number of Warmup Days Timestep,6; SurfaceConvectionAlgorithm:Inside,Detailed; SurfaceConvectionAlgorithm:Outside,DOE-2; HeatBalanceAlgorithm,ConductionTransferFunction; ZoneCapacitanceMultiplier,1.0; SimulationControl, Yes, No, No, Yes, No; !- Do Zone Sizing Calculation !- Do System Sizing Calculation !- Do Plant Sizing Calculation !- Run Simulation for Sizing Periods !- Run Simulation for Weather File Run Periods RunPeriod, , 1, 14, 1, 14, Tuesday, Yes, Yes, No, Yes, Yes; !!!!!!!!!!!- Name Begin Month Begin Day of Month End Month End Day of Month Day of Week for Start Day Use Weather File Holidays and Special Days Use Weather File Daylight Saving Period Apply Weekend Holiday Rule Use Weather File Rain Indicators Use Weather File Snow Indicators RunPeriod, , 7, 7, 7, 7, Tuesday, Yes, Yes, No, Yes, No; !!!!!!!!!!!- Name Begin Month Begin Day of Month End Month End Day of Month Day of Week for Start Day Use Weather File Holidays and Special Days Use Weather File Daylight Saving Period Apply Weekend Holiday Rule Use Weather File Rain Indicators Use Weather File Snow Indicators Site:Location, SINGAPORE_SGP Design_Conditions, !- Name 1.37, !- Latitude {deg} 103.98, !- Longitude {deg} 8.00, !- Time Zone {hr} 16.00; !- Elevation {m} ! SINGAPORE Ann Clg 1% Condns DB=>MWB, MaxDB= 32.8°C MCWB= 26.3°C SizingPeriod:DesignDay, SINGAPORE Ann Clg 1% Condns DB=>MWB, !- Name 32.8, !- Maximum Dry-Bulb Temperature {C} 5.5, !- Daily Temperature Range {deltaC} 26.3, !- Humidity Indicating Conditions at Maximum Dry-Bulb 101133., !- Barometric Pressure {Pa} 4.1, !- Wind Speed {m/s} 30, !- Wind Direction {deg} 1.00, !- Sky Clearness 0, !- Rain Indicator 0, !- Snow Indicator 21, !- Day of Month 6, !- Month SummerDesignDay, !- Day Type 0, !- Daylight Saving Time Indicator WetBulb; !- Humidity Indicating Type Site:GroundTemperature:BuildingSurface,20.03,20.03,20.13,20.30,20.43,20.52,20.62,20.77,20.78,20.55,20.44,20.20; Sizing:Parameters, 1.33, !- Sizing Factor 6; !- Time Steps in Averaging Window Material, A1 - 1 IN STUCCO, Smooth, 2.5389841E-02, 0.6918309, 1858.142, 836.8000, 0.9000000, 0.9200000, 0.9200000; !!!!!!!!!- Name Roughness Thickness {m} Conductivity {W/m-K} Density {kg/m3} Specific Heat {J/kg-K} Thermal Absorptance Solar Absorptance Visible Absorptance Material, C4 - 4 IN COMMON BRICK, Rough, 0.1014984, 0.7264224, 1922.216, 836.8000, 0.9000000, 0.7600000, 0.7600000; !!!!!!!!!- Name Roughness Thickness {m} Conductivity {W/m-K} Density {kg/m3} Specific Heat {J/kg-K} Thermal Absorptance Solar Absorptance Visible Absorptance 96 Material, E1 - 3 / 4 IN PLASTER OR GYP BOARD, !- Name Smooth, !- Roughness 1.9050000E-02, !- Thickness {m} 0.7264224, !- Conductivity {W/m-K} 1601.846, !- Density {kg/m3} 836.8000, !- Specific Heat {J/kg-K} 0.9000000, !- Thermal Absorptance 0.9200000, !- Solar Absorptance 0.9200000; !- Visible Absorptance Material, C6 - 8 IN CLAY TILE, Smooth, 0.2033016, 0.5707605, 1121.292, 836.8000, 0.9000000, 0.8200000, 0.8200000; !!!!!!!!!- Name Roughness Thickness {m} Conductivity {W/m-K} Density {kg/m3} Specific Heat {J/kg-K} Thermal Absorptance Solar Absorptance Visible Absorptance Material, C10 - 8 IN HW CONCRETE, MediumRough, 0.2033016, 1.729577, 2242.585, 836.8000, 0.9000000, 0.6500000, 0.6500000; !!!!!!!!!- Name Roughness Thickness {m} Conductivity {W/m-K} Density {kg/m3} Specific Heat {J/kg-K} Thermal Absorptance Solar Absorptance Visible Absorptance Material, E2 - 1 / 2 IN SLAG OR STONE, !- Name Rough, !- Roughness 1.2710161E-02, !- Thickness {m} 1.435549, !- Conductivity {W/m-K} 881.0155, !- Density {kg/m3} 1673.600, !- Specific Heat {J/kg-K} 0.9000000, !- Thermal Absorptance 0.5500000, !- Solar Absorptance 0.5500000; !- Visible Absorptance Material, E3 - 3 / 8 IN FELT AND MEMBRANE, !- Name Rough, !- Roughness 9.5402403E-03, !- Thickness {m} 0.1902535, !- Conductivity {W/m-K} 1121.292, !- Density {kg/m3} 1673.600, !- Specific Heat {J/kg-K} 0.9000000, !- Thermal Absorptance 0.7500000, !- Solar Absorptance 0.7500000; !- Visible Absorptance Material, B5 - 1 IN DENSE INSULATION, !- Name VeryRough, !- Roughness 2.5389841E-02, !- Thickness {m} 4.3239430E-02, !- Conductivity {W/m-K} 91.30524, !- Density {kg/m3} 836.8000, !- Specific Heat {J/kg-K} 0.9000000, !- Thermal Absorptance 0.5000000, !- Solar Absorptance 0.5000000; !- Visible Absorptance Material, C12 - 2 IN HW CONCRETE, MediumRough, 5.0901599E-02, 1.729577, 2242.585, 836.8000, 0.9000000, 0.6500000, 0.6500000; !!!!!!!!!- Name Roughness Thickness {m} Conductivity {W/m-K} Density {kg/m3} Specific Heat {J/kg-K} Thermal Absorptance Solar Absorptance Visible Absorptance WindowMaterial:Glazing, WIN-LAY-GLASS-LIGHT, SpectralAverage, , 0.003, 0.90, 0.031, 0.031, 0.90, 0.05, 0.05, 0.0, 0.84, 0.84, 0.9; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Optical Data Type Window Glass Spectral Data Set Name Thickness {m} Solar Transmittance at Normal Incidence Front Side Solar Reflectance at Normal Incidence Back Side Solar Reflectance at Normal Incidence Visible Transmittance at Normal Incidence Front Side Visible Reflectance at Normal Incidence Back Side Visible Reflectance at Normal Incidence Infrared Transmittance at Normal Incidence Front Side Infrared Hemispherical Emissivity Back Side Infrared Hemispherical Emissivity Conductivity {W/m-K} Construction, EXTWALL80, A1 - 1 IN STUCCO, C4 - 4 IN COMMON BRICK, E1 - 3 / 4 IN PLASTER OR !- Name !- Outside Layer !- Layer 2 GYP BOARD; !- Layer 3 Construction, PARTITION06, !- Name E1 - 3 / 4 IN PLASTER OR GYP BOARD, C6 - 8 IN CLAY TILE, !- Layer 2 E1 - 3 / 4 IN PLASTER OR GYP BOARD; Construction, FLOOR SLAB 8 IN, C10 - 8 IN HW CONCRETE; !- Outside Layer !- Layer 3 !- Name !- Outside Layer Construction, ROOF34, !- Name E2 - 1 / 2 IN SLAG OR STONE, !- Outside Layer E3 - 3 / 8 IN FELT AND MEMBRANE, !- Layer 2 B5 - 1 IN DENSE INSULATION, !- Layer 3 C12 - 2 IN HW CONCRETE; !- Layer 4 97 Construction, WIN-CON-LIGHT, WIN-LAY-GLASS-LIGHT; !- Name !- Outside Layer Sizing:Zone, East Zone, !- Zone Name 12.8000, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature {C} 50.0000, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature {C} 0.0085, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} 0.0080, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} Sum, !- Outdoor Air Method 0.00944, !- Outside Air Flow per Person {(m3/s)/person} 0.0011, !- Outside Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {(m3/s)/m2} , !- Outside Air Flow per Zone {m3/s} , !- Zone Sizing Factor DesignDay, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Method {Flow/Zone | DesignDay | DesignDayWithLimit} , !- Cooling Design Air Flow Rate , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Per Zone Floor Area , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Fraction DesignDay, !- Heating Design Air Flow Method {Flow/Zone | DesignDay} , !- Heating Design Air Flow Rate , !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Per Zone Floor Area , !- Heating Maximum Air Flow ; !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Fraction Sizing:Zone, West Zone, !- Zone Name 12.8000, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature {C} 50.0000, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature {C} 0.0085, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} 0.0080, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} Sum, !- Outdoor Air Method 0.00944, !- Outside Air Flow per Person {(m3/s)/person} 0.0011, !- Outside Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {(m3/s)/m2} , !- Outside Air Flow per Zone {m3/s} , !- Zone Sizing Factor DesignDay, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Method {Flow/Zone | DesignDay | DesignDayWithLimit} , !- Cooling Design Air Flow Rate , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Per Zone Floor Area , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Fraction DesignDay, !- Heating Design Air Flow Method {Flow/Zone | DesignDay} , !- Heating Design Air Flow Rate , !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Per Zone Floor Area , !- Heating Maximum Air Flow ; !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Fraction Sizing:Zone, North Zone, !- Zone Name 12.8000, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Temperature {C} 50.0000, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Temperature {C} 0.0085, !- Zone Cooling Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} 0.0080, !- Zone Heating Design Supply Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H20/kg-air} Sum, !- Outdoor Air Method 0.00944, !- Outside Air Flow per Person {(m3/s)/person} 0.0011, !- Outside Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {(m3/s)/m2} , !- Outside Air Flow per Zone {m3/s} , !- Zone Sizing Factor DesignDay, !- Cooling Design Air Flow Method {Flow/Zone | DesignDay | DesignDayWithLimit} , !- Cooling Design Air Flow Rate , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Per Zone Floor Area , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow , !- Cooling Minimum Air Flow Fraction DesignDay, !- Heating Design Air Flow Method {Flow/Zone | DesignDay} , !- Heating Design Air Flow Rate , !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Per Zone Floor Area , !- Heating Maximum Air Flow ; !- Heating Maximum Air Flow Fraction ! original zone origin (0,0,0) Zone, West Zone, !0, !0, 0, 0, 1, !1, !autocalculate, !autocalculate; !- Name Direction of Relative North {deg} !- X,Y,Z {m} Type Multiplier Ceiling Height {m} Volume {m3} ! original zone origin (6.096,0,0) Zone, EAST ZONE, !- Name 0, !- Direction of Relative North {deg} 0, 0, 0, !- X,Y,Z {m} 1, !- Type 1, !- Multiplier autocalculate, !- Ceiling Height {m} autocalculate; !- Volume {m3} ! original zone origin (0,6.096,0) Zone, NORTH ZONE, !- Name 0, !- Direction of Relative North {deg} 0, 0, 0, !- X,Y,Z {m} 1, !- Type 1, !- Multiplier autocalculate, !- Ceiling Height {m} autocalculate; !- Volume {m3} GlobalGeometryRules, UpperLeftCorner, CounterClockWise, WorldCoordinateSystem; !- Starting Vertex Position !- Vertex Entry Direction !- Coordinate System BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Wall001, Wall, EXTWALL80, West Zone, Outdoors, , SunExposed, WindExposed, 0.5000000, !!!!!!!!!- Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground 98 4, 0, 0, 3.048000, 0, 0, 0, 6.096000, 0, 0, 6.096000, 0, 3.048000; BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Wall002, Wall, EXTWALL80, West Zone, Outdoors, , SunExposed, WindExposed, 0.5000000, 4, 0, 6.096000, 3.048000, 0, 6.096000, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3.048000; !- Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 !- X,Y,Z 2 !- X,Y,Z 3 !- X,Y,Z 4 !!!!!!!!!!- {m} {m} {m} {m} Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Wall003, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type PARTITION06, !- Construction Name West Zone, !- Zone Name Surface, !- Outside Boundary Condition Zn003:Wall004, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 0, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 0, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Wall004, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type PARTITION06, !- Construction Name West Zone, !- Zone Name Surface, !- Outside Boundary Condition Zn002:Wall004, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 6.096000, 0, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 6.096000, 0, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Flr001, Floor, FLOOR SLAB 8 IN, West Zone, Surface, Zn001:Flr001, NoSun, NoWind, 1.000000, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6.096000, 0, 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, 6.096000, 0, 0; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Roof001, !- Name Roof, !- Surface Type ROOF34, !- Construction Name West Zone, !- Zone Name Outdoors, !- Outside Boundary Condition , !- Outside Boundary Condition Object SunExposed, !- Sun Exposure WindExposed, !- Wind Exposure 0, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 0, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 0, 0, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 6.096000, 0, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Wall001, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type EXTWALL80, !- Construction Name EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Outdoors, !- Outside Boundary Condition , !- Outside Boundary Condition Object SunExposed, !- Sun Exposure WindExposed, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 12.19200, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 12.19200, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 9.144000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 9.144000, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Wall002, Wall, EXTWALL80, EAST ZONE, Outdoors, , SunExposed, WindExposed, 0.5000000, 4, 6.096000, 0, 3.048000, 6.096000, 0, 0, 12.19200, 0, 0, !!!!!!!!!!- Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 99 12.19200, 0, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Wall003, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type EXTWALL80, !- Construction Name EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Outdoors, !- Outside Boundary Condition , !- Outside Boundary Condition Object SunExposed, !- Sun Exposure WindExposed, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 12.19200, 0, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 12.19200, 0, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 12.19200, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 12.19200, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Wall004, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type PARTITION06, !- Construction Name EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Surface, !- Outside Boundary Condition Zn001:Wall004, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 6.096000, 0, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 6.096000, 0, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Wall005, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type PARTITION06, !- Construction Name EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Surface, !- Outside Boundary Condition Zn003:Wall005, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 9.144000, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 9.144000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Flr001, Floor, FLOOR SLAB 8 IN, EAST ZONE, Surface, Zn002:Flr001, NoSun, NoWind, 1.000000, 4, 6.096000, 0, 0, 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, 12.19200, 6.096000, 0, 12.19200, 0, 0; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn002:Roof001, !- Name Roof, !- Surface Type ROOF34, !- Construction Name EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Outdoors, !- Outside Boundary Condition , !- Outside Boundary Condition Object SunExposed, !- Sun Exposure WindExposed, !- Wind Exposure 0, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 6.096000, 0, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 12.19200, 0, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 12.19200, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Wall001, Wall, EXTWALL80, NORTH ZONE, Outdoors, , SunExposed, WindExposed, 0.5000000, 4, 0, 12.19200, 3.048000, 0, 12.19200, 0, 0, 6.096000, 0, 0, 6.096000, 3.048000; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Wall002, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type EXTWALL80, !- Construction Name NORTH ZONE, !- Zone Name Outdoors, !- Outside Boundary Condition , !- Outside Boundary Condition Object SunExposed, !- Sun Exposure WindExposed, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 9.144000, 12.19200, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 9.144000, 12.19200, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 0, 12.19200, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 0, 12.19200, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Wall003, !- Name 100 Wall, EXTWALL80, NORTH ZONE, Outdoors, , SunExposed, WindExposed, 0.5000000, 4, 9.144000, 6.096000, 9.144000, 6.096000, 9.144000, 12.19200, 9.144000, 12.19200, !- Surface Type !- Construction Name !- Zone Name !- Outside Boundary Condition !- Outside Boundary Condition Object !- Sun Exposure !- Wind Exposure !- View Factor to Ground !- Number of Vertices 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Wall004, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type PARTITION06, !- Construction Name NORTH ZONE, !- Zone Name Surface, !- Outside Boundary Condition Zn001:Wall003, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 0, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 0, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Wall005, !- Name Wall, !- Surface Type PARTITION06, !- Construction Name NORTH ZONE, !- Zone Name Surface, !- Outside Boundary Condition Zn002:Wall005, !- Outside Boundary Condition Object NoSun, !- Sun Exposure NoWind, !- Wind Exposure 0.5000000, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 6.096000, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 6.096000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 9.144000, 6.096000, 0, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 9.144000, 6.096000, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Flr001, Floor, FLOOR SLAB 8 IN, NORTH ZONE, Surface, Zn003:Flr001, NoSun, NoWind, 1.000000, 4, 0, 6.096000, 0, 0, 12.19200, 0, 9.144000, 12.19200, 0, 9.144000, 6.096000, 0; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Surface Type Construction Name Zone Name Outside Boundary Condition Outside Boundary Condition Object Sun Exposure Wind Exposure View Factor to Ground Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} BuildingSurface:Detailed, Zn003:Roof001, !- Name Roof, !- Surface Type ROOF34, !- Construction Name NORTH ZONE, !- Zone Name Outdoors, !- Outside Boundary Condition , !- Outside Boundary Condition Object SunExposed, !- Sun Exposure WindExposed, !- Wind Exposure 0, !- View Factor to Ground 4, !- Number of Vertices 0, 12.19200, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} 0, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} 9.144000, 6.096000, 3.048000, !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} 9.144000, 12.19200, 3.048000; !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} FenestrationSurface:Detailed, Zn001:Wall001:Win001, !Window, !WIN-CON-LIGHT, !Zn001:Wall001, !, !0.5000000, !, !, !1.0, !4, !0.548000, 0, 2.5000, 0.548000, 0, 0.5000, 5.548000, 0, 0.5000, 5.548000, 0, 2.5000; Name Surface Type Construction Name Building Surface Name Outside Boundary Condition Object View Factor to Ground Shading Control Name Frame and Divider Name Multiplier Number of Vertices !- X,Y,Z 1 {m} !- X,Y,Z 2 {m} !- X,Y,Z 3 {m} !- X,Y,Z 4 {m} ScheduleTypeLimits, Any Number; !- Name ScheduleTypeLimits, On/Off, 0, 1, DISCRETE; !!!!- Name Lower Limit Value Upper Limit Value Numeric Type ScheduleTypeLimits, Fraction, 0.0, 1.0, CONTINUOUS; !!!!- Name Lower Limit Value Upper Limit Value Numeric Type ScheduleTypeLimits, Temperature, -60, 200, CONTINUOUS, Temperature; !!!!!- Name Lower Limit Value Upper Limit Value Numeric Type Unit Type 101 ScheduleTypeLimits, Control Type, 0, 4, DISCRETE; !!!!- Name Lower Limit Value Upper Limit Value Numeric Type Schedule:Compact, ACTIVITY SCH, ANY NUMBER, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 131.80; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Schedule:Compact, WORK EFF SCH, ANY NUMBER, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 0.00; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Schedule:Compact, CLOTHING SCH, ANY NUMBER, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 1.00; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Schedule:Compact, AIR VELO SCH, ANY NUMBER, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 0.14; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Schedule:Compact, BLDG SCH 1, !- Name ANY NUMBER, !- Schedule Type Limits Name Through: 12/31, !- Field 1 For: Weekdays, !- Field 2 Until: 6:00, 0.00, !- Field 4 Until: 7:00, 0.10, !- Field 6 Until: 8:00, 0.50, !- Field 8 Until: 12:00, 1.00, !- Field 10 Until: 13:00, 0.50, !- Field 12 Until: 16:00, 1.00, !- Field 14 Until: 17:00, 0.50, !- Field 16 Until: 18:00, 0.10, !- Field 18 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 20 For: Weekends Holiday, !- Field 21 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 23 For: SummerDesignDay, !- Field 24 Until: 6:00, 0.00, !- Field 26 Until: 7:00, 0.10, !- Field 28 Until: 8:00, 0.50, !- Field 30 Until: 12:00, 1.00, !- Field 32 Until: 13:00, 0.50, !- Field 34 Until: 16:00, 1.00, !- Field 36 Until: 17:00, 0.50, !- Field 38 Until: 18:00, 0.10, !- Field 40 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 42 For: WinterDesignDay CustomDay1 CustomDay2, !- Field 43 Until: 24:00, 0.00; !- Field 45 Schedule:Compact, BLDG SCH 2, !- Name ANY NUMBER, !- Schedule Type Limits Name Through: 12/31, !- Field 1 For: Weekdays, !- Field 2 Until: 8:00, 0.00, !- Field 4 Until: 18:00, 1.00, !- Field 6 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 8 For: Weekends Holiday, !- Field 9 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 11 For: SummerDesignDay, !- Field 12 Until: 8:00, 0.00, !- Field 14 Until: 18:00, 1.00, !- Field 16 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 18 For: WinterDesignDay CustomDay1 CustomDay2, !- Field 19 Until: 24:00, 0.00; !- Field 21 Schedule:Compact, BLDG SCH 3, !- Name ANY NUMBER, !- Schedule Type Limits Name Through: 12/31, !- Field 1 For: Weekdays, !- Field 2 Until: 6:00, 5.00E-002, !- Field 4 Until: 7:00, 0.20, !- Field 6 Until: 17:00, 1.00, !- Field 8 Until: 18:00, 0.50, !- Field 10 Until: 24:00, 5.00E-002, !- Field 12 For: Weekends Holiday, !- Field 13 Until: 24:00, 5.00E-002, !- Field 15 For: SummerDesignDay, !- Field 16 Until: 6:00, 5.00E-002, !- Field 18 Until: 7:00, 0.20, !- Field 20 Until: 17:00, 1.00, !- Field 22 Until: 18:00, 0.50, !- Field 24 Until: 24:00, 5.00E-002, !- Field 26 For: WinterDesignDay CustomDay1 CustomDay2, !- Field 27 Until: 24:00, 5.00E-002; !- Field 29 Schedule:Compact, ON PEAK, FRACTION, Through: 3/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 0.00, Through: 9/30, For: AllDays, Until: 9:00, 0.00, Until: 18:00, 1.00, Until: 24:00, 0.00, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 0.00; !!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6 Field 8 Field 10 Field 12 Field 13 Field 14 Field 16 102 Schedule:Compact, OFF PEAK, FRACTION, Through: 3/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 0.00, Through: 9/30, For: AllDays, Until: 9:00, 1.00, Until: 18:00, 0.00, Until: 24:00, 1.00, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 0.00; !!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Field 5 Field 6 Field 8 Field 10 Field 12 Field 13 Field 14 Field 16 Schedule:Compact, ON, FRACTION, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 1.00; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Schedule:Compact, SEASONAL RESET SUPPLY AIR TEMP SCH, !- Name TEMPERATURE, !- Schedule Type Limits Name Through: 3/31, !- Field 1 For: AllDays, !- Field 2 Until: 24:00, 12.00, !- Field 4 Through: 9/30, !- Field 5 For: AllDays, !- Field 6 Until: 24:00, 12.00, !- Field 8 Through: 12/31, !- Field 9 For: AllDays, !- Field 10 Until: 24:00, 12.00; !- Field 12 Schedule:Compact, CW LOOP TEMP SCHEDULE, TEMPERATURE, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 6.67; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Schedule:Compact, FANANDCOILAVAILSCHED, !- Name FRACTION, !- Schedule Type Limits Name Through: 3/31, !- Field 1 For: AllDays, !- Field 2 Until: 24:00, 1.00, !- Field 4 Through: 9/30, !- Field 5 For: Weekdays, !- Field 6 Until: 7:00, 0.00, !- Field 8 Until: 17:00, 1.00, !- Field 10 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 12 For: Weekends Holiday, !- Field 13 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 15 For: SummerDesignDay WinterDesignDay, !- Field 16 Until: 7:00, 0.00, !- Field 18 Until: 17:00, 1.00, !- Field 20 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 22 For: CustomDay1 CustomDay2, !- Field 23 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 25 Through: 12/31, !- Field 26 For: AllDays, !- Field 27 Until: 24:00, 1.00; !- Field 29 Schedule:Compact, COOLINGCOILAVAILSCHED, !- Name FRACTION, !- Schedule Type Limits Name Through: 3/31, !- Field 1 For: AllDays, !- Field 2 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 4 Through: 9/30, !- Field 5 For: Weekdays, !- Field 6 Until: 7:00, 0.00, !- Field 8 Until: 17:00, 1.00, !- Field 10 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 12 For: Weekends Holiday, !- Field 13 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 15 For: SummerDesignDay WinterDesignDay, !- Field 16 Until: 7:00, 0.00, !- Field 18 Until: 17:00, 1.00, !- Field 20 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 22 For: CustomDay1 CustomDay2, !- Field 23 Until: 24:00, 0.00, !- Field 25 Through: 12/31, !- Field 26 For: AllDays, !- Field 27 Until: 24:00, 0.00; !- Field 29 Schedule:Compact, COOLING SETPOINTS, TEMPERATURE, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 6:00, 28.00, Until: 19:00, 25.00, Until: 24:00, 28.00; !!!!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 Field 6 Field 8 Schedule:Compact, ZONE CONTROL TYPE SCHED, CONTROL TYPE, Through: 12/31, For: AllDays, Until: 24:00, 2.00; !!!!!- Name Schedule Type Limits Name Field 1 Field 2 Field 4 People, West Zone, West Zone, BLDG Sch 1, people, 4.000000, , , 0.3000000, , Activity Sch, , !!!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Number of People Schedule Name Number of People Calculation Method Number of People People per Zone Floor Area {person/m2} Zone Floor Area per Person {m2/person} Fraction Radiant Sensible Heat Fraction Activity Level Schedule Name Enable ASHRAE 55 Comfort Warnings 103 zoneaveraged, , Work Eff Sch, Clothing Sch, Air Velo Sch, FANGER; !!!!!!- Mean Radiant Temperature Calculation Type Surface Name/Angle Factor List Name Work Efficiency Schedule Name Clothing Insulation Schedule Name Air Velocity Schedule Name Thermal Comfort Model 1 Type People, EAST ZONE, EAST ZONE, BLDG Sch 1, people, 4.000000, , , 0.3000000, , Activity Sch, , zoneaveraged, , Work Eff Sch, Clothing Sch, Air Velo Sch, FANGER; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Number of People Schedule Name Number of People Calculation Method Number of People People per Zone Floor Area {person/m2} Zone Floor Area per Person {m2/person} Fraction Radiant Sensible Heat Fraction Activity Level Schedule Name Enable ASHRAE 55 Comfort Warnings Mean Radiant Temperature Calculation Type Surface Name/Angle Factor List Name Work Efficiency Schedule Name Clothing Insulation Schedule Name Air Velocity Schedule Name Thermal Comfort Model 1 Type People, NORTH ZONE, NORTH ZONE, BLDG Sch 1, people, 6.000000, , , 0.3000000, , Activity Sch, , zoneaveraged, , Work Eff Sch, Clothing Sch, Air Velo Sch, FANGER; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Number of People Schedule Name Number of People Calculation Method Number of People People per Zone Floor Area {person/m2} Zone Floor Area per Person {m2/person} Fraction Radiant Sensible Heat Fraction Activity Level Schedule Name Enable ASHRAE 55 Comfort Warnings Mean Radiant Temperature Calculation Type Surface Name/Angle Factor List Name Work Efficiency Schedule Name Clothing Insulation Schedule Name Air Velocity Schedule Name Thermal Comfort Model 1 Type Lights, EAST ZONE Lights 1, EAST ZONE, BLDG Sch 3, LightingLevel, 1464.375, , , 0, 0.2000000, 0.2000000, 0, GeneralLights; !!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Schedule Name Design Level Calculation Method Lighting Level {W} Watts per Zone Floor Area {W/m2} Watts per Person {W/person} Return Air Fraction Fraction Radiant Fraction Visible Fraction Replaceable End-Use Subcategory Lights, NORTH ZONE Lights 1, NORTH ZONE, BLDG Sch 3, LightingLevel, 878.6252, , , 0, 0.2000000, 0.2000000, 0, GeneralLights; !!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Schedule Name Design Level Calculation Method Lighting Level {W} Watts per Zone Floor Area {W/m2} Watts per Person {W/person} Return Air Fraction Fraction Radiant Fraction Visible Fraction Replaceable End-Use Subcategory ElectricEquipment, West Zone ElecEq 1, West Zone, BLDG Sch 2, EquipmentLevel, 2928.751, , , 0, 0.3000000, 0; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Schedule Name Design Level Calculation Method Design Level {W} Watts per Zone Floor Area {W/m2} Watts per Person {W/person} Fraction Latent Fraction Radiant Fraction Lost ElectricEquipment, EAST ZONE ElecEq 1, EAST ZONE, BLDG Sch 2, EquipmentLevel, 1464.375, , , 0, 0.3000000, 0; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Schedule Name Design Level Calculation Method Design Level {W} Watts per Zone Floor Area {W/m2} Watts per Person {W/person} Fraction Latent Fraction Radiant Fraction Lost ElectricEquipment, NORTH ZONE ElecEq 1, NORTH ZONE, BLDG Sch 2, EquipmentLevel, 2928.751, , , 0, 0.3000000, 0; !!!!!!!!!!- Name Zone Name Schedule Name Design Level Calculation Method Design Level {W} Watts per Zone Floor Area {W/m2} Watts per Person {W/person} Fraction Latent Fraction Radiant Fraction Lost NodeList, Zone Equipment Inlet Node List, !- Name Main OA Inlet, !- Node 1 Name Main RA Inlet; !- Node 2 Name NodeList, Air Loop Outlet Node List, !- Name 104 OA Supply Fan Outlet, RA Supply Fan Outlet; !- Node 1 Name !- Node 2 Name NodeList, Chilled Water Loop Setpoint Node List, !- Name CW Supply Outlet Node; !- Node 1 Name NodeList, Zone1Inlets, Zone 1 SA Outlet; !- Name !- Node 1 Name NodeList, Zone2Inlets, Zone 2 SA Outlet; !- Name !- Node 1 Name NodeList, Zone3Inlets, Zone 3 SA Outlet; !- Name !- Node 1 Name NodeList, OA Temp Nodes, OA Cooling Coil Outlet; !- Name !- Node 1 Name NodeList, RA Temp Nodes, RA Cooling Coil Outlet; !- Name !- Node 1 Name NodeList, OutsideAirInletNodes, Outside Air Inlet Node; !- Name !- Node 1 Name OutdoorAir:Node, Outside Air Inlet Node, -1; !- Name !- Height Above Ground {m} BranchList, Dual Duct Air Loop Branches, !- Name INLET DUCT BRANCH, !- Branch 1 Name OA Coil Air Sys Branch, !- Branch 2 Name RA Coil Air Sys Branch; !- Branch 3 Name BranchList, Cooling Supply Side Branches, !- Name CW Pump Branch, !- Branch 1 Name Little Chiller Branch, !- Branch 2 Name Big Chiller Branch, !- Branch 3 Name Purchased Cooling Branch,!- Branch 4 Name Supply Bypass Branch, !- Branch 5 Name Cooling Supply Outlet; !- Branch 6 Name BranchList, Cooling Demand Side Branches, !- Name Cooling Demand Inlet, !- Branch 1 Name OA COOLING COIL BRANCH, !- Branch 2 Name RA Cooling Coil Branch, !- Branch 3 Name Demand Bypass Branch, !- Branch 4 Name Cooling Demand Outlet; !- Branch 5 Name BranchList, Condenser Condenser Condenser Condenser Condenser Supply Supply Supply Supply Supply Side Branches, !- Name Inlet Branch, !- Branch 1 Name Tower Branch, !- Branch 2 Name Bypass Branch, !- Branch 3 Name Outlet Branch; !- Branch 4 Name BranchList, Condenser Demand Side Branches, !- Name Condenser Demand Inlet Branch, !- Branch 1 Name Little Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Branch 2 Name Big Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Branch 3 Name Condenser Demand Bypass Branch, !- Branch 4 Name Condenser Demand Outlet Branch; !- Branch 5 Name ConnectorList, Dual Duct Connectors, Connector:Splitter, ReturnAirSplitter; !- Name !- Connector 1 Object Type !- Connector 1 Name ConnectorList, Cooling Supply Side Connectors, !- Name Connector:Splitter, !- Connector 1 Object Type CW Loop Splitter, !- Connector 1 Name Connector:Mixer, !- Connector 2 Object Type CW Loop Mixer; !- Connector 2 Name ConnectorList, Cooling Demand Side Connectors, !- Name Connector:Splitter, !- Connector 1 Object Type CW Demand Splitter, !- Connector 1 Name Connector:Mixer, !- Connector 2 Object Type CW Demand Mixer; !- Connector 2 Name ConnectorList, Condenser Supply Side Connectors, !- Name Connector:Splitter, !- Connector 1 Object Type Condenser Supply Splitter, !- Connector 1 Name Connector:Mixer, !- Connector 2 Object Type Condenser Supply Mixer; !- Connector 2 Name Branch, Inlet Duct Branch, 2.0, , Duct, Inlet Duct, Inlet Node, Duct Outlet Node, PASSIVE; !- Name !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Pressure Drop Curve Name !- Component 1 Object Type !- Component 1 Name !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name !- Component 1 Branch Control Type ConnectorList, Condenser Demand Side Connectors, !- Name Connector:Splitter, !- Connector 1 Object Type Condenser Demand Splitter, !- Connector 1 Name Connector:Mixer, !- Connector 2 Object Type Condenser Demand Mixer; !- Connector 2 Name 105 Branch, OA Coil Air Sys Branch, !- Name 0.2, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem, !- Component 1 Object Type OA Sys 1, !- Component 1 Name Relief Air Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Outside Air Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name PASSIVE, !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Coil:Cooling:Water, !- Component 2 Object Type OA Cooling Coil, !- Component 2 Name Outside Air Node, !- Component 2 Inlet Node Name OA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Component 2 Outlet Node Name Passive, !- Component 2 Branch Control Type Fan:VariableVolume, !- Component 3 Object Type OA Var Vol Supply Fan, !- Component 3 Name OA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Component 3 Inlet Node Name OA Supply Fan Outlet, !- Component 3 Outlet Node Name Passive; !- Component 3 Branch Control Type Branch, RA Coil Air Sys Branch, !- Name 2.0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Coil:Cooling:Water, !- Component 1 Object Type RA Cooling Coil, !- Component 1 Name Recirculated Air Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name RA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name Passive, !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Fan:VariableVolume, !- Component 2 Object Type RA Var Vol Supply Fan, !- Component 2 Name RA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Component 2 Inlet Node Name RA Supply Fan Outlet, !- Component 2 Outlet Node Name Passive; !- Component 2 Branch Control Type Branch, Cooling Demand Inlet, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pipe:Adiabatic, !- Component 1 Object Type Demand Side Inlet Pipe, !- Component 1 Name CW Demand Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name CW Demand Entrance Pipe Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name PASSIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, RA Cooling Coil Branch, 0, , Coil:Cooling:Water, RA Cooling Coil, RA Cooling Water Inlet, RA Cooling Water Outlet, Active; !!!!!!!!- Name Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pressure Drop Curve Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name Component 1 Inlet Node Name Component 1 Outlet Node Name Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Demand Bypass Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pipe:Adiabatic, !- Component 1 Object Type Demand Side Bypass, !- Component 1 Name CW Demand Bypass Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name CW Demand Bypass Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name BYPASS; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Cooling Demand Outlet, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pipe:Adiabatic, !- Component 1 Object Type CW Demand Side Outlet Pipe, !- Component 1 Name CW Demand Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name CW Demand Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name PASSIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Cooling Supply Outlet, !0, !, !Pipe:Adiabatic, !Supply Side Outlet Pipe, !Supply Side Exit Pipe Inlet CW Supply Outlet Node, !PASSIVE; !- Name Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pressure Drop Curve Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Component 1 Outlet Node Name Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, CW Pump Branch, 0, , Pump:VariableSpeed, Circ Pump, CW Supply Inlet Node, CW Pump Outlet Node, Active; Name Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pressure Drop Curve Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name Component 1 Inlet Node Name Component 1 Outlet Node Name Component 1 Branch Control Type !!!!!!!!- Branch, Little Chiller Branch, !0, !, !Chiller:ConstantCOP, !Little Chiller, !Little Chiller Inlet Node, Little Chiller Outlet Node, Active; !- Name Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pressure Drop Curve Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Big Chiller Branch, 0, , Chiller:Electric, Big Chiller, Big Chiller Inlet Node, Big Chiller Outlet Node, Active; Name Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pressure Drop Curve Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name Component 1 Inlet Node Name Component 1 Outlet Node Name Component 1 Branch Control Type !!!!!!!!- Branch, 106 Purchased Cooling Branch,!- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name DistrictCooling, !- Component 1 Object Type Purchased Cooling, !- Component 1 Name Purchased Cooling Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Purchased Cooling Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name Active; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Supply Bypass Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pipe:Adiabatic, !- Component 1 Object Type Supply Side Bypass, !- Component 1 Name CW Supply Bypass Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name CW Supply Bypass Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name BYPASS; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Supply Inlet Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pump:VariableSpeed, !- Component 1 Object Type Cond Circ Pump, !- Component 1 Name Condenser Supply Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Condenser Pump Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name ACTIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Supply Tower Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name CoolingTower:SingleSpeed,!- Component 1 Object Type Big Tower, !- Component 1 Name Condenser Tower Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Condenser Tower Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name ACTIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Supply Bypass Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pipe:Adiabatic, !- Component 1 Object Type Condenser Supply Side Bypass, !- Component 1 Name Cond Supply Bypass Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Cond Supply Bypass Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name BYPASS; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Supply 0, , Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Condenser Supply PASSIVE; Outlet Branch, !- Name !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Pressure Drop Curve Name !- Component 1 Object Type Outlet, !- Component 1 Name Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Demand 0, , Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Demand Condenser Demand Condenser Demand PASSIVE; Inlet Branch, !- Name !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Pressure Drop Curve Name !- Component 1 Object Type Inlet Pipe, !- Component 1 Name Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Entrance Pipe Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Little Chiller Condenser 0, , Chiller:ConstantCOP, Little Chiller, Little Chiller Condenser Little Chiller Condenser ACTIVE; Branch, !- Name !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Pressure Drop Curve Name !- Component 1 Object Type !- Component 1 Name Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Big Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Chiller:Electric, !- Component 1 Object Type Big Chiller, !- Component 1 Name Big Chiller Condenser Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Big Chiller Condenser Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name ACTIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Demand Bypass Branch, !- Name 0, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} , !- Pressure Drop Curve Name Pipe:Adiabatic, !- Component 1 Object Type Condenser Demand Side Bypass, !- Component 1 Name Cond Demand Bypass Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Cond Demand Bypass Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name BYPASS; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, Condenser Demand 0, , Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Demand Condenser Demand Condenser Demand PASSIVE; Outlet Branch, !- Name !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Pressure Drop Curve Name !- Component 1 Object Type Outlet Pipe, !- Component 1 Name Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Component 1 Inlet Node Name Outlet Node, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Branch, OA Cooling Coil Branch, 0, , Coil:Cooling:Water, OA Cooling Coil, OA Cooling Water Inlet, !!!!!!- Name Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pressure Drop Curve Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name Component 1 Inlet Node Name 107 OA Cooling Water Outlet, !- Component 1 Outlet Node Name ACTIVE; !- Component 1 Branch Control Type Pipe:Adiabatic, Demand Side Inlet Pipe, !- Name CW Demand Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name CW Demand Entrance Pipe Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Demand Side Bypass, !- Name CW Demand Bypass Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name CW Demand Bypass Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, CW Demand Side Outlet Pipe, !- Name CW Demand Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name CW Demand Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Supply Side Outlet Pipe, !- Name Supply Side Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name CW Supply Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Supply Side Bypass, !- Name CW Supply Bypass Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name CW Supply Bypass Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Supply Side Bypass, !- Name Cond Supply Bypass Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name Cond Supply Bypass Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Supply Outlet, !- Name Condenser Supply Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name Condenser Supply Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Demand Inlet Pipe, !- Name Condenser Demand Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name Condenser Demand Entrance Pipe Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Demand Side Bypass, !- Name Cond Demand Bypass Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name Cond Demand Bypass Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name Pipe:Adiabatic, Condenser Demand Outlet Pipe, !- Name Condenser Demand Exit Pipe Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name Condenser Demand Outlet Node; !- Outlet Node Name PlantLoop, Chilled Water Loop, !- Name Water, !- Fluid Type CW Loop Operation, !- Plant Equipment Operation Scheme Name CW Supply Outlet Node, !- Loop Temperature Setpoint Node Name 98, !- Maximum Loop Temperature {C} 1, !- Minimum Loop Temperature {C} 0.0011, !- Maximum Loop Flow Rate {m3/s} 0, !- Minimum Loop Flow Rate {m3/s} autocalculate, !- Plant Loop Volume {m3} CW Supply Inlet Node, !- Plant Side Inlet Node Name CW Supply Outlet Node, !- Plant Side Outlet Node Name Cooling Supply Side Branches, !- Plant Side Branch List Name Cooling Supply Side Connectors, !- Plant Side Connector List Name CW Demand Inlet Node, !- Demand Side Inlet Node Name CW Demand Outlet Node, !- Demand Side Outlet Node Name Cooling Demand Side Branches, !- Demand Side Branch List Name Cooling Demand Side Connectors, !- Demand Side Connector List Name Optimal; !- Load Distribution Scheme CondenserLoop, Chilled Water Condenser Loop, !- Name Water, !- Fluid Type Tower Loop Operation, !- Condenser Equipment Operation Scheme Name AIR, !- Condenser Loop Temperature Setpoint Node Name or Reference 80, !- Maximum Loop Temperature {C} 10.0, !- Minimum Loop Temperature {C} 0.0011, !- Maximum Loop Flow Rate {m3/s} 0, !- Minimum Loop Flow Rate {m3/s} autocalculate, !- Condenser Loop Volume {m3} Condenser Supply Inlet Node, !- Condenser Side Inlet Node Name Condenser Supply Outlet Node, !- Condenser Side Outlet Node Name Condenser Supply Side Branches, !- Condenser Side Branch List Name Condenser Supply Side Connectors, !- Condenser Side Connector List Name Condenser Demand Inlet Node, !- Demand Side Inlet Node Name Condenser Demand Outlet Node, !- Demand Side Outlet Node Name Condenser Demand Side Branches, !- Condenser Demand Side Branch List Name Condenser Demand Side Connectors, !- Condenser Demand Side Connector List Name Sequential; !- Load Distribution Scheme PlantEquipmentOperationSchemes, CW Loop Operation, !- Name PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad, !- Control Scheme 1 Object Type Peak Operation, !- Control Scheme 1 Name On Peak, !- Control Scheme 1 Schedule Name PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad, !- Control Scheme 2 Object Type Off Peak Operation, !- Control Scheme 2 Name Off Peak; !- Control Scheme 2 Schedule Name CondenserEquipmentOperationSchemes, Tower Loop Operation, !- Name PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad, !- Control Scheme 1 Object Type Year Round Tower Operation, !- Control Scheme 1 Name CoolingCoilAvailSched; !- Control Scheme 1 Schedule Name PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad, Peak Operation, !- Name 0, !- Load Range 1 Lower Limit {W} 70000, !- Load Range 1 Upper Limit {W} Chiller Plant, !- Priority Control 1 Equipment List Name 70000, !- Load Range 2 Lower Limit {W} 245000, !- Load Range 2 Upper Limit {W} Chiller Plant and Purchased, !- Priority Control 2 Equipment List Name 108 245000, 500000, Purchased Only; !- Load Range 3 Lower Limit {W} !- Load Range 3 Upper Limit {W} !- Priority Control 3 Equipment List Name PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad, Off Peak Operation, !- Name 0, !- Load Range 1 Lower Limit {W} 900000, !- Load Range 1 Upper Limit {W} All Chillers; !- Priority Control 1 Equipment List Name PlantEquipmentOperation:CoolingLoad, Year Round Tower Operation, !- Name 0, !- Load Range 1 Lower Limit {W} 90000000, !- Load Range 1 Upper Limit {W} All Towers; !- Priority Control 1 Equipment List Name PlantEquipmentList, Chiller Plant, Chiller:ConstantCOP, Little Chiller; !- Name !- Equipment 1 Object Type !- Equipment 1 Name PlantEquipmentList, Chiller Plant and Purchased, !- Name Chiller:Electric, !- Equipment Big Chiller, !- Equipment DistrictCooling, !- Equipment Purchased Cooling; !- Equipment 1 1 2 2 Object Type Name Object Type Name PlantEquipmentList, Purchased Only, DistrictCooling, Purchased Cooling; !- Name !- Equipment 1 Object Type !- Equipment 1 Name PlantEquipmentList, All Chillers, Chiller:Electric, Big Chiller, Chiller:ConstantCOP, Little Chiller; !!!!!- Name Equipment Equipment Equipment Equipment 1 1 2 2 Object Type Name Object Type Name CondenserEquipmentList, All Towers, !- Name CoolingTower:SingleSpeed,!- Equipment 1 Object Type Big Tower; !- Equipment 1 Name Connector:Splitter, ReturnAirSplitter, !- Name Inlet Duct Branch, !- Inlet Branch Name OA Coil Air Sys Branch, !- Outlet Branch 1 Name RA Coil Air Sys Branch; !- Outlet Branch 2 Name Connector:Splitter, CW Loop Splitter, !CW Pump Branch, !Little Chiller Branch, !Big Chiller Branch, !Purchased Cooling Branch,!Supply Bypass Branch; !- Name Inlet Branch Name Outlet Branch 1 Name Outlet Branch 2 Name Outlet Branch 3 Name Outlet Branch 4 Name Connector:Splitter, CW Demand Splitter, Cooling Demand Inlet, Demand Bypass Branch, OA Cooling Coil Branch, RA Cooling Coil Branch; Name Inlet Branch Name Outlet Branch 1 Name Outlet Branch 2 Name Outlet Branch 3 Name !!!!!- Connector:Splitter, Condenser Demand Splitter, !- Name Condenser Demand Inlet Branch, !- Inlet Branch Name Big Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Outlet Branch 1 Name Little Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Outlet Branch 2 Name Condenser Demand Bypass Branch; !- Outlet Branch 3 Name Connector:Splitter, Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Splitter, !- Name Inlet Branch, !- Inlet Branch Name Tower Branch, !- Outlet Branch 1 Name Bypass Branch; !- Outlet Branch 2 Name Connector:Mixer, CW Loop Mixer, !Cooling Supply Outlet, !Little Chiller Branch, !Big Chiller Branch, !Purchased Cooling Branch,!Supply Bypass Branch; !- Name Outlet Branch Name Inlet Branch 1 Name Inlet Branch 2 Name Inlet Branch 3 Name Inlet Branch 4 Name Connector:Mixer, CW Demand Mixer, Cooling Demand Outlet, RA Cooling Coil Branch, OA Cooling Coil Branch, Demand Bypass Branch; Name Outlet Branch Name Inlet Branch 1 Name Inlet Branch 2 Name Inlet Branch 3 Name !!!!!- Connector:Mixer, Condenser Demand Mixer, !- Name Condenser Demand Outlet Branch, !- Outlet Branch Name Big Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Inlet Branch 1 Name Little Chiller Condenser Branch, !- Inlet Branch 2 Name Condenser Demand Bypass Branch; !- Inlet Branch 3 Name Connector:Mixer, Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Condenser Supply Mixer, !- Name Outlet Branch, !- Outlet Branch Name Tower Branch, !- Inlet Branch 1 Name Bypass Branch; !- Inlet Branch 2 Name AirLoopHVAC, Main Dual Duct Air Loop, !- Name Dual Duct System 1 Controllers, !- Controller List Name Dual Duct System 1 Schedule List, !- Availability Manager List Name 2.5, !- Design Supply Air Flow Rate {m3/s} Dual Duct Air Loop Branches, !- Branch List Name Dual Duct Connectors, !- Connector List Name Inlet Node, !- Supply Side Inlet Node Name Return Air Mixer Outlet, !- Demand Side Outlet Node Name 109 Zone Equipment Inlet Node List, !- Demand Side Inlet Node Names Air Loop Outlet Node List; !- Supply Side Outlet Node Names AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList, Dual Duct System 1 Controllers, !- Name Controller:WaterCoil, !- Controller 1 Object Type OA Cooling Coil Controller, !- Controller 1 Name Controller:WaterCoil, !- Controller 2 Object Type RA Cooling Coil Controller; !- Controller 2 Name AirLoopHVAC:ControllerList, OA Sys 1 Controllers, !- Name Controller:OutdoorAir, !- Controller 1 Object Type OA Controller 1; !- Controller 1 Name AvailabilityManager:Scheduled, Outdoor Air 1 Avail, !- Name FanAndCoilAvailSched; !- Schedule Name AvailabilityManagerAssignmentList, Dual Duct System 1 Schedule List, !- Name AvailabilityManager:Scheduled, !- Availability Manager 1 Object Type Dual Duct System 1 Schedule; !- Availability Manager 1 Name AvailabilityManager:Scheduled, Dual Duct System 1 Schedule, !- Name FanAndCoilAvailSched; !- Schedule Name AvailabilityManagerAssignmentList, Outdoor Air 1 Avail List,!- Name AvailabilityManager:Scheduled, !- Availability Manager 1 Object Type Outdoor Air 1 Avail; !- Availability Manager 1 Name SetpointManager:Scheduled, Chilled Water Loop Setpoint Temperature, !CW Loop Temp Schedule, !Chilled Water Loop Setpoint Manager, !- Name Control Variable Schedule Name Node List; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name SetpointManager:Scheduled, OA Temp Manager, !- Name Temperature, !- Control Variable Seasonal Reset Supply Air Temp Sch, !- Schedule Name OA Temp Nodes; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name SetpointManager:Scheduled, RA Temp Manager, !- Name Temperature, !- Control Variable Seasonal Reset Supply Air Temp Sch, !- Schedule Name RA Temp Nodes; !- Setpoint Node or NodeList Name Controller:WaterCoil, OA Cooling Coil Controller, !- Name Temperature, !- Control Variable Reverse, !- Action FLOW, !- Actuator Variable OA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Sensor Node Name OA Cooling Water Inlet, !- Actuator Node Name 0.1, !- Controller Convergence Tolerance {deltaC} 0.005, !- Maximum Actuated Flow {m3/s} 0; !- Minimum Actuated Flow {m3/s} Controller:WaterCoil, RA Cooling Coil Controller, !- Name Temperature, !- Control Variable Reverse, !- Action FLOW, !- Actuator Variable RA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Sensor Node Name RA Cooling Water Inlet, !- Actuator Node Name 0.1, !- Controller Convergence Tolerance {deltaC} 0.005, !- Maximum Actuated Flow {m3/s} 0; !- Minimum Actuated Flow {m3/s} Controller:OutdoorAir, OA Controller 1, !- Name Relief Air Outlet Node, !- Relief Air Outlet Node Name Relief Air Inlet Node, !- Return Air Node Name Outside Air Node, !- Mixed Air Node Name Outside Air Inlet Node, !- Actuator Node Name 0.0, !- Minimum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.2, !- Maximum Outdoor Air Flow Rate {m3/s} NoEconomizer, !- Economizer Control Type ModulateFlow, !- Economizer Control Action Type , !- Economizer Maximum Limit Dry-Bulb Temperature {C} , !- Economizer Maximum Limit Enthalpy {J/kg} , !- Economizer Maximum Limit Dewpoint Temperature {C} , !- Electronic Enthalpy Limit Curve Name , !- Economizer Minimum Limit Dry-Bulb Temperature {C} NoLockout, !- Lockout Type ProportionalMinimum, !- Minimum Limit Type , !- Minimum Outdoor Air Schedule Name ON, !- Minimum Fraction of Outdoor Air Schedule Name ON, !- Maximum Fraction of Outdoor Air Schedule Name ; !- Mechanical Ventilation Controller Name Sizing:Plant, Chilled Water Loop, !- Loop Name Cooling, !- Loop Type {COOLING | HEATING} 6.67, !- Design Loop Exit Temperature {C} 6.67; !- Design Loop Temperature Difference {C} Sizing:Plant, Chilled Water Condenser Loop, !- Loop Name CONDENSER, !- Loop Type {COOLING | HEATING | CONDENSER} 29.4, !- Design Loop Exit Temperature {C} 5.6; !- Design Loop Temperature Difference {C} ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections, West Zone, !Zone1Equipment, !Zone1Inlets, !, !Zone 1 Node, !Zone 1 Outlet Node; !- Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Name Conditioning Equipment List Name Air Inlet Node or NodeList Name Air Exhaust Node or NodeList Name Air Node Name Return Air Node Name ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections, EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Zone2Equipment, !- Zone Conditioning Equipment List Name Zone2Inlets, !- Zone Air Inlet Node or NodeList Name 110 , Zone 2 Node, Zone 2 Outlet Node; !- Zone Air Exhaust Node or NodeList Name !- Zone Air Node Name !- Zone Return Air Node Name ZoneHVAC:EquipmentConnections, NORTH ZONE, !Zone3Equipment, !Zone3Inlets, !, !Zone 3 Node, !Zone 3 Outlet Node; !- Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Name Conditioning Equipment List Name Air Inlet Node or NodeList Name Air Exhaust Node or NodeList Name Air Node Name Return Air Node Name ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList, Zone1Equipment, !- Name ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object Type Zone1DualDuct, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name 1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Sequence 1; !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating or No-Load Sequence ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList, Zone2Equipment, !- Name ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object Type Zone2DualDuct, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name 1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Sequence 1; !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating or No-Load Sequence ZoneHVAC:EquipmentList, Zone3Equipment, !- Name ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, !- Zone Equipment 1 Object Type Zone3DualDuct, !- Zone Equipment 1 Name 1, !- Zone Equipment 1 Cooling Sequence 1; !- Zone Equipment 1 Heating or No-Load Sequence ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, Zone1DualDuct, !- Name Zone 1 SA Outlet, !- Air Distribution Unit Outlet Node Name AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir, !- Air Terminal Object Type Zone1MixDamp; !- Air Terminal Name ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, Zone2DualDuct, !- Name Zone 2 SA Outlet, !- Air Distribution Unit Outlet Node Name AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir, !- Air Terminal Object Type Zone2MixDamp; !- Air Terminal Name ZoneHVAC:AirDistributionUnit, Zone3DualDuct, !- Name Zone 3 SA Outlet, !- Air Distribution Unit Outlet Node Name AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir,!- Air Terminal Object Type Zone3MixDamp; !- Air Terminal Name AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir, Zone1MixDamp, !- Name FanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name Zone 1 SA Outlet, !- Air Outlet Node Name Zone 1 OA Duct Inlet, !- Hot Air Inlet Node Name Zone 1 RA Duct Inlet, !- Cold Air Inlet Node Name 1.0, !- Maximum Zone Total Airflow Rate {m3/s} 0.1, !- Design Outdoor Airflow Rate {m3/s} Dynamic, !- Outdoor Air Control Action Type Zone2OAReq; !- Design Specification Outdoor Air Object Name AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir, Zone2MixDamp, !- Name FanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name Zone 2 SA Outlet, !- Air Outlet Node Name Zone 2 OA Duct Inlet, !- Outdoor Air Inlet Node Name Zone 2 RA Duct Inlet, !- Recirculated Air Inlet Node Name 1.0, !- Maximum Zone Total Airflow Rate {m3/s} 0.1, !- Design Outdoor Airflow Rate {m3/s} Dynamic, !- Outdoor Air Control Action Type Zone2OAReq; !- Design Specification Outdoor Air Object Name AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir, Zone3MixDamp, !- Name FanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name Zone 3 SA Outlet, !- Air Outlet Node Name Zone 3 OA Duct Inlet, !- Hot Air Inlet Node Name Zone 3 RA Duct Inlet, !- Cold Air Inlet Node Name 1.0, !- Maximum Zone Total Airflow Rate {m3/s} 0.1, !- Design Outdoor Airflow Rate {m3/s} Dynamic, !- Outdoor Air Control Action Type Zone2OAReq; !- Design Specification Outdoor Air Object Name DesignSpecification:OutdoorAir, Zone1OAReq, !- Name Flow/Person, !- Outdoor Air Method 0.0065, !- Outdoor Air Flow per Person {m3/s-person} 0.0011; !- Outdoor Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {m3/s-m2} DesignSpecification:OutdoorAir, Zone2OAReq, !- Name Flow/Person, !- Outdoor Air Method 0.0065, !- Outdoor Air Flow per Person {m3/s-person} 0.0011; !- Outdoor Air Flow per Zone Floor Area {m3/s-m2} ZoneControl:Thermostat, Zone 1 Thermostat, !- Name West Zone, !- Zone Name Zone Control Type Sched, !- Control Type Schedule Name ThermostatSetpoint:SingleCooling, !- Control 1 Object Type Cooling Setpoint Sched; !- Control 1 Name ZoneControl:Thermostat, Zone 2 Thermostat, !- Name EAST ZONE, !- Zone Name Zone Control Type Sched, !- Control Type Schedule Name ThermostatSetpoint:SingleCooling, !- Control 1 Object Type Cooling Setpoint Sched; !- Control 1 Name ZoneControl:Thermostat, Zone 3 Thermostat, !- Name NORTH ZONE, !- Zone Name Zone Control Type Sched, !- Control Type Schedule Name 111 ThermostatSetpoint:SingleCooling, !- Control 1 Object Type Cooling Setpoint Sched; !- Control 1 Name ThermostatSetpoint:SingleCooling, Cooling Setpoint Sched, !- Name COOLING SETPOINTS; !- Setpoint Temperature Schedule Name AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath, OASupplyPath, !Main OA Inlet, !AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter,!Zone OA Splitter; !- Name Supply Air Path Inlet Node Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name AirLoopHVAC:SupplyPath, RASupplyPath, !Main RA Inlet, !AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter,!Zone RA Splitter; !- Name Supply Air Path Inlet Node Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name AirLoopHVAC:ReturnPath, DualDuctReturnPath, Return Air Mixer Outlet, AirLoopHVAC:ZoneMixer, ZoneReturnAirMixer; !!!!- Name Return Air Path Outlet Node Name Component 1 Object Type Component 1 Name AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter, Zone RA Splitter, Main RA Inlet, Zone 1 RA Duct Inlet, Zone 2 RA Duct Inlet, Zone 3 RA Duct Inlet; !!!!!- Name Inlet Node Name Outlet 1 Node Name Outlet 2 Node Name Outlet 3 Node Name AirLoopHVAC:ZoneSplitter, Zone OA Splitter, Main OA Inlet, Zone 1 OA Duct Inlet, Zone 2 OA Duct Inlet, Zone 3 OA Duct Inlet; !!!!!- Name Inlet Node Name Outlet 1 Node Name Outlet 2 Node Name Outlet 3 Node Name AirLoopHVAC:ZoneMixer, ZoneReturnAirMixer, Return Air Mixer Outlet, Zone 1 Outlet Node, Zone 2 Outlet Node, Zone 3 Outlet Node; !!!!!- Name Outlet Node Name Inlet 1 Node Name Inlet 2 Node Name Inlet 3 Node Name Duct, Inlet Duct, Inlet Node, Duct Outlet Node; !- Name !- Inlet Node Name !- Outlet Node Name AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem:EquipmentList, OA Sys 1 Equipment, !- Name OutdoorAir:Mixer, !- Component 1 Object Type OA Mixing Box 1; !- Component 1 Name AirLoopHVAC:OutdoorAirSystem, OA Sys 1, !OA Sys 1 Controllers, !OA Sys 1 Equipment, !Outdoor Air 1 Avail List;!OutdoorAir:Mixer, OA Mixing Box 1, OUTSIDE AIR NODE, Outside Air Inlet Node, Relief Air Outlet Node, Relief Air Inlet Node; Name Controller List Name Outdoor Air Equipment List Name Availability Manager List Name !- Name !- Mixed Air Node Name !- Outdoor Air Stream Node Name !- Relief Air Stream Node Name !- Return Air Stream Node Name Chiller:Electric, Big Chiller, !- Name WaterCooled, !- Condenser Type 45000, !- Nominal Capacity {W} 2.75, !- Nominal COP Big Chiller Inlet Node, !- Chilled Water Inlet Node Name Big Chiller Outlet Node, !- Chilled Water Outlet Node Name Big Chiller Condenser Inlet Node, !- Condenser Inlet Node Name Big Chiller Condenser Outlet Node, !- Condenser Outlet Node Name 0.15, !- Minimum Part Load Ratio 1.0, !- Maximum Part Load Ratio 0.65, !- Optimum Part Load Ratio 29.44, !- Design Condenser Inlet Temperature {C} 2.682759, !- Temperature Rise Coefficient 6.667, !- Design Chilled Water Outlet Temperature {C} 0.0011, !- Design Chilled Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.0005, !- Design Condenser Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.94483600, !- Coefficient 1 of Capacity Ratio Curve -.05700880, !- Coefficient 2 of Capacity Ratio Curve -.00185486, !- Coefficient 3 of Capacity Ratio Curve 1.907846, !- Coefficient 1 of Power Ratio Curve -1.20498700, !- Coefficient 2 of Power Ratio Curve 0.26346230, !- Coefficient 3 of Power Ratio Curve 0.03303, !- Coefficient 1 of Full Load Ratio Curve 0.6852, !- Coefficient 2 of Full Load Ratio Curve 0.2818, !- Coefficient 3 of Full Load Ratio Curve 5, !- Chilled Water Outlet Temperature Lower Limit {C} VariableFlow; !- Chiller Flow Mode Chiller:ConstantCOP, Little Chiller, !- Name 25000, !- Nominal Capacity {W} 2.5, !- Nominal COP {W/W} 0.0011, !- Design Chilled Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.0011, !- Design Condenser Water Flow Rate {m3/s} Little Chiller Inlet Node, !- Chilled Water Inlet Node Name Little Chiller Outlet Node, !- Chilled Water Outlet Node Name Little Chiller Condenser Inlet Node, !- Condenser Inlet Node Name Little Chiller Condenser Outlet Node, !- Condenser Outlet Node Name WaterCooled, !- Condenser Type VariableFlow, !- Chiller Flow Mode ; !- Sizing Factor DistrictCooling, Purchased Cooling, !- Name Purchased Cooling Inlet Node, !- Chilled Water Inlet Node Name Purchased Cooling Outlet Node, !- Chilled Water Outlet Node Name 112 680000; !- Nominal Capacity {W} CoolingTower:SingleSpeed, Big Tower, !- Name Condenser Tower Inlet Node, !- Water Inlet Node Name Condenser Tower Outlet Node, !- Water Outlet Node Name 0.0011, !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 16.0, !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s} 1000, !- Fan Power at Design Air Flow Rate {W} 1750.0, !- U-Factor Times Area Value at Design Air Flow Rate {W/K} 0.0, !- Air Flow Rate in Free Convection Regime {m3/s} 0.0, !- U-Factor Times Area Value at Free Convection Air Flow Rate {W/K} UFactorTimesAreaAndDesignWaterFlowRate; !- Performance Input Method Pump:VariableSpeed, Circ Pump, CW Supply Inlet Node, CW Pump Outlet Node, 0.0011, 300000, 500, 0.87, 0.0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, INTERMITTENT; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Inlet Node Name Outlet Node Name Rated Flow Rate {m3/s} Rated Pump Head {Pa} Rated Power Consumption {W} Motor Efficiency Fraction of Motor Inefficiencies to Fluid Stream Coefficient 1 of the Part Load Performance Curve Coefficient 2 of the Part Load Performance Curve Coefficient 3 of the Part Load Performance Curve Coefficient 4 of the Part Load Performance Curve Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s} Pump Control Type Pump:VariableSpeed, Cond Circ Pump, !- Name Condenser Supply Inlet Node, !- Inlet Node Name Condenser Pump Outlet Node, !- Outlet Node Name 0.0011, !- Rated Flow Rate {m3/s} 300000, !- Rated Pump Head {Pa} 500, !- Rated Power Consumption {W} 0.87, !- Motor Efficiency 0.0, !- Fraction of Motor Inefficiencies to Fluid Stream 0, !- Coefficient 1 of the Part Load Performance Curve 1, !- Coefficient 2 of the Part Load Performance Curve 0, !- Coefficient 3 of the Part Load Performance Curve 0, !- Coefficient 4 of the Part Load Performance Curve 0, !- Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s} INTERMITTENT; !- Pump Control Type Coil:Cooling:Water, RA Cooling Coil, !- Name CoolingCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name 0.0010, !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s} 1.4, !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s} 6.67, !- Design Inlet Water Temperature {C} 28, !- Design Inlet Air Temperature {C} 12, !- Design Outlet Air Temperature {C} 0.0145, !- Design Inlet Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} 0.00879, !- Design Outlet Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} RA Cooling Water Inlet, !- Water Inlet Node Name RA Cooling Water Outlet, !- Water Outlet Node Name Recirculated Air Inlet Node, !- Air Inlet Node Name RA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Air Outlet Node Name SimpleAnalysis, !- Type of Analysis CrossFlow; !- Heat Exchanger Configuration Coil:Cooling:Water, OA Cooling Coil, CoolingCoilAvailSched, 0.00052, 0.3, 6.67, 33, 12, 0.0187, 0.00879, OA Cooling Water Inlet, OA Cooling Water Outlet, Outside Air Node, OA Cooling Coil Outlet, SimpleAnalysis, CrossFlow; !- Name !- Availability Schedule Name !- Design Water Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Design Air Flow Rate {m3/s} !- Design Inlet Water Temperature {C} !- Design Inlet Air Temperature {C} !- Design Outlet Air Temperature {C} !- Design Inlet Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} !- Design Outlet Air Humidity Ratio {kg-H2O/kg-air} !- Water Inlet Node Name !- Water Outlet Node Name !- Air Inlet Node Name !- Air Outlet Node Name !- Type of Analysis !- Heat Exchanger Configuration Fan:VariableVolume, OA Var Vol Supply Fan, !- Name FanAndCoilAvailSched, !- Availability Schedule Name 0.7, !- Fan Efficiency 600.0, !- Pressure Rise {Pa} 0.3, !- Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.0, !- Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s} 0.9, !- Motor Efficiency 0.0, !- Motor In Airstream Fraction 0.35071223, !- Fan Coefficient 1 0.30850535, !- Fan Coefficient 2 -0.54137364, !- Fan Coefficient 3 0.87198823, !- Fan Coefficient 4 0.000, !- Fan Coefficient 5 OA Cooling Coil Outlet, !- Air Inlet Node Name OA Supply Fan Outlet; !- Air Outlet Node Name Fan:VariableVolume, RA Var Vol Supply Fan, FanAndCoilAvailSched, 0.7, 600.0, 1.3, 0.20, 0.9, 0.0, 0.35071223, 0.30850535, -0.54137364, 0.87198823, 0.000, RA Cooling Coil Outlet, RA Supply Fan Outlet; !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!- Name Availability Schedule Name Fan Efficiency Pressure Rise {Pa} Maximum Flow Rate {m3/s} Minimum Flow Rate {m3/s} Motor Efficiency Motor In Airstream Fraction Fan Coefficient 1 Fan Coefficient 2 Fan Coefficient 3 Fan Coefficient 4 Fan Coefficient 5 Air Inlet Node Name Air Outlet Node Name Output:Variable,*,Zone Mean Air Temperature,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Zone Mean Radiant Temperature,timestep; 113 Output:Variable,*,Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling Energy,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Zone/Sys Sensible Cooling Rate,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Zone/Sys Sensible Heating Rate,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Zone/Sys Air Temperature,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Total Water Cooling Coil Rate,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Sensible Water Cooling Coil Rate,timestep; Output:Variable,*,People Number Of Occupants,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Node Temp,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Sensible Water Cooling Coil Energy,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Fan Electric Consumption,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Zone Air Humidity Ratio,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Output:Variable,*,System Output:Variable,*,System Output:Variable,*,System Node Node Node Node Wetbulb Temp,timestep; Relative Humidity,timestep; Dewpoint Temp,timestep; Humidity Ratio,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Node MassFlowRate,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Node MassFlowRateMinAvail,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Node MassFlowRateMaxAvail,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Node MassFlowRateSetPoint,timestep; Output:Variable,*,System Node MassFlowRateSetPoint,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Max SimAir Iterations,timestep; Output:Variable,*,HVACManage Iterations,timestep; Output:Variable,*,Time Cooling Setpoint Not Met,Timestep; Output:Variable,*,Outdoor Dry Bulb,Timestep; Output:Variable,*,Dual Duct Terminal Outdoor Air Flow Rate,Timestep; Output:Variable,*,Dual Duct Outdoor Air Terminal Damper Position,Timestep; Output:Variable,*,Dual Duct Recirculated Air Terminal Damper Position,Timestep; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:Facility,monthly; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:Building,monthly; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,InteriorLights:Electricity,monthly; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:HVAC,monthly; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:Plant,monthly; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:Facility,runperiod; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:Building,runperiod; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,InteriorLights:Electricity,runperiod; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:HVAC,runperiod; Output:Meter:MeterFileOnly,Electricity:Plant,runperiod; Output:VariableDictionary,Regular; Output:Surfaces:Drawing,dxf; Output:Schedules,Timestep; Output:Constructions,Constructions; OutputControl:Table:Style, HTML, JtoKWH; !- Column Separator !- Unit Conversion Output:Table:SummaryReports, AllSummary; !- Report 1 Name Output:Diagnostics, DisplayExtraWarnings; !- Key 1 Output:SQLite, SimpleAndTabular; !- Option Type Output:DebuggingData, 1,1; Output:Diagnostics, DisplayZoneAirHeatBalanceOffBalance, DisplayAdvancedReportVariables; 114 Appendix F: BCA VAV FRESH AIR FLOWRATE DATA Data collected from multiple VAV terminal units on the same day in August. 115 116 117 118 119 [...]... completion of a whole building energy simulation In addition, a review of past efforts to model cooling coils in computerized simulation was completed to provide background for a compartmented cooling coil model 2.1 SINGLE COIL TWIN FAN (SCTF) SYSTEM In order to understand how the Single- Coil Twin- Fan system can be modeled in the EnergyPlus simulation environment, the development of the system was... main objectives of the approach were to develop the new dual duct air terminal unit (AirTerminal:DualDuct:VAV:OutdoorAir) and test the outdoor air system to determine if the approach of splitting the return air before the relief air input of the outdoor air system would result in balanced and stable airflow rates throughout the EnergyPlus air loop Demand and supply airside diagrams of this arrangement... difference of the SCTF system is the compartmented cooling coil This coil conditions both air streams with a single continuous water coil arrangement The unique nature of the compartmented cooling coil poses several challenges with regards to simulation as compared to a conventional cooling coil Previous research has identified several of these differences (Maheswaran et al., 2006):  Different off coil. .. to the air loop configuration and terminal unit design, it was identified that the SCTF system most closely resembles the component arrangement of the centralized, dual duct VAV system 19 Figure 11: EnergyPlus VAV Dual Duct Air System Component Arrangement Figure 11 illustrates that an existing mixed air dual duct system is comprised of three major categories of components: the outdoor air system, ... and heating coils and fans, and the air distribution system The outdoor air system is designed to regulate the system- wide ventilation air requirements and mix the appropriate amount of recirculated return air The mixed air is then conditioned in either the hot or cold deck and supplied via mixing boxes at the zone level that regulate based on the zone air temperature setpoint The SCTF system conditions... AirTerminal:SingleDuct:ConstantVolume:Reheat object models the performance of a single duct terminal unit with reheat Figure 6, taken from the EnergyPlus User Manual, shows the diagram of the AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat object currently in EnergyPlus Figure 6: Schematic of AirTerminal:SingleDuct:VAV:Reheat Unit (EnergyPlus 2009) Module development for the EnergyPlus source code is outlined in the EnergyPlus Programming Standard which... “Outdoor Air Mixer” is an integral component of the outdoor air system, and in a centralized air distribution system, the supply air must be distributed to the individual zones in a mixed air condition Setting the OA Mixer at 100% ventilation air can simulate traditional single duct DOAS systems and then a zone -conditioning unit must be added in each zone to compensate for the additional conditioning. .. studied through the work of various researchers Sekhar, Tham and Cheong were the first to investigate the unique concept of decoupling the recirculated and outdoor air fresh air streams and conditioning them separately using a single, compartmented cooling coil (Sekhar et al., 2004) Their initial proof -of- concept study defined the air conditioning and distribution topology, major system components, and... of the system, a detailed analysis of the airconditioning and air distribution method, and described a series of seven experiments in which a prototype was used to condition two office space chambers These experiments were designed to demonstrate the system s ability to address varying combinations of thermal and ventilation loads in different zones The results of this study validated the ability of. .. early simulation programs incorporated some form or airside systems modeling An overview of the approaches used to model such systems over time 7 was completed by Wright and it includes explanations for the two main categories of component simulation: Empirical and First Principle (Wright, 2010) The purpose of the study of the SCTF system was to create the ability to simulate the performance of the system ... AIR FLOWRATE DATA 115 iii SUMMARY Clayton Miller ENERGYPLUS SIMULATION OF THE SINGLE-COIL TWIN-FAN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM Thesis directed by Assoc Professor S Chandra Sekhar The goal of. .. mixed air dual duct system is comprised of three major categories of components: the outdoor air system, cooling and heating coils and fans, and the air distribution system The outdoor air system. .. return air before the relief air input of the outdoor air system would result in balanced and stable airflow rates throughout the EnergyPlus air loop Demand and supply airside diagrams of this