Thông tin tài liệu
❈❆▲■❇❘❆❚■❖◆ ❚❖ ❙❲❆P❚■❖◆❙ ■◆ ❚❍❊ ▲■❇❖❘
▼❆❘❑❊❚ ▼❖❉❊▲
P■❊❘❘❊ ❇❊❘❊❚
◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❚❨ ❖❋ ❙■◆●❆P❖❘❊
✷✵✵✼
❈❆▲■❇❘❆❚■❖◆ ❚❖ ❙❲❆P❚■❖◆❙ ■◆ ❚❍❊ ▲■❇❖❘
▼❆❘❑❊❚ ▼❖❉❊▲
P■❊❘❘❊ ❇❊❘❊❚
✭■♥❣❡♥✐❡✉r✱ ❊❝♦❧❡ ❈❡♥tr❛❧❡ P❛r✐s ✮
❆ ❚❍❊❙■❙ ❙❯❇▼■❚❚❊❉
❋❖❘ ❚❍❊ ❉❊●❘❊❊ ❖❋ ▼❆❙❚❊❘ ❖❋ ❙❈■❊◆❈❊
❉❊P❆❘❚▼❊◆❚ ❖❋ ▼❆❚❍❊▼❆❚■❈❙
◆❆❚■❖◆❆▲ ❯◆■❱❊❘❙■❚❨ ❖❋ ❙■◆●❆P❖❘❊
✷✵✵✼
✐
◆❛♠❡
✿ P✐❡rr❡ ❇❡r❡t
❉❡❣r❡❡
✿ ▼❛st❡r ♦❢ ❙❝✐❡♥❝❡
❙✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r
✿ ❉r ❖❧✐✈❡r ❈❤❡♥
❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ✿ ❉❡♣❛rt♠❡♥t ♦❢ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s
❚❤❡s✐s ❚✐t❧❡ ✿ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ t♦ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❆❜str❛❝t
■♥ t❤✐s ❞✐ss❡rt❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✐s ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥
♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞✳ ❲❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡s ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧
st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ✇✐t❤ ❛ d✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❜✉✐❧❞ ❛♥ ✐♥✲
t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✳ ❲❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ ❤♦✇
❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐t ✐s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ✭❍✉❧❧✲❲❤✐t❡✮✳
◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ t❤✐s ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♠♦❞❡❧ ♦♥❧② ♠❛❦❡s s❡♥s❡ ✐❢ ✈❛♥✐❧❧❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✱ ♥❛♠❡❧②
❝❛♣s ❛♥❞ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✱ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇❡❧❧ ♣r✐❝❡❞ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡✐r ♠❛r❦❡t
✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❚♦ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤✐s✱ ✇❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❢♦r♠s ♦❢ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s σi (t) ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s ρij t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡st r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❚❤❡♥✱ ✇❡
s❤♦✇ ❛ ♠❡t❤♦❞ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧
❝♦♠♣❛r❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❆♥✲
❣❧❡s ❛♥❞ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♥♦r♠✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r
❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ s❤♦✇ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛✈♦✐❞ ▼♦♥t❡✲❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡
❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❙♦♠❡ ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ r❡s✉❧ts
❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♦♥ ❛ 3 ❢❛❝t♦rs ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❲❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✐ss✉❡s r❛✐s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❝✉rr❡♥t ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣♠❡♥ts✱ ♠♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐❢✲
✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❙❆❇❘ s❦❡✇ ❢♦r♠ ❛♥❞ ❝r♦ss✲❛ss❡t ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳
❑❡②✇♦r❞s
✿ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡ ❉❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✱ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✱ ❈❛❧✐✲
❜r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❘❛♥❦ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✱ ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣r♦①✐✲
♠❛t✐♦♥s✳
✐✐
❆❝❦♥♦✇❧❡❞❣♠❡♥t
■ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ♠②s❡❧❢ ❡①tr❡♠❡❧② ❢♦rt✉♥❛t❡ t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② ❛♥❞
♣r✐✈✐❧❡❣❡ ♦❢ ❞♦✐♥❣ t❤✐s r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✇♦r❦ ❛t t❤❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❙✐♥❣❛♣♦r❡✳
■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ t❤❛♥❦ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣❡♦♣❧❡ ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❤❡❧♣❡❞ ♠❡ ❞✉r✐♥❣ ♠② ▼❛st❡r✬s
❞❡❣r❡❡ ♣r♦❣r❛♠✳
❆❧❧ ♠② ❣r❛t✐t✉❞❡ t♦ ❉♦❝t♦r ❖❧✐✈❡r ❈❤❡♥ ✇❤♦ ❛❝❝❡♣t❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♠② s✉♣❡r✈✐s♦r
❛♥❞ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡❞ ✇❛r♠ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❣✉✐❞❛♥❝❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t ♣r♦❣r❡ss ♦❢ t❤✐s ✇♦r❦✳
▼② ✇❛r♠❡st t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞ ✇❤♦ ✇❡❧❝♦♠❡❞ ♠❡ ✐♥
✐ts ❊①♦t✐❝ ❘❛t❡s ❙tr✉❝t✉r✐♥❣ ❚❡❛♠ ❢♦r ✻ ♠♦♥t❤s✳ ❚❤✐s ❡①♣❡r✐❡♥❝❡ ✇❛s ✈❡r②
r✐❝❤ ❛♥❞ ■ ❧❡❛r♥❡❞ ❛ ❧♦t ✇✐t❤ ❙❡r❣❡ P♦♠♦♥t✐✳ ■ ❛♠ ❤❛♣♣② t♦ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t❤✐s
❝♦❧❧❛❜♦r❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ❏❛♥✉❛r②✳
■ ❛♠ ❛❧s♦ t❤❛♥❦❢✉❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❣r❛❞✉❛t❡ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ s❝❤♦❧❛rs❤✐♣ ♦✛❡r❡❞ t♦ ♠❡
❜② t❤❡ ◆❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❯♥✐✈❡rs✐t② ♦❢ ❙✐♥❣❛♣♦r❡ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤✐s ▼❛st❡r✬s ❞❡❣r❡❡
♣r♦❣r❛♠ ✇♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♠② ❞❡❡♣ ❛✛❡❝t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ♠② ❢❛♠✐❧② ❛♥❞ ♠②
❢r✐❡♥❞s ✐♥ ❙✐♥❣❛♣♦r❡ ✇❤♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❡♥❝♦✉r❛❣❡❞ ♠❡ t❤r♦✉❣❤♦✉t t❤✐s ✇♦r❦ ❛♥❞ ❢♦r
❈❛♠✐❧❧❡ ✇❤♦ s✉♣♣♦rt❡❞ ♠❡ ❡✈❡r②❞❛②✳
▼❛r❝❤ ✸✱ ✷✵✵✼
❈♦♥t❡♥ts
✶ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✶
✶✳✶ ■♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷
✶✳✶✳✶ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷
✶✳✶✳✷ ❙❤♦rt✲❚❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✸
✶✳✶✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❆r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❢r❡❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✸
✶✳✶✳✹ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✺
✶✳✶✳✺ ▲■❇❖❘ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✻
✶✳✶✳✻ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ t♦♦❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✾
✶✳✷ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✷
✶✳✷✳✶ ❙❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✸
✶✳✷✳✷ ❍❡❛t❤ ❏❛rr♦✇ ❛♥❞ ▼♦rt♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✺
✶✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✶✼
✶✳✷✳✹ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧ s✉♠♠❛r② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✶✳✸ Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ❱❛♥✐❧❧❛ ❉❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✶✳✸✳✶ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s✿ ❝❛♣ ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦r ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✹
✶✳✸✳✷ ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✷✾
✷ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✸✷
✷✳✶ ❚❤❡ s❡tt✐♥❣s✿ ▼❛✐♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✷
✷✳✷ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✷✳✶ ❚♦t❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✹
✷✳✷✳✷ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ P✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡✲❈♦♥st❛♥t P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✐✈
❈❖◆❚❊◆❚❙
✷✳✷✳✸ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✸ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✵
✷✳✸✳✶ ❍✐st♦r✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈s ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✶
✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❛♥❦ ❘❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✵
✷✳✹ ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✷
✷✳✹✳✷ ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✹
✷✳✹✳✸ ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞❡r❡❛s❡♥ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✺
✷✳✺ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦♥ ✸ ❋❛❝t♦rs ❇●▼ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✷✳✺✳✶ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ▼❡t❤♦❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✻
✷✳✺✳✷ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❘❡s✉❧ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✼
✸ P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
✼✶
✸✳✶ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✳ ✼✶
✸✳✶✳✶ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ α β ρ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✲ ❙❆❇❘ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✶
✸✳✷ ❍②❜r✐❞s Pr♦❞✉❝ts ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✹
✸✳✸ ■ss✉❡s r❛✐s❡❞ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸✳✸✳✶ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸✳✸✳✷ ■♥t❡r❡st✲r❛t❡s s❦❡✇ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✻
✸✳✸✳✸ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✸✳✸✳✹ ▼❛r❦❡t ❧✐q✉✐❞✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✼
✹ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥
✼✽
✹✳✶ ❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✹✳✷ ▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✽
✹✳✸ ▼❛r❦❡t ❞❛t❛ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✹✳✹ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✼✾
✹✳✺ ❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✽✵
▲✐st ♦❢ ❋✐❣✉r❡s
✶✳✶ ❩❡r♦✲❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✷
✶✳✷ ❙✇❛♣ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳
✼
✷✳✶ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡✲t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✾
✷✳✷ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✷
✷✳✸ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✺
✷✳✹ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✼
✷✳✺ ❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs ❈♦✛❡② ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✹✾
✷✳✻ ❊✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✼
✷✳✼ ✷❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✾
✷✳✽ ✺❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✵
✷✳✾ ✶✵❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✶
▲✐st ♦❢ ❚❛❜❧❡s
✷✳✶ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✺
✷✳✷ P✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡✲❝♦♥st❛♥t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✸ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✸✻
✷✳✹ ❊✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✺✺
✷✳✺ ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✳ ✻✾
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✶
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❆t t❤❡ ❡♥❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✼✵✬s✱ ❛❢t❡r ❇❧❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤♦❧❡s ❜r❡❛❦t❤r♦✉❣❤ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡✐r
❢♦r♠✉❧❛ t♦ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ♦♣t✐♦♥✱ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❛❧s♦ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ t❤❡ ❛❧t❡r ❡❣♦ ♦❢
t❤✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✇❛s t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡
✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✳
❙✐♥❝❡ ✶✾✼✻ ❛♥❞ ❇❧❛❝❦✬s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❬✷❪✱ ❛ ❧♦t ❤❛s ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st
r❛t❡s t♦♣✐❝✳ ❋✐rst ✇❡r❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t❡❞ ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤❛t tr✐❡❞ t♦ ❛❞❛♣t t❤❡ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s
❝♦♠✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❡q✉✐t② ✇♦r❧❞ ✿ t❤♦s❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡
❛ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ r❛t❡ ❛s ✐t ✇❛s ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r ❛ st♦❝❦✳ ❋r♦♠ t❤✐s ❜❛s✐❝ ✐❞❡❛ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t
❡✈♦❧✉t✐♦♥s r♦s❡ ❜② ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠ ♦❢ t❤✐s st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥
t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✲ ❢♦r
✐♥st❛♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧② ✐♥ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❇r❛❝❡✱ ●❛t❛r❡❦
❛♥❞ ▼✉s✐❡❧❛ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✇❤❡r❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ r❛t❡s ✇❡r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞
✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ♦❢ ❍❡❛t❤✱ ❏❛rr♦✇ ❛♥❞ ▼♦rt♦♥ ✐♥ ✶✾✾✷✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡❧②
r❡❞❡✜♥❡❞ t❤❡ ✈✐s✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ♥❡❡❞s t♦ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ✜❡❧❞✳
❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✉♥❞♦✉❜t❡❞❧② t♦ ❜❡ ❛❜❧❡ t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳
❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ❝❛❧❧ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✐♥♣✉ts
s♦ t❤❛t ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❡st ✜t t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❛ ❤✉❣❡ ✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r ♠❛r❦❡t ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛s t❤❡② ♠❛② ❢❛❝❡
s❡✈❡r❡ ♠✐s♣r✐❝❡s ✐❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❡② ✉s❡ ✐s ♥♦t ✇❡❧❧ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ■ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡
✷
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
♣r❡s❡♥t✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♣❛rt❀ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥✐♥❣ ✇❤❛t
❛r❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ s♦♠❡ ❛r❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ✭s❦❡✇✴s♠✐❧❡✱ ❧✐q✉✐❞✐t②✳✳✮ ❛♥❞
✇❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❝❤❛❧❧❡♥❣❡s ❢❛❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✭❈r♦ss✲❛ss❡t
❤②❜r✐❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✮✳
■♥ t❤✐s ✜rst ❝❤❛♣t❡r t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❝✉rr❡♥t❧② ✉s❡❞
✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞✳
✶✳✶
■♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♥❝❡♣ts
✶✳✶✳✶ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞s
❚❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝ts
✐s t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ✭❩✳❈✳✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s✱ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ ❛ss❡ts ❛r❡
♥♦t st♦❝❦s ❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ ❇❧❛❝❦✲❙❝❤♦❧❡s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ✶✾✼✸ ✐♥ ❬✶❪ ❜✉t ❜♦♥❞s✳
❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ❜♦♥❞s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞✱ ♣❛②✐♥❣ ✈❛r✐♦✉s ❝♦✉♣♦♥s✱ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ s♦♠❡
❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s. . .✶ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✐t ✐s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ s✐♠♣❧❡st ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣✿ t❤✐s ♦♥❡
✐s t❤❡ s❡t ♦❢ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ❢❛❝t♦rs ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♥♦t❡ t❤❡♠
❜② B(t, T )✳ ❚❤✐s ❜♦♥❞ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛t t✐♠❡ t t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ ✶ ♣❛✐❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ T ✱ t❤❡
♠❛t✉r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦♥❞✳ ❙❡❡ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶ ❢♦r ❛ ♠♦r❡ ✈✐s✉❛❧ ❡①♣❧❛♥❛t✐♦♥✳
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✶✿ ❩❡r♦✲❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠
✶
❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❛ ❞❛✐❧② r❛♥❣❡ ❛❝❝r✉❛❧ ❝♦✉♣♦♥✿ ■ ♣❛② X% Nn ✇❤❡r❡ n ✐s t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢
❞❛②s ✸✲♠♦♥t❤s ▲■❇❖❘ r❛t❡ st❛②s ❜❡❧♦✇ 6.5% ❛♥❞ N t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❞❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛❝❝r✉❛❧
♣❡r✐♦❞✳
✸
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❛t ❛t ❛♥② ❞❛t❡ t✱ t❤♦s❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛❧❧ q✉♦t❡❞ ♦♥
t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❜✉t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❢r♦♠ ♦t❤❡r ③❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥s ❜♦♥❞s✳ ❚❤✐s ❜♦♥❞
❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣❛② ❛♥② ❝♦✉♣♦♥✱ t❤❛t ✐s ✇❤② ✇❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ❝❛❧❧ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ❢❛❝t♦rs
B(t, T ) t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞s ✭❩✳❈✳✮✳
❲❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ✈❡r② ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② t❤❡ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢♦r ❛ ❩❡r♦ ❈♦✉♣♦♥
❜♦♥❞ ❛s✿
dB(t, T ) = m(t, T )tB(t, T )dt + σ B B(t, T )dWt ,
B(T, T ) = 1
✭✶✳✶✮
❲✐t❤ m(t, T )✱ t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t✱ ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡ s❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ rt ✐♥ ❛ r✐s❦✲
♥❡✉tr❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞✱ σ B ✱ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❡✈❡♥t✉❛❧❧② st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♦r t✐♠❡✲❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❛♥❞
Wt ❛ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥✳
✶✳✶✳✷ ❙❤♦rt✲❚❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡
❲❡ ❥✉st ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ t❤❡ s❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❚r❛✲
❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s s♣❡❝✐✜✲
❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ❞②♥❛♠✐❝✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♥♦t❡ ❜② rt
t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ♦r s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥
❜♦rr♦✇ ✐♥ ❛ r✐s❦ ❢r❡❡ ❧♦❛♥ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ❛t t ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡s✐♠❛❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞ dt✳
■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t rt ✐s ❛♥ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦♥ ❛ ✜❧t❡r❡❞ ♣r♦❜❛✲
❜✐❧✐t② s♣❛❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t s❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ✐s t❤❛t ❜②
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝r❡❛t❡ ❧✐♥❦s
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ rt ❛♥❞ B(t, T )✳
✶✳✶✳✸ ❚❤❡ ❆r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❢r❡❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥
❚❤✐s ❝❧❛ss✐❝ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❛②♦✛ ♦❢ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✳
❍❡r❡ ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡ st✉❞② r❛t❡ ✐ss✉❡s✱ t❤✐s ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠❛❞❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥
❜♦♥❞s ❛s ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❧✐♥❦ ❧♦♥❣ ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s ✭♠♦r❡ t❤❛♥ ✶ ②❡❛r✮ ❜♦♥❞s ✇✐t❤ ❝♦✉♣♦♥s
✇✐t❤ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞s ❜② ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❆r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❢r❡❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✳
✹
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❚❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❛ss❡t ❞❡❧✐✈❡r✐♥❣ ✜①❡❞ ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✐s
❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ ✐ts ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡tt❧❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡s✳
❲❡ ♠❛❦❡ t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✿ ❛❧❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛r❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♦♥ ❛
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② s♣❛❝❡ (Ω, {Ft ; t ≥ 0}, Q0 )✳ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Q0 ✐s ❛♥② r✐s❦
♥❡✉tr❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✇❤♦s❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ ♥♦✲❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❛s✲
s✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✭❙❡❡ ❚❤❡ ●✐rs❛♥♦✈ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✶✳✶✳✻✮✳ ❚❤❡ ✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥
{Ft ; t ≥ 0}✷ ✐s t❤❡ ✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡❞ ✐♥ Q0 ❜② ❛ d✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥
♠♦t✐♦♥ W Q0 = {W Q0 (t); t ≥ 0}✳
◆♦✇✱ ✇❡ ✐♥❢❡r t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♥✈❡st ✐♥ ❛ s❛✈✐♥❣s ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②
❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞❡❞ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ s❤♦rt r❛t❡ rs ♣r❡✈❛✐❧✐♥❣ ❛t t✐♠❡ s ♦✈❡r t❤❡
t✐♠❡ [s; s + ds]✳ ❚❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ 1 ✐♥✈❡st❡❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❛t t✐♠❡ T ✐s βT ✿
T
βT = exp
rs ds
t
❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐❢ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡st B(t, T ) ✐♥ ❛ ❩✳❈✳ ♦❢ ♠❛t✉r✐t② T ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t
✐♥ ♦✉r s❛✈✐♥❣ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t✱ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ♦❢ ❛ss❡t ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ✭t❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡
❞❡t❛✐❧❧❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✳✶✳✻✮ ❡♥s✉r❡s t❤❛t t❤❡② ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ♦♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦✈❡r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣❛t❤s
t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♠♦✉♥t ♥❛♠❡❧② 1✳ ❚❤✐s ❡q✉❛❧✐t② ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥✿
0
B(t, T ) = EQ
exp
t
T
−rs ds |Ft
t
■♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ r❛t❡ rs ✱ ❛s B(T, T ) = 1✿
T
−rs ds
B(t, T ) = exp
t
✷
■♥ ❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ t❤❡ ✜❧tr❛t✐♦♥{Ft ; t ≥ 0} r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ❛❧❧ t❤❡
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❜② ❡✈❡r② ♠❛r❦❡t ❛❣❡♥t✳
✺
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❆♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ r❛t❡ r ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞ n✲t✐♠❡s ♣❡r
②❡❛r✿
B(t, T ) =
1
(1 + nr )(T −t)
✭✶✳✷✮
✶✳✶✳✹ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s
❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s r❛t❡s ✇❡ s❛✇✿
❼ Bt (T, T + δ) ✐s t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ❛t t ♦❢ ❛ ❩✳❈✳ ✐♥✈❡st❡❞ ❛t T ✇❤✐❝❤
✇✐❧❧ ♣❛② ✶ ❛t T + δ ✳ ❇② ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ✐t ✐s ✇♦rt❤✿
Bt (T, T + δ) =
B(t, T + δ)
B(t, T )
❼ ❚❤❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t r❛t❡ s✐♠♣❧② ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞❡❞ t♦ t❤✐s ❩❡r♦ ❈♦✉♣♦♥ ❇♦♥❞ ❝❛♥
❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣✿
Fδ (t, T ) =
1
δ
B(t, T )
−1
B(t, T + δ)
✭✶✳✸✮
❚❤✐s r❛t❡ ✐s ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t r❛t❡ s✐♠♣❧② ❝♦♠✲
♣♦✉♥❞❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ♣❛✐❞ ✐❢ ②♦✉ ✇❛♥t t♦ ❜♦rr♦✇ ♠♦♥❡② ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❢♦r ❛ ❢✉t✉r❡ t✐♠❡
♣❡r✐♦❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ T ❛♥❞ T + δ ✳
❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❞❡✜♥❡ f (t, T ) t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r✲
✇❛r❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ rt ✳ ❋♦r♠❛❧❧②✱ f (t, T ) ✐s t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ❛t t ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❜♦rr♦✇
✐♥ ❛ r✐s❦ ❢r❡❡ ❧♦❛♥ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ❛t T ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ✐♥✜♥✐t❡s✐♠❛❧ ♣❡r✐♦❞ dt✳ ❚❤✐s ❝♦♥✲
❝❡♣t ✐s r❛t❤❡r ❛ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ✐❞❡❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ✐t ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡
♠❛r❦❡t ❜✉t ✐s ✉s❡❢✉❧ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❜♦♥❞ ♣r✐❝❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡✿
T
B(t, T ) = exp −
f (t, u)du ,
t
∀t ∈ [0, T ]
✭✶✳✹✮
✻
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✶✳✶✳✺ ▲■❇❖❘ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣s
▲✐❜♦r ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡
❉✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✽✵✬s✱ ▲✐❜♦r ✭✇❤✐❝❤ st❛♥❞s ❢♦r ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ■♥t❡r ❇❛♥❦ ❖✛❡r❡❞ ❘❛t❡s✮
✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ tr❛❞❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s r❛t❡ ✐s ❞❡❝❧✐♥❡❞ ❢♦r
❞✐✛❡r❡♥t s❤♦rt ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s ✭✐♥❢❡r✐♦r t♦ ♦♥❡ ②❡❛r✮ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❛ ❜❡♥❝❤♠❛r❦ ♦❢ t❤❡
♠❛✐♥ ❜❛♥❦s ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❧♦❛♥ r❛t❡ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s✳ ■t ✐s ✜①❡❞ ❡✈❡r②❞❛② ❛t
✶✶❤✵✵ ❛♠✱ ▲♦♥❞♦♥ ❚✐♠❡✳ ■t ✐s ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❛s t❤❡ r✐s❦✲❢r❡❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st
r❛t❡ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st♦rs✿ ❡✈❡♥ ❝r❡❞✐t ❞❡❢❛✉❧t s✇❛♣s ✈❛❧✉❡s ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t
t♦ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ✐s ♥♦t tr✉❡✱ t❤♦s❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥st✐t✉t✐♦♥s
❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ t❤✐s ❞❡❢❛✉❧t r✐s❦ ✐s q✉❛♥t✐✜❡❞✳ ■♥ t❤❡
♠❛r❦❡ts✱ t❤❡ r✐s❦ ❢r❡❡ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t r❡❛❧❧② ❡①✐st ❜✉t ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡
♠❛✐♥ ❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❜❛♥❦s ✭▼♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧②✿ ❯❙ ❋❡❞✱ ❊❈❇✱ ❈❇❊✮ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ❛❧♠♦st
♥✐❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t ❛s t❤❡② ❝❛♥ ❧✐t❡r❛❧❧② ♣r✐♥t t❤❡✐r ♠♦♥❡② ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡
t❤❡ ❜♦♥❞s t❤❡② ✐ss✉❡ ❝❛❧❧❡❞ tr❡❛s✉r✐❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❛❧♠♦st ♥♦ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✸ ✳
❚❤❡ s♣r❡❛❞ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ tr❡❛s✉r② r❛t❡ r❡♣r❡s❡♥ts t❤✐s r✐s❦
t♦ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t✳ ❋♦r t❤❡ ❯❙❉ ▼❛r❦❡t✱ ▲■❇❖❘ r❛t❡s tr❛❞❡ ❛r♦✉♥❞ 50 ❜❛s✐s ♣♦✐♥ts
❛❜♦✈❡ tr❡❛s✉r② r❛t❡s✳
❲❡ ❝❛❧❧ Lδ (t, t)✱ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❢♦r ❛ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ♦❢ δ ✿
1
= B(t, t + δ)
1 + δLδ (t, t)
✭✶✳✺✮
✇✐t❤ δ ✐s t❤r❡❡ ♦r s✐① ♠♦♥t❤s ✉s✉❛❧❧②✳
❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❢r❡❡ r✉❧❡ ❛♥❞ ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❋♦r✇❛r❞
■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s t♦ ▲✐❜♦r ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❋♦r✇❛r❞s Lδ (t, T ) t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r
r❛t❡ ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❛t ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❜♦rr♦✇ ♠♦♥❡② ❛t t✐♠❡ T ❢♦r ❛ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ♦❢ δ
✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡✿
1
B(t, T + δ)
=
1 + δLδ (t, T )
B(t, T )
✸
■t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ s♦✈❡r❡✐❣♥ r✐s❦ ✐s r❡❛❧✿ ✐♥ ❏✉❧② ✶✾✾✽✱ ❘✉ss✐❛ ❞❡❢❛✉❧t❡❞
♦♥ ✐ts ❜♦♥❞s ❝❛✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢❛♠♦✉s ❤❡❞❣❡✲❢✉♥❞ ▲❚❈▼✳
✼
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❚❤❛t ✐s✱
Lδ (t, T ) =
B(t, T ) − B(t, T + δ)
δB(t, T + δ)
✭✶✳✻✮
❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❦✐♣ t❤❡ ✐♥❞❡① δ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡r❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ♥♦ ❛♠❜✐❣✉✐t✐❡s ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ♠❛t✉✲
r✐t②✳
❙✇❛♣ r❛t❡
❚❤❡ ✜rst s✇❛♣ ❝♦♥tr❛❝ts ✇❡r❡ ❛❧s♦ ♥❡❣♦t✐❛t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ✶✾✽✵s✳ ❙✐♥❝❡✱ ✐t
❤❛s s❤♦✇♥ ❛♥ ❛♠❛③✐♥❣ ❣r♦✇t❤ ❜❡❝♦♠✐♥❣ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ✐♥ t❤❡
❡①♦t✐❝ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ♠❛r❦❡t✳
❆ s✇❛♣ ✐s ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s t♦ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛ ♣r❡❞❡✜♥❡❞
❝❛s❤ ✢♦✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡✳ ❚❤❡ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛s❤ ✢♦✇s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✇❛② t❤❡②
❛r❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡❞ ✐s s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s ❛❣r❡❡♠❡♥t✳ ❆t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣✱ s✇❛♣s ✇❡r❡
t❛✐❧♦r❡❞ ❢♦r ❝♦♠♣❛♥✐❡s ✇❤♦ ✇❛♥t❡❞ t♦ ❤❡❞❣❡ t❤❡✐r ❧♦❛♥s ❡①♣♦s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❧♦❝❦
✐♥ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡✳
❍❡♥❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ t♦ ❡♥t❡r ❛ s✇❛♣ ✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❤✐s s❡♠✐✲❛♥♥✉❛❧
✜①❡❞ r❛t❡s ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s ❛t x% ❛❣❛✐♥st ❛ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ r❛t❡✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢
t❤❡ ✻✲♠♦♥t❤s ▲■❇❖❘ r❛t❡ ✇✐t❤ ✜①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡ ❛t t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✻✲♠♦♥t❤s
♣❡r✐♦❞ ✭❋✐①✐♥❣ ✐♥ ❛❞✈❛♥❝❡ ✹ ✮ ❚❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✷ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ❤♦✇ ✐s ❜✉✐❧t
t❤❡ ❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝✉st♦♠❡r ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✳ ❚❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✶✳✷✿ ❊①❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s ❢♦r ❛ P❛②❡r ❙✇❛♣
✹
❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ✐ss✉❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ✜①✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡①✐t② ❛❞✲
❥✉st♠❡♥t t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ✇❤❡♥ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♥♦♥ ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦r ✐♥ ❛rr❡❛rs
✜①✐♥❣ str✉❝t✉r❡s✱ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ s❡❡ ❬✸❪
✽
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
s✇❛♣ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ ❛ ♣❛②❡r s✇❛♣✳ ❚❤❡ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ r❡❝❡✐✈❡r
s✇❛♣✳
❆s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t✱ ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣❡❛rs t❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ Sp,n (t)❞❡✜♥❡❞
❛s t❤❡ r❛t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ♥❡t ♣r❡s❡♥t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ 0 ❛t t✐♠❡ t t♦ t❤❡ s✇❛♣ ✇❤✐❝❤
❡①❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤✐s s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ ❛❣❛✐♥st ❛ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ✭δ ✲♠♦♥t❤s ▲✐❜♦r Lδ (t, Ti )✮
♦♥ ❛ s❝❤❡❞✉❧❡ Ti , i = p, . . . , n✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤✐s s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ Sp,n (t) ❜②
❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞✱ ✐t ✐s ✇♦rt❤ ♥♦t✐❝✐♥❣ ✐t✱ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t❧② ♦❢ ❛♥②
♠♦❞❡❧ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ✜①❡❞ ❧❡❣ ✐s✿
n−p
F ixedp,n (t) =
Sp,n (t)δB(t, Tp+i )
i=0
❆♥❞ t❤❡ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ ❧❡❣ ✐s✿
n−p
F loatingp,n (t) =
B(t, Ti+p )δL(t, Ti−1+p )
i=1
n−p
=
B(t, Ti+p )
i=1
n−p
B(t, Ti−1+p )
−1
B(t, Ti+p )
B(t, Ti−1+p ) − B(t, Ti+p )
=
i=1
= B(t, Tp ) − B(t, Tn )
❚❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ ✐s ❜② ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ❡q✉❛❧✐③❡ ❜♦t❤ ❧❡❣s✿
F ixedp,n (t) = F loatingp,n (t)
Sp,n (t) =
B(t, Tp ) − B(t, Tn )
n−p
i=0 δB(t, Tp+i )
❚❤✐s s✇❛♣ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ❛ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ st❛rt ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ s✇❛♣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✜rst
s❡tt❧❡♠❡♥t ❞❛t❡ ✐s Tp ✳ ❖♥❝❡ t❤✐s ♣r♦❞✉❝t ✇❛s ✇❡❧❧ ✉♥❞❡rst♦♦❞ ❜② ❡✈❡r② ♦♥❡
♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡ts✱ ✐t ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧② ❣❛✈❡ r✐s❡ t♦ ✐ts ✜rst ♠♦st ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡✿
✾
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✺ ✳ ❆ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ ♦♥❡✲t✐♠❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛
s✇❛♣ r❛t❡✳ ❋r♦♠ ♥♦✇✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❛❧✇❛②s r❡❢❡r t♦ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✇❤❡♥ ✇❡
❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✳ ❲❤❡♥ ♦♥❡ ✐s ❧♦♥❣ ❛ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ str✐❦❡ Sp,n ✱ ❤❡ ♦✇♥s t❤❡
r✐❣❤t ❛♥❞ ♥♦t t❤❡ ♦❜❧✐❣❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❡♥t❡r ❛ s✇❛♣ ♦❢ t❡♥♦r Tn ❛t ♠❛t✉r✐t② Tp ✳
❆ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❜✉t t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ✐♥
❣❡♥❡r❛❧ q✉♦t❡s t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✭❙❡❡ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✶✳✸✳✷✮✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ s✐❞❡ t❤✐s ❛r✐s❡
✐ss✉❡s ❛s ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t s✇❛♣ r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❜❡ ❧♦❣
♥♦r♠❛❧ ❛t t❤❡ s❛♠❡ t✐♠❡✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss ❧❛t❡r t❤✐s ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✹✳
✶✳✶✳✻ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ t♦♦❧s
❚❤✐s s✉❜s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t ❛ ❢❡✇ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ t♦♦❧s ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡
t❤❡ ❜❛s✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❚❤✐s s✉❜s❡❝t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡❦ t♦
❜❡ ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❡ ❛♥❞ t♦t❛❧❧② r✐❣♦r♦✉s ✐♥ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✉s ❜✉t ❥✉st t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛
❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐❞❡❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ t♦♦❧s ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s
✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t s❡❝t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✉s ♣❧❡❛s❡ r❡❢❡r
t♦ t❤❡ ❡①❝❡❧❧❡♥t ❬✺❪✳
◆✉♠❡r❛✐r❡
❆ ◆✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ ✐s ❛ ♣r✐❝❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss (A(t))T ✭❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ r❛♥❞♦♠
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✮✱ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s str✐❝t❧② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ t ∈ [O, T ]✳
◆✉♠❡r❛✐r❡s ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss ♣r✐❝❡s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❤❛✈❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ♣r✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤❡
❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s r❛t❤❡r ❛❜str❛❝t ❝♦♥❝❡♣t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ s❡❡♥ ✐♥ ✇❤❛t ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✳
❈❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡
▲❡t P ❛♥❞ Q ❜❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✻ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡s A(T )
❛♥❞ B(t)✳ ❚❤❡ ❘❛❞♦♥✲◆✐❦♦❞②♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ t❤❛t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ♠❡❛✲
✺
❆♠❡r✐❝❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❇❡r♠✉❞❡❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❛❧s♦ ❡①✐st ❜✉t ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❛s ❧✐q✉✐❞ ❛♥❞ ❛s ✈❛♥✐❧❧❛ t❤❛♥
❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥
✻
P ❛♥❞ Q ❛r❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ ✿ P(M ) = 0 ↔ Q(M ) = 0, ∀M ∈ F
✶✵
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
s✉r❡ P ✐♥ Q ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜②✿
R=
dP
A(T )B(t)
=
dQ
A(t)B(T )
✭✶✳✼✮
❚❤✐s ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✐s ✈❡r② ✉s❡❢✉❧✿ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ r✉❧❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛♥
❛ss❡t X s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡✿
A(t)EP
■❢ ♦♥❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡s✿ G(T ) =
X(T )
X(T )
|Ft = B(t)EQ
|Ft
A(T )
B(T )
X(T )
A(T )
❛♥❞ ❞♦✐♥❣ s♦♠❡ s✐♠♣❧❡ ♠❛♥✐♣✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡
♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✿
EP (G(T )|Ft ) = EQ G(T )
A(T )B(t)
|Ft
A(t)B(T )
= EQ (G(T )R|Ft )
❲❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❥✉st ❜② ♠✉❧t✐♣❧②✐♥❣
t❤❡ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ❜② ✐ts ❘❛❞♦♥✲◆✐❦♦❞②♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡✳
●✐rs❛♥♦✈ t❤❡♦r❡♠
❋♦r ❛♥② ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss k(t) ✇❤✐❝❤ s❛t✐s✜❡s t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ❝♦♥✲
❞✐t✐♦♥✿
1
E e2
t
0
k2 (s)ds
< +∞,
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❘❛❞♦♥✲◆✐❦♦❞②♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ R =
t
k(s)dW (s) −
R = exp
0
1
2
dP
dQ
❣✐✈❡♥ ❜②✿
t
k 2 (s)ds ,
0
✇❤❡r❡ W ✐s ❛ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Q✳
❯♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ P t❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss
t
W P (t) = W (t) −
k(s)ds,
0
✶✶
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✐s ❛ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❝♦♥s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ●✐rs❛♥♦✈ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✐s t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s
♠❡❛s✉r❡s t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ✐s ✐♠♣❛❝t❡❞ ❜✉t t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t r❡✲
♠❛✐♥s ✉♥❛✛❡❝t❡❞✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ s❛② t❤❛t s✇✐t❝❤✐♥❣ ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t♦ ❛♥♦t❤❡r
❥✉st ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡ ❧✐❦❡❧✐❤♦♦❞ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛rt✐❝✉❧❛r ♣❛t❤ ❜❡✐♥❣ ❝❤♦s❡♥✳ ❋♦r
❡①❛♠♣❧❡ t❤❡ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥ W (t) ❛❜♦✈❡ ♠✐❣❤t ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ ♣❛t❤ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❞r✐❢ts
❞♦✇♥✇❛r❞ ❛t ❛ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❛❜♦✉t −k ❜✉t ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ P ✐t ✐s ♠♦r❡ ❧✐❦❡❧②
t♦ ❞r✐❢t t♦ 0✳ ❚❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✐s t♦ ❣❡t r✐❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t✳
❋♦r ♣r♦♦❢ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s t❤❡♦r❡♠✱ ♣❧❡❛s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❬✺❪✱ ♣❛❣❡ ✶✺✸✲✶✺✼✳
❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ▼❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡ ❆♥ ❊q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t ▼❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ▼❡❛s✉r❡
✭❊▼▼✮ Q ✐s ❛ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s♣❛❝❡ (Ω, F) s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿
❼ Q ❛♥❞ Q0 ❛r❡ ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t
❼ ❚❤❡ ❘❛❞♦♥✲◆②❦♦❞②♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ R =
❼ ❚❤❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss W Q (t) = W Q0 (t) −
dQ0
dQ
t
0 k(s)ds
✐s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡
✐s ❛ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t
t♦ Q✳
❋✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❚❤❡♦r❡♠ ♦❢ ❆ss❡t Pr✐❝✐♥❣
❆❧❧ t❤❡s❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❧❡❞ ✉s t♦ t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ t❤❡♦r❡♠✳✼ ✿
❆ ♠❛r❦❡t ❤❛s ♥♦✲❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ♦♣♣♦rt✉♥✐t② ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts
❛♥ ❊▼▼✳
❆ ♠❛r❦❡t ✐s ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ✭❆❧❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥t ❝❧❛✐♠s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t❡❞
✉s✐♥❣ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦✮ ✐❢ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❧② ✐❢ t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐sts ❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡
❊▼▼✳
❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡
❲❡ ♥❛♠❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱ Pi ✱ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛s ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡
✼
❚❤✐s t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✐s ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ♣r♦✈❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✺❪
✶✷
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t Ti ✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② B(t, Ti )✳
❯♥❞❡r t❤✐s ♠❡❛s✉r❡✱
X(t)
B(t, Ti )
✐s ❛ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ❢♦r ❛❧❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥t ❝❧❛✐♠ X(t) ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♣r✐❝❡ ✐t s❛②✐♥❣✿
X(t) = B(t, Ti )Ei [X(Ti )|Ft ]
❙♣♦t ♠❡❛s✉r❡
❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❏❛♠s❤✐❞✐❛♥ ✐♥ ❬✶✸❪ ✇❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ s♣♦t ♠❡❛s✉r❡✳
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦ ♦❢ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ❝r❡❛t❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st♠❡♥t str❛t❡❣②
❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿
❼ ❆t t = 0✱ ✇❡ ✐♥✈❡st ✶ ❜✉②✐♥❣
❼ ❆t t = T1 ✱ ✇❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡
1
B(0,T1 ) ❩❡r♦
1
B(0,T1 )
❝♦✉♣♦♥ ♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t T1
❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❜✉②
1
1
B(0,T1 ) B(0,T2 ) ❩❡r♦
❝♦✉♣♦♥
♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t T2
❼ ❆t t = T2 ✱ ✇❡ r❡❝❡✐✈❡
1
1
B(0,T1 ) B(0,T2 )
❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❜✉②
1
1
1
B(0,T1 ) B(0,T2 ) B(0,T3 )
❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t T3
❼ ...
❍❡♥❝❡✱ ❛t ❡✈❡r② t✱ ♦♥❡ ❤♦❧❞ ❛ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦ ♦❢
t )
j=1
1
B(Tj−1 ,Tj )
✭✇❤❡r❡ t ✐s t❤❡
♥❡①t ❞❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ t❡♥♦r✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❛s ❛ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ ❢♦r ❛
❝❡rt❛✐♥ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❛t ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❝❛❧❧ t❤❡ s♣♦t ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ♥♦t❡❞ P∗ ✳
✶✳✷
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❙✐♥❝❡ t❤❡② ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♠♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♠♦r❡ ✉s❡❞ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞
t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣❛rt ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡
t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❞ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞✳ ❋♦r
❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧s ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❬✹❪ ❛ ✈❡r② ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ r❡✈✐❡✇ ❜② ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ♦❢ ❤♦✇
t❤❡s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ✇❡r❡ ❜✉✐❧t ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ❞✐❞ ✇❡ ❣❡t t❤❡r❡✳
✶✸
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✶✳✷✳✶ ❙❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s
❚❤❡ ✜rst ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s t♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts
✇❡r❡ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧② ✽✵✬s✳ ❙✐♥❝❡✱ ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ❝r❡❛t❡❞
❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ ❛❧❧ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ❛s t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ♣❛rt ✐s t♦ s❤♦✇
❤♦✇ ✐s ❜✉✐❧t t❤❡ ♥❡①t ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠♦❞❡❧s✳
❋♦r ❡♥r✐❝❤♠❡♥t ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ♦t❤❡r ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t s❤♦rt t❡r♠ str✉❝✲
t✉r❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ❈♦①✱ ■♥❣❡rs♦❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❘♦ss ▼♦❞❡❧ ❬✻❪✱ ❍♦✲▲❡❡ ❬✼❪✱ ❇❧❛❝❦✲
❑❛r❛s✐♥s❦✐ ❬✽❪✱ ❱❛s✐❝❡❦ ❬✾❪✱ ❘❡♥❞❧❡♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❇❛rtt❡r❬✶✵❪✳
❚❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❞ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥❞✉str② ✐s
t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❜② ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ ✭✇✐t❤ ♦♥❡ ♦r t✇♦ ❢❛❝t♦rs✮✳ ❆❝t✉❛❧❧②✱ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧
✐s ❛ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛♥t❡r✐♦r ❱❛s✐❝❡❦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✭❙❡❡ ❬✾❪✮✳ ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡
❛r❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣ ❛ ❱❛s✐❝❡❦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠♦❞❡❧s t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠
✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❛s✿
dr = a(b − r)dt + σdz,
a, b, σ constant
✭✶✳✽✮
▼❡❛♥ ❘❡✈❡rs✐♦♥
❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✲r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♣❤❡♥♦♠❡♥♦♥✿ ✉♥❧✐❦❡ ❛ st♦❝❦✱
✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ❛♣♣❡❛r t♦ ❜❡ ♣✉❧❧❡❞ ❜❛❝❦ t♦ s♦♠❡ ❧♦♥❣✲r✉♥ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ♦✈❡r
t✐♠❡✳ Pr❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✐t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ rt ✐s ❤✐❣❤✱ ♠❡❛♥ r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ t❡♥❞s t♦
❝❛✉s❡ ✐t t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❞r✐❢t❀ ✇❤❡♥ rt ✐s ❧♦✇✱ ♠❡❛♥ r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ t❡♥❞s t♦
❝❛✉s❡ ✐t t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❞r✐❢t✳
❚❤✐s ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❥✉st✐✜❡❞ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧❧②❀ ❜❛s✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✇❤❡♥ r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❤✐❣❤✱
t❤❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠② t❡♥❞s t♦ s❧♦✇ ❞♦✇♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❢✉♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜♦rr♦✇❡r
❞❡❝r❡❛s❡✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ r❛t❡s t❡♥❞ t♦ ❣♦ ❞♦✇♥✱ s♦ t❤❡ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❢♦r ❢✉♥❞ ❢r♦♠ ❜♦r✲
r♦✇❡rs ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ r❛t❡s t❡♥❞ t♦ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡✳
■♥ ❱❛s✐❝❡❦ ♠♦❞❡❧✱ t❤❡ s❤♦rt r❛t❡ t❡♥❞s t♦ ❣♦ t♦ b ❛t ❛ r❛t❡ a✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢
❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ ✐s t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ r❛t❡ a ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
❜✉t t♦ ❛❞❞ ❛ t✐♠❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❢❡❛t✉r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ ✈❛❧✉❡✿
θ(t)
a ✳
✶✹
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❍✉❧❧✲❲❤✐t❡ ▼♦❞❡❧
❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❛t✐♦♥s✱ t❤❡ ❍✉❧❧✲❲❤✐t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s
s❤♦rt t❡r♠ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ❛s✿
dr = [θ(t) − ar]dt + σdt
✭✶✳✾✮
✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛r❡ ❛s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s s❡❝t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ θ(t) ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣r❡ss❡❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ t❡r♠ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣
❛ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡✳ ❲❡ ❣❡t✿
θ(t) =
∂f (0, t)
σ2
+ af (0, t) + (1 − e−2at )
∂t
2a
❆ss✉♠✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❧❛st t❡r♠ ✐s ✈❡r② s♠❛❧❧ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s tr✉❡ ✐♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✮✱ t❤✐s
❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t t❤❡ s❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ rt ❢♦❧❧♦✇s t❤❡ s❧♦♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❲❤❡♥ ✐t ❞❡✈✐❛t❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s ❝✉r✈❡✱
✐t r❡✈❡rts ❜❛❝❦ t♦ a✱ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥✲r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✳
❇♦♥❞ ♣r✐❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❱❛s✐❝❡❦ ❬✾❪ ✐❞❡❛✳ ❋✐rst✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡
t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡r✐✜❡❞ ❜② ❛♥② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥t ❝❧❛✐♠ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥
❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ❜♦✉♥❞❛r✐❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ③❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞✳
❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ B(t, T ) ❛t t✐♠❡ t ♦❢ ❛ ❩✳❈✳ ❜♦♥❞ ♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t T ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❣✐✈❡♥
✉s✐♥❣ ✭✶✳✶✵✮ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ t❤❡ s❤♦rt r❛t❡ ❛t t✐♠❡ t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❩✳❈✳
❜♦♥❞ t♦❞❛② B(0, T ) ❛♥❞ B(0, t)✳
B(t, T ) = C(t, T ) exp−D(t,T )r(t)
✇❤❡r❡✱
D(t, T ) =
✭✶✳✶✵✮
1 − e−a(T −t)
a
❛♥❞✱
ln C(t, T ) = ln
B(0, T )
1
+ B(t, T )F (0, t) − 3 σ 2 (e−aT − eaT )2 (e2at − 1))
B(0, t)
4a
✶✺
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❲✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ✐♥ ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ♣r✐❝❡
❛♥② ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥t ❝❧❛✐♠✳
❚❤❡ ✐ss✉❡ ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② t❤❡ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠
✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ✐s ♥♦t ❛♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r②✱ s♦♠❡
③❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞s ❛r❡ tr❛❞❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ❧✐q✉✐❞ ✇❛② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❛r❡
♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ■t ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡❛s✐❡r t♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡s
♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❧✐❦❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r
▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✳
✶✳✷✳✷ ❍❡❛t❤ ❏❛rr♦✇ ❛♥❞ ▼♦rt♦♥ ❋r❛♠❡✇♦r❦
❚❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦s ✇❡ ❥✉st ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❛r❡ ❡❛s② t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡✱
✇❤❡♥ ✉s❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❝❛✉t✐♦♥✱ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r✐❝❡s ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ ❛❝t✐✈❡❧② tr❛❞❡❞ ✐♥str✉✲
♠❡♥ts ❧✐❦❡ ❝❛♣s ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦rs✳
❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤❡r❡ ❛r❡ ❧✐♠✐t❛t✐♦♥s t♦ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤✿ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❛
❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t ❛❞❛♣t t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡
t✐♠❡ ❛s t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡
♦♥❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛t t✳
■♥ ✶✾✾✷✱ ❍❡❛t❤✱ ❏❛rr♦✇ ❛♥❞ ▼♦rt♦♥ ♣✉❜❧✐s❤❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♣❛♣❡r ❬✶✶❪
t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ♥♦✲❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ♠✉st ❜❡ s❛t✐s✜❡❞ ❜② ❡✈❡r② ♠♦❞❡❧
♦❢ ②✐❡❧❞ ❝✉r✈❡✳
❚❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐❞❡❛ ✐s t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s✱ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧②
❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s f (t, T ) ✐♥st❡❛❞ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ r❛t❡ r✳ ❆t t✐♠❡
t✱ ❢♦r ❛ ♠❛t✉r✐t② T + dt✿
df (t, T ) = a(t, T )dt + γ(t, T ) · dWt ,
✭✶✳✶✶✮
✇❤❡r❡ a(t, T ) ❛♥❞ γ(t, T ) ❛r❡ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s ❛♥❞ Wt ✐s ❛ d✲
❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ ❛❝t✉❛❧ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②
P✳ ❚❤✐s r❛t❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞s t♦ t❤❡ r❛t❡ t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t ❢♦r ❛t t✐♠❡ t ♦♥ ❛ r✐s❦
✶✻
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❧❡ss ❧♦❛♥ t❤❛t ❜❡❣✐♥s ❛t ❞❛t❡ T ❛♥❞ ✐s r❡t✉r♥❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♥st❛♥t ❧❛t❡r✳✽
❚❤❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♥♦ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♠❛r❦❡t ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t a ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② γ ✳ ❚❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s t♦
✜♥❞ ♦✉t ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤✐s r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ♥♦ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s❧② ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞ ✇❛②
✭s❛♠❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss t❤❛t ❢♦r ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐♥❣ ✭✶✳✸✮✮ ✐s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❈♦✉♣♦♥
❜♦♥❞❀ ❜② ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡✿
Ft (T, T + δ) =
1
ln
δ
B(t, T )
B(t, T + δ)
❍❡♥❝❡ ✇❤❡♥ δ ❣♦❡s t♦ 0✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ f (t, T )✿
f (t, T ) = −
∂ln(B(t, T ))
∂T
✭✶✳✶✷✮
❚❤❡♥ ❜② ❛♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤❡ ■tô ❧❡♠♠❛ t♦ ✭✶✳✶✷✮ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✭✶✳✶✮
♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡t✿
df (t, T ) = σ B (t, T )
∂σ B (t, T )
∂σ B (t, T )
dt −
dWt
∂T
∂T
✭✶✳✶✸✮
❚❤✐s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❧✐♥❦ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥✲
st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ f (t, T )✳ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♥❣ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t ❛♥❞ T ✱
♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❜t❛✐♥✿
T
σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, t) =
t
∂σ B (t, τ )
dτ
∂τ
❲❡ s❡t σ B (t, t) = 0 ❛s ✐t s❡❡♠s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ ❛ ❩❡r♦ ❈♦✉♣♦♥
❜♦♥❞ ❛t ♠❛t✉r✐t② ✐s ♥✐❧✱ ❛♥❞✿
T
σ B (t, T ) =
t
✽
∂σ B (t, τ )
dτ
∂τ
✭✶✳✶✹✮
❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ✐s ❥✉st t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s r❛t❡ rt =
f (t, t)
✶✼
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡❧✐♠✐♥❛r✐❡s ♦❢ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ❢✉♥✲
❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❍❏▼ r❡s✉❧t✿
T
γ(t, τ )dτ
a(t, T ) = γ(t, T )
t
✭✶✳✶✺✮
❘❡♠❛r❦✿ ❚❤✐s r❡s✉❧t ✇❛s ♣r♦✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ ♦♥❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ❝❛s❡✳ ■t ✐s q✉✐❡t str❛✐❣❤t
❢♦r✇❛r❞ t♦ s❤♦✇ ✐t ✇✐t❤ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❢❛❝t♦rs✱ s❡❡ ❬✶✶❪✳ ■❢ ✇❡ s✉♣♣♦s❡
✐♥ ❛ r✐s❦ ♥❡✉tr❛❧ ✇♦r❧❞ ❛ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ s✉❝❤
t❤❛t✿
d
γ k (t, T )dWk
df (t, T ) = a(t, T )dt +
✭✶✳✶✻✮
k=1
✇✐t❤ t❤❡ γ k (t, T ) ❛r❡ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛❝t♦r Wk
✭■♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥s✮ ❧❡❢t ✉♥s♣❡❝✐✜❡❞ ❡①❝❡♣t ♦♥ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❜✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞
♠❡❛s✉r❛❜✐❧✐t② ✭q✉✐❡t ✇❡❛❦ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s✮ t❤❡♥ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡t✿
d
T
γ k (t, T )
a(t, T ) =
k=1
t
∂γ k (t, τ )
dτ
∂τ
✭✶✳✶✼✮
❚❤✐s ♥❡✇ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❡✈❡r② ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s✱ ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣
s❤♦rt✲t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧s ❧✐❦❡ t❤❡ ❍✉❧❧✲❲❤✐t❡ ♦♥❡ ✇❡ r❡✈✐❡✇❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳
❇✉t ✐t st✐❧❧ ❣✐✈❡s ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛♥ ✉♥♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✱ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛✲
♥❡♦✉s ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡✳
❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ t❤✐s ♥❡✇ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❣❛✈❡ ❛ ♥❡✇ ❛♥❣❧❡ ♦❢ st✉❞② ❛♥❞ ❇r❛❝❡✱
●❛t❛r❡❦ ❛♥❞ ▼✉s✐❡❧❛ ✐♥ ❬✶✷❪ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ ✐t t♦ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡✱ ✇❤✐❝❤
❛r❡ ❞✐r❡❝t❧② ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✱ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ s♦✲❝❛❧❧❡❞ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t
▼♦❞❡❧
✶✳✷✳✸ ❚❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ✐♥❞✉str② ❛♥❞ ✐s s✉❜✲
❥❡❝t t♦ ❛ ❧♦t ♦❢ r❡s❡❛r❝❤ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❜❛♥❦s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞ ❛s
✐t ✐s ❤❛r❞❡r t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t t❤❛♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt r❛t❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ t❡r♠ ♦❢ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✳
✶✽
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
●❡♥❡r❛❧ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❧❡
❆s t♦❧❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛s ✐♥♣✉ts t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠
t❤❡♠ ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❈♦✉♣♦♥s ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t
❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡
✐s ❞✐r❡❝t❧② t❛❦❡♥ ❢r♦♠ ❡q✉✐t② ♠❛r❦❡ts✿ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛r❡ ❧♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ s♦
t❤❛t ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣s r❛t❡s ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss✳
❖♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡
❝❡♥tr❛❧ ❧✐♠✐t t❤❡♦r❡♠ ❛s ✐t ✐s ❢♦r ❡q✉✐t② ♣r✐❝❡s ❜✉t ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡
♠❛r❦❡t q✉♦t❡s ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣s r❛t❡s ✉s✐♥❣ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥
❬✷❪✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❧♦❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤♦s❡ r❛t❡s ❛r✐s❡s ♥❛t✉r❛❧❧②✳
❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡s
■♥ ✶✾✾✼✱ ❇r❛❝❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ♣r♦♣♦s❡s ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s ❢♦❧❧♦✇ ❛ ❧♦❣
♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞✳ ◆❛♠❡❧②✱ ❢♦r ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ ♠❛✲
t✉r✐t② δ ✱ ✭t❤❡ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ❛r❡ ✸✱ ✻✱ ✾ ❛♥❞ ✶✷ ♠♦♥t❤s✮✱ t❤❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞
❢♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss {L(t, T ); t ≥ 0} ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜②
T +δ
1 + δL(t, T ) = exp
f (t, ν)dν
T
✭✶✳✶✽✮
❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛ ❧♦❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ s♣♦t ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ P∗ ✭❛♥❞ ❛ ♠❛r✲
t✐♥❣❛❧❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ ✐ts ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Pi ✮✿
dL(t, T ) = (. . .)dt + L(t, T )γ(t, T )dWt∗
✭✶✳✶✾✮
✇✐t❤ γ(t, T ) ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♣✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉♦✉s ❢♦❧✲
❧♦✇✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s t♦ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ●✐rs❛♥♦✈ t❤❡♦r❡♠✳
✶✾
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
▼❛✐♥ r❡s✉❧ts
✐✳ ❙❡t✉♣ ♦❢ ❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ②✐❡❧❞ ❝✉r✈❡ ❢♦r♠ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲■❇❖❘ ❘❛t❡
❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ ❏❛♠s❤✐❞✐❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❬✶✸❪ t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ ❤♦✇ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❜✉✐❧t
❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐t ✐s r❡❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞✳ ❲❡ ❛♣♣❧② t❤❡ ■t♦ ▲❡♠♠❛ t♦
t❤❡ ❡q✉❛❧✐t② s❤♦✇♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ✶✳✶✿
B(t, T )
B(t, T + δ)
B(t, T )B(t, T + δ)(m(t, T ) − m(t, T + δ))
δdL(t, T ) =
dt
B 2 (t, T + δ)
B(t, T )B(t, T + δ)(σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, T + δ))
dWt
+
B 2 (t, T + δ)
B(t, T )B(t, T + δ)(σ B (t, T + δ))2 − B(t, T )B(t, T + δ)σ B (t, T + δ)σ B (t, T )
+
dWt2
B 2 (t, T + δ)
1 + δL(t, T ) =
B(t, T ) (m(t, T ) − m(t, T + δ)) − σ B (t, T + δ)(σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, T + δ))
dL(t, T ) =
+
dt
δB(t, T + δ)
B(t, T )(σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, T + δ))
dWt
δB(t, T + δ)
❘❡✲♦r❣❛♥✐③✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✜♥❞ t❤❛t✿
dL(t, T ) = µ(t, T )dt + γ(t, T )L(t, T )dWt
✭✶✳✷✵✮
✇❤❡r❡✿
µ(t, T ) =
B(t, T )
m(t, T ) − m(t, T + δ) − γ(t, T )L(t, T )σ B (t, T + δ)
δB(t, T + δ)
❛♥❞
γ(t, T )L(t, T ) =
B(t, T )
(σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, T + δ))
σ B (t, T + δ)
✇❤✐❝❤ ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❢✉♥❞❛♠❡♥t❛❧ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥
(σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, T + δ)) =
δL(t, T )γ(t, T )
1 + δL(t, T )
✭✶✳✷✶✮
✷✵
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❇r❛❝❡✱ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✐❞❡♥t✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✭✶✳✷✶✮ ✐s
❛❝t✉❛❧❧② ❛ r❡❝✉rr❡♥❝❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ σ B (t, T )✿
j
σ B (t, t ))−σ B (t, T +(j+1)δ) =
k= δ −1 t
(δL(t, t + kδ))
γ(t, t+kδ) ✭✶✳✷✷✮
1 + δL(t, t + kδ)
✇❤❡r❡ δ −1 t ✐s t❤❡ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✐♥t❡❣❡r✳
■❢ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❡ ❙♣♦t ▲✐❜♦r ▼❡❛s✉r❡ P∗ ✐s ❡q✉✐✈❛❧❡♥t t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ♠❡❛s✉r❡
P✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❡ ❡①✐st❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ht ✱ s♦♠❡ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ t❤❡ ❘❛❞♦♥
◆②❦♦❞②♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿
dWt = dWt∗ + ht dt
❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ■t♦ ▲❡♠♠❛✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❤♦✇
t❤❛t✿
m(t, T ) − m(t, t )
= σ B (t, t ) − ht
(σ B (t, T ) − σ B (t, t ))
❈♦♠❜✐♥✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✶✳✷✶ ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥✿
B(t, T )
m(t, T ) − m(t, T + δ) = γ(t, T )L(t, T ) · σ B (t, t ) − ht
δB(t, T + δ)
❙♦ ✇❡ ✜♥❛❧❧② ❣❡t t♦✿
σ B (t, t ) − σ B (t, T + δ) − ht dt + dWt
dL(t, T ) = γ(t, T )L(t, T )
▼♦r❡ ❡①❤❛✉st✐✈❡❧②✿
j
dL(t, T ) = γ(t, T )L(t, T )
k= δ −1 t
(δL(t, t + kδ))
γ(t, t+kδ) dt+L(t, T )γ(t, T )dWt∗
1 + δL(t, t + kδ)
✭✶✳✷✸✮
❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✜♥✐s❤❡s t❤❡ s❡t✉♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ②✐❡❧❞ ❝✉r✈❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ❛s ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡
δ−▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss✱ t❤❡ ③❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✐♥ ✭✶✳✷✷✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡
❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❝✉r✈❡ t♦❞❛②✳ ❲❤❛t s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ ✐s t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✇♦r❦❡❞ t❤❡
✷✶
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
♦t❤❡r ✇❛② t❤❛t t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r s❤♦rt t❡r♠ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧✿ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞
r❛t❡s ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛t t✐♠❡ 0 ✭t❤❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❛❜❧❡s ✮ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡ ②✐❡❧❞ ❝✉r✈❡
❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡✲❢r❡❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❍❏▼ r❡s✉❧t ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥
✶✳✷✳✷✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ③❡r♦✲❝♦✉♣♦♥ ✐s ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝✳
❘❡♠❛r❦ ✶✿ ❇r❛❝❡ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✭✶✾✾✼✮ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ ✇✐t❤ ❞❡t❛✐❧s t❤❛t t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥
t♦ t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❡①✐sts ❛♥❞ ✐s ✉♥✐q✉❡✳
❘❡♠❛r❦ ✷✿ ❚❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ r❡s♣❡❝ts t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥ r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❜❡❤❛✈✲
✐♦r ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛s ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇❡❧❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♦♥ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧
st✉❞✐❡s ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ ✐♥ ❬✶✷❪✳
❘❡♠❛r❦ ✸✿ ❚❤✐s ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✐s ✈❡r② ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✇❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❜② ❏❛♠s❤✐❞✲
✐❛♥ ✐♥ ❬✶✸❪ ❛s ✐t ♣❡r♠✐ts t♦ ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧❧② t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✇✐t❤ ♦♥❧② ♦♥❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ♦♥❡s✳ ❚❤✐s
✐s t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✳
✐✐✳ ❊①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s ✉♥❞❡r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♥✉✲
♠❡r❛✐r❡s ✭❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✮ ❊✈❡♥ ✐❢ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ❢♦r ❝♦♠✲
♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ t❤❡s❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ❣✐✈❡ s❡♥s❡ t♦ ✇❤❛t ✐s ❜❡❤✐♥❞ t❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r
▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✳
❲✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦ss ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❢♦r s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦
❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❢r♦♠ ♥♦✇ ❛ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ δ ▲✐❜♦r ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s {L(t, Tk ), t ≤ 0}n ✇❤✐❝❤
♠❛t✉r❡s ❛t {Tk }n ✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❞❡♥♦t❡ ❜② Lk (t) t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡ s✉❝❤ t❤❛t✿
Lk (t) = L(t, Tk − δ)
✭✶✳✷✹✮
❲✐t❤ t❤❡ ♥❡✇ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s Li (t) t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥
✐♥ t❤❡ s♣♦t ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s✿
Tk
Lk (t)
j=1
δLj (t)(γk (t) γj (t))
dt + Lk (t)γk (t)dWt∗
1 + δLj (t)
✭✶✳✷✺✮
✷✷
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Pk ✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛t✉r✐t② Tk ✱
❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ B( , Tk )✱ t❤❡ ❩❡r♦ ❝♦✉♣♦♥ ❜♦♥❞ ♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t Tk ✳
❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② t❤❛t✿
Lk (t)B(t, Tk ) =
B(t, Tk−1 ) − B(t, Tk )
δ
✭✶✳✷✻✮
❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ r❡♣❧✐❝❛t❡ Lk (t)B(t, Tk ) ❜② ❜✉②✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❡❧❧✲
✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❜♦♥❞s B(t, Tk−1 ) ❛♥❞ B(t, Tk )✳ ❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❛ss❡t
Lk (t)B(t, Tk ) ❞✐✈✐❞❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ B( , Tk ) ✐s ❛ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ✉♥❞❡r Pk ❛♥❞
✐s ❛s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t Lk (t)✳ ❙♦ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡✿
dLk (t) = Lk (t)γk (t)dWtk ,
t ≤ Tk−1
✭✶✳✷✼✮
❋♦r t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❝❛s❡s ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss Lk (t) ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Pi ✱ ✇❡
❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ✉s❡ ●✐rs❛♥♦✈ tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r Pk t♦ Pi ✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t
❝❛s❡ i < k ❛s t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ i > k ✐s ❛♥❛❧♦❣♦✉s✳
❲❡ ♣r♦❝❡❡❞ ❜② r❡❝✉rr❡♥❝❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❘❛❞♦♥ ◆✐❦♦❞②♠ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡
❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ ❢r♦♠ Pk t♦ Pk−1 ✐s✿
R=
∂Pk−1
B(t, Tk−1 ) B(Tk−1 , Tk )
=
B(t, Tk ) B(Tk−1 , Tk−1 )
∂Pk
✭✶✳✷✽✮
❆❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ ●✐rs❛♥♦✈ t❤❡♦r❡♠ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t R ✐s ❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡
✉♥❞❡r Pk s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✐t ❡①✐sts φ ❛ r❡❣✉❧❛r ♣r♦❝❡ss✾ s♦✿
dR
= φ dWtk
R
✇❤❡r❡ dWtk = dWtk−1 + φ dt
✾
❘❡❣✉❧❛r ❤❡r❡ ♠❡❛♥s s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥s ✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ L2
✷✸
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❲❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss φ
B(t,T
)
d( B(t,Tk−1) )
dR
d(1 + δLk (t))
= B(t,T k ) =
k−1
R
1 + δLk (t)
B(t,Tk )
=
δdLk (t)
γk (t)Lk (t)
=
dWtk
1 + δLk (t)
1 + δLk (t)
❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✇❤❡♥ ❛ss❡♠❜❧✐♥❣ t❤❡ t✇♦ s✐❞❡s✱
dWtk = dWtk−1 +
γk (t)Lk (t)
dt
1 + δLk (t)
✭✶✳✷✾✮
❆♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t❤✐♥❣ t♦ r❡♠✐♥❞ ✐s t❤❛t ✐♥ ❛ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ d ❢❛❝t♦rs✱ dWt ✐s ❛
d✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ γk (t) ✐s ❛ d✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥ ✈❡❝t♦r✳
❇② r❡❝✉rr❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s❧② ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♦❢ t❤❡ k✲t❤ ❢♦r✇❛r❞
r❛t❡ ✉♥❞❡r ♠❡❛s✉r❡ i✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ s✉♠♠✐♥❣ ✉♣ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥s ♦❢ Lk (t)
✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Pi ✿
δL (t)(γk (t) γj (t))
dt + Lk (t)γk (t)dWtk ,
i < k, t ≤ Ti ;
Lk (t) kj=i+1 j 1+δL
j (t)
dLk (t) =
i = k, t ≤ Tk−1 ;
Lk (t)γk (t)dWti ,
δLj (t)(γk (t) γj (t))
−Lk (t) k
dt + Lk (t)γk (t)dWtk , i < k, t ≤ Tk−1 ;
j=i+1
1+δLj (t)
✭✶✳✸✵✮
✇✐t❤ W i t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ d✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❲✐❡♥❡r ♣r♦❝❡ss ✉♥❞❡r Pi ✳
❆❧❧ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s ✐s t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥
s❡❡ ❛r✐s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤♦s❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s✿
d
γi (t) γj (t) =
(γi )k (γj )k
k=1
γi (t) γj (t) = ρij γi
✇❤❛t ✇❡ ♥♦t❡ = ρij σi σj
γj
✷✹
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❲✐t❤ ρij t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ i✲t❤ ❛♥❞ j ✲t❤ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡✳
❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ st✉❞② ✐♥ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✷ t❤♦s❡ t✇♦ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥ts σi ❛♥❞ ρi ✳
✶✳✷✳✹ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧ s✉♠♠❛r②
❚❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤♦s❡ ✐♥♣✉t ❛r❡✿
❼ ❆ s❡t ♦❢ ❜♦♥❞ ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s {Ti }n
❼ ❚❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛t t✐♠❡ ③❡r♦ L1 (0), . . . , Ln (0)
❼ ❚❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s γi ( ) ❢♦r i − 1, . . . , n
❚❤❡ γi ( ) ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇●▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ t❤♦s❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❝❛❧✐✲
❜r❛t❡❞ s♦ t❤❛t ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ r❡✢❡❝ts ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ♦❢ ❛ss❡ts tr❛❞❡❞ ❛❝t✐✈❡❧②
✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡ts✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷✳
✶✳✸
Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ❱❛♥✐❧❧❛ ❉❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s
❱❛♥✐❧❧❛ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♠♦st ❧✐q✉✐❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡♠ ✈❡r② ❡✣❝✐❡♥t t♦
tr❛❝❦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ♠❛r❦❡ts✳ ❖♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr❛r② ♦❢ t❤❡
❙✇❛♣s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s ✐♥ ✶✳✶✳✺ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r✐❝❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ✉s❡
t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ✇❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳
✶✳✸✳✶ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s✿ ❝❛♣ ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦r
▲❡t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ r❛t❡ ♥♦t❡ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ✐s r❡s❡t ❡q✉❛❧ t♦
▲■❇❖❘ ♣❡r✐♦❞✐❝❛❧❧② ✭✉s✉❛❧❧② ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ t❡♥♦r ♦❢ ✸ ♠♦♥t❤s✮✳ ❚♦ ♣r♦t❡❝t ❤✐♠s❡❧❢
❛❣❛✐♥st t❤❡ r✐s❡ ♦❢ ▲■❇❖❘✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡st♦r ❝❛♥ ❜✉② ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❝❛♣ s♦ t❤❛t
t❤❡ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣✲r❛t❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r❛✐s❡ ❛❜♦✈❡ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ ❧❡✈❡❧✿ t❤❡ ❝❛♣ r❛t❡✳
■♥ ❛ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❝❛♣✱ s❡tt❧❡❞ ✐♥ ❛rr❡❛rs ❛t t✐♠❡ Tj , j = 1 . . . n✱ t❤❡ ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s
❛r❡ (Lj (Tj ) − κ)+ δ ♣❛✐❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ Tj+1 ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♥♦t✐♦♥❛❧ 1✳ ❚❤❡ r✉❧❡ ♦❢ ♥♦
✷✺
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❞✐s❝♦✉♥t ❢❛❝t♦rs B(t, Tj+1 ) ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣✿
n−1
B(t, Tj+1 )Ej+1 [(Lj (Tj ) − κ)+ δ]
capt =
✭✶✳✸✶✮
j=0
✇❤❡r❡ ❤❡r❡ Ej+1 ✐s t❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Pj+1 ❛s ✇❡
❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐t ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✶✳✶✳✻✳ ❚❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✭✶✳✸✶✮ ♣❡r♠✐ts t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ❝❛♣ ❛s
❛ ♣♦rt❢♦❧✐♦ ♦❢ n ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛❧s♦ ❦♥♦✇♥ ❛s ❝❛♣❧❡ts✿ t❤❡ ❡❧❡♠❡♥t❛r②
❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇ (Lj (Tj ) − κ)+ δ ✐s t❤❡ ♣❛② ♦✛ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❛❧❧ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ r❛t❡
♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ✐♥ ❛rr❡❛rs ❛t t✐♠❡ Tj ❛♥❞ s❡tt❧❡❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ Tj+1 ✳
❙✐♠✐❧❛r❧②✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡✜♥❡ ❛ ✢♦♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛♥ ✐♥s✉r❛♥❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡
✢♦❛t✐♥❣ r❛t❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❢❛❧❧ ✉♥❞❡r t❤❡ ✢♦♦r r❛t❡ t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞✳ ❚❤❡ ✢♦♦r❧❡t ✐s ❛
♣✉t ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ r❛t❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ Tj ❛♥❞ s❡tt❧❡❞ ❛t t✐♠❡ Tj+1 ✳
Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ✇✐t❤ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛
❯s✐♥❣ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✐♥ ❬✷❪ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❛♣❧❡t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞✳
❲❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧❧② ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ ✉♥❞❡r s♦♠❡
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Q ✶✵ ❛♥❞ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② σ > 0✳
✭✶✳✸✷✮
dLi (t) = Li (t)σdWt
❚❤✐s st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② ❜❡ s♦❧✈❡❞✿
1
Li (t) = Li (0) exp(σWt − 2 σ
2 t2 )
,
∀t ∈ [0, Ti ],
✭✶✳✸✸✮
❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛❧ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❜②✿
Li (0) =
✶✵
1
δ
B(0, T )
−1
B(t, T )
◆♦ ❢♦r♠❛❧ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ r❡❢❡r t♦ Q ❛s t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t
♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t②
✷✻
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❚❤❡ ♣❛②♦✛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡t ✇✐t❤ str✐❦❡ κ ❛t t✐♠❡ Ti ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ r❛t❡ Li (Ti )
♦♥ ❛ ♥♦t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛♠♦✉♥t 1 ✐s✿
1δ max (Li (Ti ) − κ, 0),
❚❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝❛♣❧❡t ❛t t✐♠❡ t ✐s✿
CapletBl (t) = δB(t, Ti+1 )EQ (Li (Ti ) − κ)+ |Ft
❯s✐♥❣ ❇❧❛❝❦✲❙❝❤♦❧❡s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✇❡ ❣❡t✱ ∀t ∈ [0, Ti ]✱
CapletBl (t) = 1δB(t, Ti+1 )[Li (t)N (d1 (t, Ti )) − κN (d2 (t, Ti ))],
✇✐t❤✱
d1 =
ln(Li (t)/κ) + σ 2 (Ti2−t)
√
σ Ti − t
d2 = d1 − σ
✭✶✳✸✺✮
✭✶✳✸✻✮
Ti − t
✇❤❡r❡ N : R → [0, 1] ✐s t❤❡ st❛♥❞❛r❞ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✿ N (x) =
✭✶✳✸✹✮
√1
2
2
x
− z2
−∞ e
❋♦r ❛ ❝❛♣✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡t✿
n−1
CapBl (t) =
δB(t, Tj+1 ) Lj (t)N (d1 (t, Tj )) − κN (d2 (t, Tj ))
✭✶✳✸✼✮
j=0
❚❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r σ ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② r❡❢❡rr❡❞ t♦ ❛s t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ Li ✳ ❈❛♣s
❛r❡ q✉♦t❡❞ ❢♦r ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐✈❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ❜② t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❢♦r ❛ str✐❦❡ ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡
❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❢❛♠♦✉s ❛t t❤❡ ▼♦♥❡② ❇❧❛❝❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✳
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ✢♦♦r ♣r✐❝❡ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝❛♣✲✢♦♦r ♣❛r✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥
❜❡ s❤♦✇♥ str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ✇r✐t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❛♣ ❛♥❞ ✢♦♦r ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡
dz ✳
✷✼
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
♥♦✲❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ♣r♦♣❡rt②✿
n
Cap(t) − F loor(t) =
(B(t, Ti )[Li (t) − κ])
✭✶✳✸✽✮
i=0
Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❲❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ ▼✐❧t❡rs❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳ ✐♥ ❬✶✺❪✳ ❆s s❡❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡
♣❧❛❝❡ ♦✉rs❡❧✈❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡ Pi ✳ ❯♥❞❡r t❤✐s ♠❡❛s✉r❡ t❤❡ i✲t❤
▲✐❜♦r ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ✐s ❛ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡✿
dLi (t) = Li (t)γi (t) dWti ,
✭✶✳✸✾✮
t ≤ Ti
❲❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ ❛♥ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❡q✉❛✲
t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❡❝❦ ❜② t❤❡ ■t♦ ▲❡♠♠❛ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ✐s s♦❧✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤✐s ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥✿
Li (t) = Li (0)e
Ti
t
γi (s) dWsi − 21
Ti
t
γi (s)
2 ds
,
t ≤ Ti ,
✭✶✳✹✵✮
❍❡♥❝❡ Li (Ti ) ✐s ❛ ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡ ✉♥❞❡r ✐ts ♠❡❛s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♥♦ ❛r❜✐✲
tr❛❣❡ r✉❧❡✿
CapletLM M (t) = δB(t, Ti+1 )Ei+1 (Li (Ti ) − κ)+ |Ft
= δB(t, Ti+1 )Ei+1 Li (Ti )1D |Ft − κδB(t, Ti+1 )P rob(D|Ft )
= δB(t, Ti+1 )(I1 − I2 ),
✇❤❡r❡ D = {Li (Ti ) > κ} ✐s t❤❡ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡ s❡t✳
❋✉rt❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ γi ✐s ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ❧❛✇ ✉♥❞❡r
Ei ♦❢ ✐ts ■t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ✐s ●❛✉ss✐❛♥ ✇✐t❤ ♠❡❛♥ 0 ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ζi (t)✿
Ti
ζi (t) =
t
γi (s) 2 ds
✷✽
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
❙♦ ✇❡ ❣❡t✿
ln(Li (t)) − ln κ − 12 ζi2 (t)
ζi (t)
I2 = κN
✭✶✳✹✶✮
❚❤❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s s✐♠✐❧❛r ❢♦r I2 ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✐t✿
I1 = Li (t)N
ln(Li (t)) − ln κ + 12 ζi2 (t)
ζi (t)
✭✶✳✹✷✮
❋✐♥❛❧❧② s✉♠♠✐♥❣ ❡✈❡r②t❤✐♥❣ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞ ❡✈❡r② ❝❛♣❧❡ts t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡
❝❛♣ ♣r✐❝❡✿
n−1
CapLM M (t) =
δB(t, Ti+1 ) Li (t)N (d1(t) − κN (d2(t))
i=0
✇✐t❤ d1,2 (t) =
ln(Li (t)) − ln κ ± 21 ζi2 (t)
ζi (t)
❛♥❞
Ti
ζi2 (t) =
γi (s) 2 ds
t
❘❡♠✐♥❞✐♥❣ ✭✶✳✸✹✮ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡✜♥❡ σnBlack,LM M t❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢
❝❛♣❧❡t ♣r✐❝❡❞ ❜② ▲▼▼✳
σiBlack,LM M =
1
Tn
Ti
γi (s) 2 ds
0
✭✶✳✹✸✮
❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❇●▼ ❝❛♣❧❡t ❝❛♥ ❛❧s♦ ❜❡ q✉♦t❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ✐ts ❇❧❛❝❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ✇❛② ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛r❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② q✉♦t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡②
r❛t❡✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✇❡ s❡❡ ✇❡❧❧ ✇❤② t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❛✉t♦
❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛s ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♥♦t ❞♦♥❡ ❛♥② ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥
✐♥ t❤✐s ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥✳
❋❧♦♦r ♣r✐❝❡s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝❛♣✲✢♦♦r ♣❛r✐t② ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✇♥
♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ✐♥ ✶✳✸✽✳
✷✾
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✶✳✸✳✷ ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥s
❆s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ♥♦✇ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡r✐✈❡ ❛♥❛❧②t✐❝❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ t♦
♣r✐❝❡ ❛ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥✱ ✐✳❡✳ ❛ ❝♦♥tr❛❝t ✇❤❡r❡ ②♦✉ ♣❛② ❛ ♣r❡♠✐✉♠ t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♦♥
t♦ ❡♥t❡r ❛ s✇❛♣ ♦❢ ❛ ❝❡rt❛✐♥ t❡♥♦r ❛t ♠❛t✉r✐t② ✇❤❡r❡ ②♦✉ ♣❛② ❛ ♣r❡✲♥❡❣♦t✐❛t❡❞
✜①❡❞ r❛t❡ ✭t❤❡ str✐❦❡✮ ❛❣❛✐♥st ❛ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✳
❇❧❛❝❦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛
❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❤♦✇ t♦ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ Sp,q ✳ ❚❤✉s✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✲
✐♥❣ t♦ ❞❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ✇❛② ❛s ❢♦r ❝❛♣❧❡ts✿ t❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s ✇❡
❛ss✉♠❡ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✲
✐t② σ ✳ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❢✉t✉r❡ ❝❛s❤✲✢♦✇s ♦♥ ❛ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❛t Tp ✇✐t❤
✜①❡❞ r❛t❡ Sp,q (Tp ) t♦ t❤♦s❡ ♦❢ ❛ s✇❛♣ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❛t Tp ✇✐t❤ ✜①❡❞ r❛t❡ κ✱ ✇❡
❝❛♥ s❤♦✇ t❤❡ ♣❛②♦✛ ♦❢ ❛ ♣❛②❡r s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ ❛ ✉♥✐t❛r② ♥♦t✐♦♥❛❧ ❛s ❛ s❡r✐❡s ♦❢
❝❛♣❧❡t ♣❛②♦✛s ♣❛✐❞ ❧❛t❡r ✿
q
[max(Sp,q (Tp ) − κ)
✭✶✳✹✹✮
i=p+1
❍❡♥❝❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥♦✲❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ♣r♦❜❛❜✐❧✐t② ♠❡❛✲
s✉r❡ ❛❧r❡❛❞② ♠❡♥t✐♦♥❡❞ Q ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡✿
q
SwaptionBl
p,q (t)
B(0, Ti )EQ (Sp,q (Tp ) − κ)+ |Ft
=
✭✶✳✹✺✮
i=p+1
❍❡♥❝❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ ✶✳✸✼ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞ t♦ ❛ ❞❡❧❛②❡❞ ♣❛②♦✛ ✭❢r♦♠ Tp
t♦ T − i✮ ❛♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡t✿
q
SwaptionBl
p,q (t)
B(0, Ti )[(Sp,q (t)N (d1 ) − κN (d2 )]
=
i=p+1
✭✶✳✹✻✮
✸✵
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✇✐t❤
d1 =
ln((Sp,q (t)/κ) + σ 2 (Ti2−t)
(Tp − t)
σ
d2 = d1 − σ
Tp − t
❋✐♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❛❧s♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❤❡r❡ ❛ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✇❤✐❝❤ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ ✉s❡❞ ❧❛t❡r
t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ ♣r✐❝❡ t♦ t❤♦s❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✳ ■ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❧✐❦❡ t♦ ❡♠♣❤❛s✐③❡ t❤❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡
▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✳
Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✲ ❙✇❛♣ ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
■♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛♥ ❡①❛❝t ❝❧♦s❡❞
❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✐s t❤❡ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✷✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣
t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛s t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ❜✉t ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ t❤❛t
❋♦r✇❛r❞ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧✿ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ❝❛❧❧❡❞ t❤❡ ❙✇❛♣ ▼❛r❦❡t
▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❙❡❡ ❬✶✸❪ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❍❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥ ❡①❛❝t ♣r✐❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❛s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ✐♥ ▲▼▼✳ ❲✐t❤
str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s✿
q
M
SwaptionSM
(t)
p,q
B(t, Ti )[Sp,q (t)N (d1 ) − κN (d2 )]
=
i=p+1
✇✐t❤
d1,2 (t, Ti ) =
ln((Sp,q (t)/κ) ± 21 ζ 2 (t, Ti )
ζ(t, Ti )
❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ζ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛s✿
Ti
ζ 2 (t, Ti ) =
t
νi (s) 2 ds
✭✶✳✹✼✮
✸✶
■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s
✇❤❡r❡ νi ✐s t❤❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✭✇❡❧❧ ❛❞❛♣t❡❞✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ s✇❛♣
r❛t❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ s✇❛♣ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✳
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✷
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r
▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✷✳✶
❚❤❡ s❡tt✐♥❣s✿ ▼❛✐♥ ♣✉r♣♦s❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥
❇❡❢♦r❡ st❛rt✐♥❣ ❛ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✱ ❛ ❧✐st ♦❢ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝ts s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ❣✐✈❡♥✳ ❆
❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡✐t❤❡r ❛ ❝❛♣❧❡t ♣r✐❝❡✱ ❛ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦r ❛
s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡✳ ❊❛❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡♥tr✐❡s ✐♥ t❤✐s ❧✐st r❡q✉✐r❡s ❛ ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ♦❜❥❡❝t ✐ts❡❧❢ ✲ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ❢♦r ❛ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥✿ ✇❤✐❝❤ t❡♥♦r ♣❡r✐♦❞ t❤❡
s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✐s ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t t❤❡ ❡①♣✐r② ❞❛t❡ ✐s ✲ ❛♥❞ ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡
♠❛r❦❡t ✈❛❧✉❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧✐q✉✐❞ tr❛❞❡❞ s❡❝✉r✐t✐❡s ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✳
◆♦t❡ t❤❛t ❝❛♣❧❡t ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s ❛r❡ q✉♦t❡❞ ❤❡r❡ ✐♥ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐✲
t✐❡s✳ ❙❛② ❛ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ❤❛s ▼ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝ts✱ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛r❦❡t ✈❛❧✉❡s xTk raded , k =
1, . . . , M ✳ ●✐✈❡♥ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ ✐t ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✈❛❧✲
✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ M ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❜❥❡❝ts ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ♣❛rt✳
odel , k = 1, . . . , M ✳ ❚❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❧❡❛❞ ✉s t♦
❚❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ ②✐❡❧❞ ▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✈❛❧✉❡s xM
k
odel ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤ts M ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❡rr♦rs ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ k✲t❤ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✈❛❧✉❡ xM
k
♠❛r❦❡t ✈❛❧✉❡ xTk raded ✳
❆s ❛ ❜♦tt♦♠ ❧✐♥❡✱ ✇❡ ❛❞❞ ❡✈❡r② ❡rr♦rs t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❤♦✇ ❢❛r ♦✉r ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs
❢♦r t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛r❡ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ✈❛❧✉❡✳ ❚❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❝♦♥s✐sts
✸✸
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✐♥ t❤❡ ♠✐♥✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❡rr♦r ♦✈❡r t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs s♦ ❛s t♦ ❣❡t t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧
t♦ r❡s❡♠❜❧❡ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛s ❝❧♦s❡ ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳ ❲❤❛t ✇❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ s✉♠ ✉♣ ❜②✿
M
odel
Errork (xM
(param); xTk raded )
k
min
param
✭✷✳✶✮
k=1
■♥ t❤✐s ♣❛rt✱ ✇❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ♦❢ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t
▼♦❞❡❧✳ ❇② ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✇❡ ♠❡❛♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✭t❤❡
✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ s♦
❛s t♦ ♠❛t❝❤ ❛s ❝❧♦s❡❧② ❛s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ♣r✐❝❡s ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❛♥❞ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞
♣r✐❝❡s ♦❢ ❛❝t✐✈❡❧② tr❛❞❡❞ s❡❝✉r✐t✐❡s✿ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✳
■t ✐s ✈❡r② ❡❛s② t♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❇●▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❝❛♣❧❡t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛s ✐t ✐s
❛❧♠♦st str❛✐❣❤t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡❞ t❤❡ ❧♦❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r✲
❧②✐♥❣ ✭❚❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s✮✳ ❇✉t ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐♥✈♦❧✈✐♥❣ s✇❛♣
♣r✐❝❡s✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ ✐t ❛❧s♦ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✇❛♣
r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧ ✐❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛r❡✳
❋✐rst ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ t❛❦❡ ❝❛r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s t❤❛t
✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧②✿ ❛ss✉♠✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ❝r❡❛t❡❞ t❤✐s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✳
❉✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❢♦r t❤✐s✳
❚♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ❝♦rr❡❝t❧② ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✇♦r❦ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s♦❧❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ ✭❚❤❡ s♣♦t
♠❡❛s✉r❡✮ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s
❛♥❞ ❝❤❛♥❣❡s t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♠♣❛❝t ♦✉r st✉❞②✮ ❚❤✐s ✇✐❧❧ ❧❡❛❞ ✉s
t♦ t❤❡ ❞❡❜❛t❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❞❛t❛✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❤♦✇ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t
s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❧❛st
s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐❢ ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ❝❤♦♦s❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ♦r ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❞❛t❛ ❛s ✐♥♣✉ts✳
■♥ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ d✲❢❛❝t♦rs ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞
❜②✿
d
γik (t)dWtk
dLi (t) = µi (t)dt +
k=1
✭✷✳✷✮
✸✹
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✇❤❡r❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ Wtk ❛r❡ ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ γik ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳
❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✿
d
bik dWtk
γi dWt = σi
✭✷✳✸✮
k=1
❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛r✐s❡s✿
γi γj = σi σj ρij
d
= σi σj
bik bkj
k=1
✇❤❡r❡ bi ❛r❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡❝t♦rs ✐♥ (R+ )d ❛♥❞ γk : [0, Tk−1 ] → (R+ )d ✳
❖♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤✐s✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts
d
b2ik = 1
✭✷✳✹✮
k=1
❚❤✐s ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥ ❤❛s t❤❡ ❤✉❣❡ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ t♦ ❞✐st✐♥❣✉✐s❤ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞
t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤❡♥ ❛ s❡♣❛r❛t❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✇❤❡r❡
σi ✇✐❧❧ ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ✭❙❡❡ ❬✶✷❪✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ (bik ✇✐❧❧
✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡✳
✷✳✷
❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
❆s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ s❤❛♣❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✲
✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s✳ ❚♦ ❝❧❛r✐❢②✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ✜❧❧ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐① ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✷✳✶✳
❲❡ ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥s ❢♦r t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡
✇✐t❤ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s✳
✷✳✷✳✶ ❚♦t❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡
❆ ✜rst s✐♠♣❧❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t♦ ❝❤♦♦s❡ ❛ t♦t❛❧ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣
t❤❛t ❡❛❝❤ σij ✐s ✐♥❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t ❛♥❞ ✜t t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐① t♦ ❜♦t❤ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣✲
✸✺
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
■♥st❛♥t✳ ❱♦❧ t ∈ (T0 , T1 ] (T1 , T2 ] (T2 , T3 ] · · ·
L1 (t)
σ1,1
❞❡❛❞
···
···
L2 (t)
σ2,1
σ2,2
❞❡❛❞
···
L3 (t)
σ3,1
σ3,2
σ3,3
···
✳✳
✳
Li (t)
✳✳
✳
LM (t)
✳✳
✳
σi,1
✳✳
✳
σM,1
✳✳
✳
σi,2
✳✳
✳
σM,2
✳✳
✳
···
σi,3
···
σM,3
···
···
✳✳
✳
(TM −1 , TM ]
❞❡❛❞
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
❞❡❛❞
σM,M
❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳✶✿ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡
t✐♦♥s✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r ❛s ✐t ✐s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✼❪ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡s ♥✉♠❡r♦✉s ✐ss✉❡s
✐♥❝❧✉❞✐♥❣ ♦✈❡r✲♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤♦✉❣❤✱ t❤❡ s②st❡♠ ♦♥❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ♥✉♠✲
❜❡r ♦❢ ❞❡❣r❡❡ ♦❢ ❢r❡❡❞♦♠ ❛♥❞ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥❡❞ ❡✈❡r②✇❤❡r❡✳ ❚❤❛t ✐s ✇❤②
✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ s❡♠✐ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡✳
✷✳✷✳✷ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ P✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡✲❈♦♥st❛♥t P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥
❆ ✈❡r② ✉s❡❞ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥❧② ♦♥
t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♠❛t✉r✐t②✳ ❋♦r ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ ♣✉r♣♦s❡s✱ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❢♦r❝❡ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t♦
❜❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♦♥ ❡❛❝❤ t✐♠❡ ❜✉❝❦❡t✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡✿
σi (t) = σ(Ti − t) = ηi−k ,
t = [Tk ; Tk+1 ]
❋✐♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♦r❣❛♥✐③❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❛ ♠❛tr✐① ❛s ❢♦❧❧♦✇s✿ ❲❡
❝❛♥ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✱ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ✐ss✉❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s
str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s t❤❛t ✐t ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛❧❧♦✇ ❛ s✐♠✉❧t❛♥❡♦✉s ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜♦t❤ ❝❛♣❧❡ts
❛♥❞ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ❜✉t ♦♥❧② ❢♦r ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡♠ ✭✐♥ ▲▼▼✱ ✐t ✐s ♦♥ ❝❛♣❧❡ts✮✳
❙❡❡ ❬✶✾❪ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧s ❛❜♦✉t ✐t✳
✸✻
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
■♥st❛♥t✳ ❱♦❧ t ∈ (T0 , T1 ] (T1 , T2 ] (T2 , T3 ] · · ·
L1 (t)
η1
❞❡❛❞
···
···
L2 (t)
η2
η1
❞❡❛❞
···
L3 (t)
η3
η2
η1
···
✳✳
✳
Li (t)
✳✳
✳
LM (t)
✳✳
✳
ηi
✳✳
✳
ηM
✳✳
✳
ηi−1
✳✳
✳
ηM −1
✳✳
✳
❞❡❛❞
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
···
ηi−2
···
ηM −2
···
···
✳✳
✳
(TM −1 , TM ]
❞❡❛❞
η1
❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳✷✿ P✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡✲❝♦♥st❛♥t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡
✷✳✷✳✸ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❤❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ ♠♦r❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ♦♥❡ ♠♦r❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡✲
t❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❦❡❡♣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ t❤❛t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❞❡♣❡♥❞s
♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♠❛t✉r✐t②✳ ❆s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t ❞♦✐♥❣ t❤✐s ✇❡ ❡♥r✐❝❤ t❤❡
str✉❝t✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r♠✐ts ❛ ❜❡tt❡r ✜t ✇✐t❤ ♠❛r❦❡t ♣r✐❝❡s ✭♦♥ ❜♦t❤ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞
s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✮ t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♦♥❡ ❜② ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛ st❛t✐♦♥❛r② ♣❛rt ηi−k ✿
σi (t) = ci ηi−k ,
t = [Tk ; Tk+1 ]
❖♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s✉♠ ✉♣ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐♥ ❛ ♥❡✇ ♠❛tr✐①✿
■♥st❛♥t✳ ❱♦❧ t ∈ (T0 , T1 ]
(T1 , T2 ]
···
···
L1 (t)
c1 η1
❞❡❛❞
(T2 , T3 ]
···
L2 (t)
c2 η2
c2 η1
❞❡❛❞
···
L3 (t)
c3 η3
c3 η2
c3 η1
···
(TM −1 , TM ]
Li (t)
ci ηi
ci ηi−1
ci ηi−2
···
❞❡❛❞
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
LM (t)
cM ηM
cM ηM −1
cM ηM −2
···
···
cM η1
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
✳✳
✳
···
❞❡❛❞
❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳✸✿ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡
❖❢ ❝♦✉rs❡✱ ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ 2N ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✐♥✲
st❡❛❞ ♦❢ N ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♦♥❡✳ ❚♦ ❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦
✸✼
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✉s❡ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ✐❞❡❛ ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ st❛t✐♦♥❛r② ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ηi ✳
▼♦st ♦❢ t❤❡ t✐♠❡ t❤✐s ♣❛rt ✐s ❛ ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♠❛❧❧ ❤✉♠♣ ❛t
t❤❡ ❜❡❣✐♥♥✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤✐s ❤✉♠♣ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞
✐♥ ❬✶✻❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✐s t♦ r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ✐t ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡
❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s✱ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② t❤❡ t✇♦ ✜rst✳
τ
ζ1 : τ → e− 2
τ
ζ2 : τ → τ e− 2
❙♦ ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❢♦r η ✿
η(τ ) = ae−βτ + bτ e−βτ + c
η(τ ) = e−βτ (a + bτ ) + c
❲✐t❤♦✉t ❧♦ss ♦❢ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐t② ✇❡ ❢♦r❝❡✿
η(0) = 1 = a + c
❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❣❡t ✇✐t❤ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥ t♦ r❡✢❡❝t ✇❤❛t t❤❡s❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥ts
r❡♣r❡s❡♥t ✿
η(τ ) = η∞ + (1 − η∞ + bτ )e−βτ
❆♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❣❡t ✿
||γi (t)|| = σi (t) = ci η(τ )
✭✷✳✺✮
❚❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✐s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs
❛♥❞ q✉❛❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✜t✿ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t♦ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s str✉❝t✉r❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ♣r♦✲
♣♦s❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ❢♦r η∞ , β, b ♦♥ t❤❡ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ci ✭t❤❡② ❛r❡ ❤❡r❡ ❛s ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥
❢❛❝t♦rs ❛❢t❡r t❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts ❤❛✈❡ ✇❡❧❧ r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ t❤❡ s❤❛♣❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠✲
str✉❝t✉r❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✮ ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ❣✐✈❡s t❤❡ ❜❡st ✜t t♦ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❛s ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡
❛❧s♦ ❞❛t❛ ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛r❦❡t ✭❚❤❡ ♣✐❡❝❡✲✇✐s❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦♥❧② ♣❡r♠✐ts
✸✽
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ✐♥ ❡❛❝❤ ❜✉❝❦❡t✮✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡ s❡t t❤❡ ci
✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ❝❛♣❧❡t ❛♥❞ ✜t ♣❡r❢❡❝t❧② t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡t
♠❛r❦❡t ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ η(τ ) ♦♥ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ✿
ci =
√
σiBS Ti
Ti
0
✭✷✳✻✮
η(Ti − s)ds
❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❝♦♥t✐♥✉❡ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤✐s ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t❡r♠ str✉❝t✉r❡
❢♦r t❤❡ ♥❡①t ♣❛rts✳ ❆♥ ❡①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ s✉❝❤ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✷✳✶
✸✾
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✶✿ ❊①❛♠♣❧❡ ♦❢ ❛ ❤✉♠♣❡❞ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡✲t②♣❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❢♦r
b = 5.60, β = 1.75, ❛♥❞ η∞ = 0.96 ❜❡❢♦r❡ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❜② t❤❡ ci ❢❛❝t♦r
✹✵
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✷✳✸
❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞
❘❛t❡s
❚♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡✱ ✐t s❡❡♠s ♣r❡tt② ❝❧❡❛r t❤❛t ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦
❢❛❝❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✐ss✉❡s ❛♠♦♥❣ t❤❡ st❛t❡ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r
t❤❛t t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ❛♥❞ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤✐s✳
▲❡t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❢❛♠✐❧② ♦❢ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s {Li (t)} ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡✿
dLi (t)
= µi ({Li (t)}, t)dt + γi (t) · dWt
Li (t)
✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t❡r♠ ✇❡ ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❝❤❛♣t❡r
❛♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡ Wt ✐s t❤❡ ✉s✉❛❧ ❞✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥♥❛❧ ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈❡r② s✐♠♣❧② ❛♣♣❡❛rs ✇❤❡♥ t❛❦✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥♥❡r ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦❢ t❤❡
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t❡r♠s✿
❉❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥✿ ❚❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t✇♦ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s
Li (t) ❛♥❞ Lj (t) ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜②✿
ρij =
cov(Li (t), Lj (t))
V ar(Li (t))V ar(Lj (t))
✭✷✳✼✮
■♥ t❤❡ ❇●▼ ❝❛s❡✱ t❤✐s ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s✿
ρij =
γi (t) · γj (t)
= bi bj
|γi (t)||γj (t)|
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥s✐sts ✐♥ ✜♥❞✐♥❣ ❛ ♠❛tr✐① B ∈ M(M, d) ✇✐t❤ M
t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② t♦ ❜✉✐❧❞ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡
❛♥❞ d t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t♦rs ♦❢ ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♣❡r♠✐ts t❤❡ ❜❡st t♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤
t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ ♥♦r♠ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❞❡✜♥❡✳
❖♥❡ s✉❝❤ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t❤❡ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♥♦r♠ ❛s ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❡❡ ✐♥ s❡❝t✐♦♥
✷✳✸✳✷✳
✹✶
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✷✳✸✳✶ ❍✐st♦r✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✈s ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥
❚❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❦❡② ♦❢ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❇●▼ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✳
❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ s❡❡ ✇❤❛t ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t✐❡s ❛♥❞ ✇❤❛t ✐s t❤❡ ❜❡st ✇❛② t♦
❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✳
❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥
❆ r❛t❤❡r ♥❛t✉r❛❧ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t♦ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡✲
t✇❡❡♥ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛s ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♦♥❡✳ ■♥ ♣r❛❝t✐❝❡✱
②♦✉ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝♦❧❧❡❝t ❞✉r✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❧❛r❣❡st ♣❡r✐♦❞ ♦❢ t✐♠❡ t❤❡ ❞❛✐❧② ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥ t❤❡
❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✭❍❡r❡ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t
t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ✐s ❝♦♥st❛♥t ♦✈❡r t✐♠❡ ❛s ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ❧❛r❣❡ ♣❡r✐♦❞
♦❢ t✐♠❡ ✭✶✾✾✹✲✷✵✵✻✮ ❜✉t s♦♠❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❤❛✈❡ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ t❤❛t
❞✉♦ t♦ ♠❛r❦❡t ❥✉♠♣s t❤✐s ✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ♥♦t ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ ♣r♦♣♦s❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❛
s❧✐❞✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ♦❢ N ❞❛②s t❤❛t ❡①❝❧✉❞❡ s♣❡❝✐❛❧ ❞❛②s ❧✐❦❡ ❋❊❉ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s✱ ❈P■
❛♥♥♦✉♥❝❡♠❡♥ts✳✳✳✳
❲❡ r❡♠✐♥❞ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ρij ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s L(Ti ) ❛♥❞ L(Tj ) ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ✭✷✳✼✮
❚❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ s❤♦✇ ❛ ❝❧❡❛r❧② ✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ❞❡✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦❧✉♠♥s
✇❤❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t t❤♦s❡ ❞❛t❛
❛r❡ ✈❡r② ♦❢t❡♥ ❞✐st✉r❜❡❞ ❛s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✷✳✷✳
✹✷
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✷✿ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ✶❨✲▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
✶✾✾✹ ❛♥❞ ✷✵✵✻ ✇✐t❤ ❞❛✐❧② ♦❜s❡r✈❛t✐♦♥s
✹✸
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋♦r t❤❡s❡ r❡❛s♦♥s✱ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛
♠♦r❡ r❡❣✉❧❛r s❤❛♣❡ t♦ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛ ❛♥❞ s✐♠♣❧✐❢② t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥✳ ❋✉r✲
t❤❡r♠♦r❡✱ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❜❡tt❡r ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t
❛s t❤❡ ❣r❡❡❦s ✇✐❧❧ ❣❡t s♠♦♦t❤❡r ✇✐t❤ ❛ s♠♦♦t❤❡r ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡✳
P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠♦❞❡❧s
❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❚❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡st ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ❢♦r ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♣♦ss✐❜❧② t❤❡
❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣✿
ρij = exp[−β|Ti − Tj |],
t ≤ min(Ti , Tj )
✭✷✳✽✮
✇✐t❤ Ti ❛♥❞ Tj ✱ t❤❡ ❡①♣✐r✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ i✲t❤ ❛♥❞ j ✲t❤ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s✱ ❛♥❞ β
❛ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t✳
❚❤✐s ❢♦r♠ r❡s♣❡❝ts s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ r❡q✉✐r❡♠❡♥ts✿
✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❢❛rt❤❡r ❛♣❛rt t✇♦ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛r❡✱ t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ ❞❡✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ t❤❡②
❛r❡✳
✷✳ ❚❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ β ≥ 0 ❛ss✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① [ρij ] ✐s ❛❞♠✐s✲
s✐❜❧❡ ✭❆ r❡❛❧ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ♠❛tr✐① ✇✐t❤ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s✮✳
✸✳ ❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ♦♥❡ ♠❛② ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤✐s ❢♦r♠ ✐s ♥♦t ♣r❡❝✐s❡ ❡♥♦✉❣❤ ❛s ✐t ❞♦❡s
♥♦t ❣✐✈❡ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜✐❧✐t② t♦ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t❡ ❤♦✇ ❢❛st ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡ t✐♠❡
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣✐r✐♥❣ ❞❛t❡s t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❞❡✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡✳ ■♥ ♦t❤❡r
✇♦r❞s✱ t❤❡ ✸✵❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✶✵❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡
❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✷✵❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✸♠ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡✳ ❖♥❡
❝❛♥ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✷✳✸✳
❚❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❢❛❝t t❤❛t t❤✐s ❢♦r♠ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞ ♦♥ t✐♠❡ t
❡①♣❧✐❝✐t❧② ❛s ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ✐♥ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✷✳✽✳ ❖♥❡ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞s t❤❛t t❤✐s ❢❡❛t✉r❡
✐s ❛❧s♦ ❛♥ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡ ♦♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✭❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❝♦✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡
ρij σi (t)σi (t)dt✮ ❜✉t ✐s t❤✐s s✐♠♣❧✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦rt❤ ✐t❄
✹✹
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❡ t❤✐s ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ✷✳✽ ❜② ❛❞❞✐♥❣ ❛ t❡r♠ ♦❢ ❛s②♠♣✲
t♦t✐❝ ❞❡✲❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❡①♣✐r✐♥❣
❞❛t❡s ❣♦❡s t♦ +∞ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥♥♦t ❣♦ t♦ ③❡r♦ ❜✉t t♦ ❛ ✜♥✐t❡ ❧❡✈❡❧ ρ∞ ✳
❚❤❡ ❡q✉❛t✐♦♥ ✷✳✽ ✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ✐♥t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦❧❧♦✇✐♥❣ ♦♥❡✿
ρij = ρ∞ + (1 − ρ∞ ) exp[−β|Ti − Tj |]
✭✷✳✾✮
❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❡❝❦ t❤❛t t❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ♠❛tr✐① ♦❢ ❝♦✉rs❡ r❡❛❧✱ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝
❛♥❞ ❤❛s ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s✿ ✐t ✐s ❛♥ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✳
✹✺
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✸✿ ❙✐♠♣❧❡ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❋♦r✇❛r❞
r❛t❡s ✇✐t❤ β = 9%
✹✻
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ✐♥ ❬✶✻❪ ❤❛s ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t ♠♦❞✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ✇❤✐❝❤ ❣✐✈❡s ❜❡tt❡r
r❡s✉❧ts✿
ρij = exp[−βmin(Ti ,Tj ) |Ti − Tj |]
✭✷✳✶✵✮
❍❡r❡ βmin(Ti ,Tj ) ✐s ♥♦t ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛♥②♠♦r❡ ❜✉t ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡❛r❧✐❡st ❡①✲
♣✐r✐♥❣ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❞❛t❡✳
◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs ❛♥❞ ❈♦✛❡② ✐♥ ❬✶✽❪ ❤❛✈❡ s❤♦✇♥ t❤❛t t❤✐s t②♣❡ ♦❢
❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛ss✉r❡ ❛♥②♠♦r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥
♠❛tr✐① ✇✐❧❧ r❡♠❛✐♥ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡✱ ❛ ♥❡❝❡ss❛r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❛ ♠❛tr✐① t♦ ❜❡ ❝♦rr❡✲
❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡✳
❇✉t✱ ✐❢ ✇❡ ❝❤♦♦s❡✿
βmin(Ti ,Tj ) = β0 exp(−γ min(Ti , Tj ))
✭✷✳✶✶✮
t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ρij ❛r❡ ❛❧❧ ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡✳ ❚❤✐s ❢♦r♠ ✜ts t❤❡ r❛t❡ ♦❢ ❞❡✲
❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡ ❞✐s❝✉ss❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ st✐❧❧ ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦❢ t ♣r❡s❡r✈✐♥❣
t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ ❢❡❛t✉r❡✳
✹✼
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✹✿ ▼♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❊①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ P❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❋♦r✇❛r❞
r❛t❡s ✇✐t❤ β0 = 12% ❛♥❞ γ = 33%
✹✽
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs✲❈♦✛❡② ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs✲❈♦✛❡② ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥
❬✶✽❪ ❛ s❡♠✐✲♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❢✉❧❧ r❛♥❦ str✉❝t✉r❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✳ ❚❤✐s
s❡♠✐✲♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♣r♦✈✐❞❡s ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❜② s✉❜❥❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛ r❛✲
t✐♦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♦❜❡②s t♦ s✐♠♣❧❡ ❡❝♦♥♦♠✐❝❛❧ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡s✳ ❚❤❡②
❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ρi,i+p ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ i ✇❤❡♥
p ✐s ✜①❡❞✳ ❚❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ✐s ♠♦r❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❜✉t ✐t ❤❛s t❤❡ ♠♦r❡ r♦❜✉st♥❡ss
❛♥❞ ❣❡♥❡r❛t❡s ❛❞♠✐ss✐❜❧❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s✳
ρij = exp −
|i − j|
ln ρ∞
m−1
i2 + j 2 + ij − 3mi − 3mj + 3i + 3j + 2m2 − m − 4
+ η1
+
(m − 2)(m − 3)
i2 + j 2 + ij − mi − mj − 3i − 3j + 3m + 2
,
− η2
(m − 2)(m − 3)
(i, j) ∈ [1, m]2 , 3η1 ≤ η2 ≤ 0, 0 ≤ η1 + η2 ≤ −lnρ∞
❚❤✐s str✉❝t✉r❡ ❡♥❥♦②s s♦♠❡ ✈❡r② ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ♣r♦♣❡rt✐❡s✿
❋✐rst❧② ✿ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❛r❡ ❛✉t♦♠❛t✐❝❛❧❧② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ s❡♠✐✲❞❡✜♥✐t❡✱ ❛s
❡✈❡r② ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❤❛s t♦ ❜❡✳
❙❡❝♦♥❞❧②✿ t❤❡ str✉❝t✉r❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❞❡❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ❛s t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡
❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛t❡s ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✿ t❤❡ s✉❜✲❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧s ♦❢ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t✐♥❣ ♠❛tr✐① ❛r❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ ✇❤✐❧❡ ♠♦✈✲
✐♥❣ t♦ ❧♦♥❣❡r t❡♥♦rs ✭❙♦✉t❤ ❊❛st ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐①✮✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦♣❡rt② ✐s ❛❧s♦
✈✐s✐❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ❝❤❛♥❣❡s ✐♥
❧♦♥❣ t❡♥♦r ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s ❛r❡ ♠♦r❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞✳
❚❤❡r❡❛❢t❡r ✐♥ ✷✳✺ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs t❤❛t
❘❇❙ ✐s ✉s✐♥❣ t♦ ❜♦♦❦ tr❛❞❡s✳
✹✾
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✺✿ ❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs ❈♦✛❡② ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s
✇✐t❤ η1 = 19.99%, η2 = 59.99% ❛♥❞ ρ∞ = 45%
✺✵
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✷✳✸✳✷ ❘❛♥❦ ❘❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s
◆♦✇ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❛ s♠♦♦t❤❡r ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❢♦r ♦✉r ▲✐❜♦r
▼❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉ts✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ❛
s♠❛❧❧❡r ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t♦rs t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s t❤❛t ✐s ✐♥♣✉tt❡❞
♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧❧② ❛s ❛ ❇●▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ✶✺ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✐s
♥♦t ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡✳
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ✐♥ ❬✶✻❪ ❣✐✈❡s ❛♥ ✐♥t❡r❡st✐♥❣ ✇❛② t♦ t❛❝❦❧❡ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❝♦rr❡❧❛✲
t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲▼▼ ✇✐t❤ d ❢❛❝t♦rs✳ ●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇●▼ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞
♠♦r❡ s♣❡❝✐✜❝❛❧❧② ✶✳✸✵ t♦ d ❢❛❝t♦rs ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡ ✐♥ ❛♥② ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✿
d
γik (t)dWtk
dLi (t) = µi (t)dt +
✭✷✳✶✷✮
k=1
❲❤❡r❡ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ Wtk ❛r❡ ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ γik ❛r❡ t❤❡ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣s ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❢❛❝t♦rs
❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❝❤❛♣t❡r✳ ❲❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t❤❡
r❡❧❛t✐♦♥✿
d
bik dWtk
γi dWt = σi
✭✷✳✶✸✮
k=1
❙♦ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛r✐s❡s✿
γi γj = σi σj ρij
d
= σi σj
bik bkj
k=1
❆♥❞ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❡♥s✉r❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts✿
d
b2ik = 1
✭✷✳✶✹✮
k=1
❲❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤✐s ✈❡r② ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❇●▼
♠♦❞❡❧ ♣❡r♠✐ts ✉s t♦ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❡ t❤❡ γi ✳
✺✶
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚✇♦✲❢❛❝t♦r ❈❛s❡ ▲❡t ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t d = 2✱ t❤❡♥ ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡
✭❞r✐❢ts ❛r❡ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✐♥ t❤✐s ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥✮✿
dLi (t)
= σi (t)[b1i (t)dWt1 + b2i (t)dWt2 ]
Li (t)
t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ ✷✳✹ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s✿
b21i (t) + b22i (t) = 1
✭✷✳✶✺✮
❚❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡ ❛♥② ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t θ ❛♥❞ ✐t ✐s ❛❧✇❛②s ❝♦rr❡❝t t❤❛t
cos2 (θ) + sin2 (θ) = 1,
✇❤✐❝❤ s♣❡❝✐✜❡s ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥ts b1i , b2i ❛♥❞ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❛ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣s ♦♥t♦ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥s ❝♦♠♣❛t✐❜❧❡ ✇✐t❤ ♦✉r ❇●▼
♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❍♦✇ ❝❛♥ ✇❡ ❝❤♦♦s❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ❛❧❧ t❤❡ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥s❄ ❲❡ ❛r❡ ❣♦✐♥❣
t♦ ✐♠♣♦s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥ t♦ t❤✐s ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ θ✳ ❯s✐♥❣ ✭✷✳✼✮✿
E
ρik =
E
dLk (t) dLi (t)
Lk (t) Li (t)
dLk (t) dLk (t)
Lk (t) Lk (t)
E
✭✷✳✶✻✮
dLi (t) dLi (t)
Li (t) Li (t)
❋✐rst✱ t❤❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t♦r✿
E
dLk (t) dLk (t)
= σk2 (t)E [b1k (t)dWt1 + b2k (t)dWt2 ][b1k (t)dWt1 + b2k (t)dWt2 ]
Lk (t) Lk (t)
= σk2 (t)(b1k (t)2 + b2k (t)2 )dt = σk2 (t)dt
❆s ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❛ 2✲❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥❛❧ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥ ✇✐t❤ ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧ ❇r♦✇✲
♥✐❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡♠❡♥ts✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❡ ❞❡♥♦♠✐♥❛t♦r s✐♠♣❧✐✜❡s t♦✿
E
dLk (t) dLk (t)
dLi (t) dLi (t)
E
= σk (t)σi (t)dt
Lk (t) Lk (t)
Li (t) Li (t)
✭✷✳✶✼✮
✺✷
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋♦r t❤❡ ♥✉♠❡r❛t♦r ✇❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❛❧❝✉❧✉s ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧✐t② ❜❡✲
t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❇r♦✇♥✐❛♥ ♠♦t✐♦♥s✿
E
dLk (t) dLi (t)
= E σk (t)[b1k (t)dWt1 + b2k (t)dWt2 ]σi (t)[b1i (t)dWt1 + b2i (t)dWt2 ]
Lk (t) Li (t)
= E σk [sin θk dWt1 + cos θk dWt2 ]σi (t)[sin θi dWt1 + cos θi dWt2 ]
= σk σj [sin θk sin θi + cos θk cos θi ]dt
= σk σj [cos(θk − θi )]dt
❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱
ρik = [cos(θk − θi )]
✭✷✳✶✽✮
❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤✐s ❛♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ 2✲❢❛❝t♦r ❝❛s❡ s❤♦✇ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥
✷ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ✐s ♣✉r❡❧② ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ✧❛♥❣❧❡s✧
✇❡ ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❧♦❛❞✐♥❣s bik ✳
●❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❛ d ❢❛❝t♦r ❝❛s❡
❚❤✐s ❝❛s❡ ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✐③❛❜❧❡ t♦ ❛ d ❢❛❝t♦rs ❝❛s❡✳ ❘❡♠✐♥❞✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥
d
2
k=1 bik
= 1✱ ✇❡ r❡❝♦❣♥✐③❡ t❤❡ ❝♦✲♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ♦❢ ❛ ♣♦✐♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢
❤②♣❡r✲s♣❤❡r❡ ♦❢ r❛❞✐✉s ✶✳ ❚❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣♦❧❛r ❝♦✲♦r❞✐♥❛t❡s ♦❢ ❛
♣♦✐♥t ♦♥ t❤❡ s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✉♥✐t✲r❛❞✐✉s ❤②♣❡r✲s♣❤❡r❡ ❣✐✈❡s✿
k−1
bik = cos θik
sin θjk ,
k = 1, 2, . . . , d − 1
j=1
k−1
bik =
sin θjk ,
k=d
j=1
❚❤✐s ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ {θ} ✐s ✈❡r② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ♦♥ ❛ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥❛❧ s✐❞❡ ❛s ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧
s❡❡ ✐t ❧❛t❡r✳
✺✸
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚❤❡ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♥♦r♠
❲❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡ ✇❡r❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ ✜♥❞ B ∈ M(M, d) s♦ t❤❛t BB T ✇❛s
♥❡❛r A = [ρij ]T raded ∈ M(M, M )✳ ❚❤✐s s✉❜s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❣✐✈❡ ❛ s❡♥s❡ t♦ ✇❤❛t
♥❡❛r ♠❡❛♥✳
■♥ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ✈✐❡✇s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❛❜♦✉t ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ ✉s✐♥❣ s✉❜♦r❞✐♥❛t❡❞
♥♦r♠s✱ ♣❡♥❛❧t② ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✱ ♦❜st❛❝❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ st✐❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ s✐♠♣❧❡st ❝❛s❡
♦❢ t❤❡ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♥♦r♠✳
❋♦r♠❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ✐♥♥❡r ♣r♦❞✉❝t ,
W
♦♥ ❛ ❍✐❧❜❡rt
s♣❛❝❡ ♦❢ r❡❛❧ s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ ♠❛tr✐① M × M ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜②✿
X, Y
W
X, Y ∈ M(M, M )
= trace(XW Y W ),
✭✷✳✶✾✮
❲❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❡q✉❛❧❧② ✇❡✐❣❤t❡❞ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♥♦r♠✱ ❤❡♥❝❡ W = I ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❣❡t t❤❡
♥♦r♠ ✐♥❞✉❝❡❞ ❜② ,
X
2
W✿
= X, X
W
= trace(X 2 ),
X ∈ M(M, M )
✭✷✳✷✵✮
❆♣♣❧②✐♥❣ t❤✐s ♥♦r♠ t♦ ♦✉r ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✿ ✇❡ ❛r❡ tr②✐♥❣ t♦ r❡❞✉❝❡
t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥❝❡ [ρij ]model − [ρij ]traded ✇❤✐❝❤ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ tr❛❞✉❝❡❞ ✐♥✿
χ2 = [ρij ]model − [ρij ]traded
2
|[ρij ]model − [ρij ]traded |2
=
d
=
(bjr brk ) − [ρij ]traded |2
|
r=1
❚❤✐s ♥♦r♠ ❞❡✜♥❡s ❤♦✇ ♥❡❛r ✐s ♦✉r ♠♦❞❡❧❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❢r♦♠ t❤❡
♠❛r❦❡t✳
Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ✲ P❈❆
❇❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❛♥❣❧❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♦❜❥❡❝t t❤❛t t❤✐s ❤❛s
♦♥❧② ♠❛❞❡ ✉s ❣♦ ❢r♦♠ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♥❣ M × d ❢❛❝t♦rs t♦ M × (d − 1) ❢❛❝t♦rs t❤❛t
✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥str❛✐♥ts ♦❢ ✷✳✹✳
✺✹
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❍♦✇❡✈❡r✱ ✐❢ ✇❡ ✉s❡ ❛ ✸ ❢❛❝t♦rs ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ✶✵❨ ❯❙❉ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡
✭q✉♦t❡❞ ✐♥ ❛♥♥✉❛❧❧② ❝♦♠♣♦✉♥❞✮ ✇❡ st✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ♦❢ 10 × (3 − 1) = 20
✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡s✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ st❛rt t♦ ✜♥❞ ♦✉t t❤❡ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥✳ ❲❡
✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ♣r✐♥❝✐♣❧❡ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s✳
❚❤✐s t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠❛❧ ❧✐♥❡❛r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠ t❤❛t tr❛♥s❢♦r♠s t❤❡ ❝♦r✲
r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① t♦ ❛ ♥❡✇ ✈❡❝t♦r ❜❛s✐s✳ ❚❤✐s ✈❡❝t♦r s②st❡♠ ✭❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡
❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✮ ✐s s✉❝❤ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❣r❡❛t❡st ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ❜② ❛♥② ♣r♦❥❡❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢
t❤❡ ❞❛t❛ ❝♦♠❡s t♦ ❧✐❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡✱ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❣r❡❛t❡st ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦♥
t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❝♦♦r❞✐♥❛t❡✱ ❛♥❞ s♦ ♦♥✳
Pr❛❝t✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① [ρij ] t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❛❧✇❛②s
❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧✐③❡ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ♠❛tr✐① Λ = [λi ] ❛♥❞ ❛♥ ♦rt❤♦♥♦r♠❛❧ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧
♠❛tr✐① V s✉❝❤ t❤❛t [ρ] = V ΛV −1 ✳ ❚❤❡s❡ ♠❛tr✐❝❡s ❛r❡ ❡❛s✐❧② ❢♦✉♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛
◗❘ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✇✐t❤ ●r❛♠✲❙❝❤♠✐❞t ♠❡t❤♦❞✳
❚❤❡♥✱ ②♦✉ ❝❛♥ ❢♦r♠ ❛ ♠❛tr✐① B ∈ M(M, d) ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✇✐t❤✿
√
B=
ΛP =
λ1 V1 , . . . ,
λi Vi , . . . ,
λd Vd
❖♥❡ ❦❡❡♣s t❤❡ d ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s {λi } ❛♥❞ t❤❡✐r ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs
{Vi }✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤✐s ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ BB T ∈ M(M, M ) ❝❧♦s❡ ✐♥ ♥♦r♠ t♦ t❤❡
♠❛r❦❡t ✐♥♣✉t [ρij ]✳ ❖♥ t♦♣ ♦❢ t❤✐s✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ t❤✐s B t♦ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡ t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs
bik ❛s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉r ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✐♥ ✷✳✶✸✳
❲❡ ❛❧s♦ ❤❛✈❡ ❛♥ ✐♥❞✐❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t♦rs ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡
❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ r❛♥❦ M ♠❛tr✐①✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ❡①❛♠♣❧❡✱ ✇❡
✜♥❞ t❤❛t t❤❡ ✜rst t❤r❡❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r 93.6% ♦❢ t❤❡ s✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡
❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s ❛s s❤♦✇♥ ✐♥ ✷✳✹✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ 93.6% ♦❢ t❤❡
✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ✜rst t❤r❡❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs✳
❆ P❈❆ ■♥t❡r♣r❡t❛t✐♦♥
❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❡❛s✐❧② ❞r❛✇ ❛ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤♦s❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠♦✈❡s ♦❢
t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ ✜rst ❢❛❝t♦r✱ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✱ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s t❤❡ ♣❛r❛❧❧❡❧ s❤✐❢ts
✺✺
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❊✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s
❱❛❧✉❡ Pr♦♣♦rt✐♦♥
✶st
7.86
78.6%
✷♥❞
1.07
10.7%
✸r❞
0.427
4.27%
❙✉♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡rs 0.64
6.40%
❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳✹✿ ▼❛✐♥ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✿ t❤❡ P❈❆ ❛r✐s❡s ♥❛t✲
✉r❛❧❧② t♦ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡
♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ♦❢ t❤❡ ②✐❡❧❞ ❝✉r✈❡✳ ❚❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ♦♥❡ ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s t❤❡ ✐♥✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♠♦✈❡s
♦❢ t❤❡ ❝✉r✈❡✿ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt ❞❛t❡❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❧♦♥❣ ❞❛t❡❞ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡
♦r t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ t❤✐r❞ ❢❛❝t♦r ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s t❤❡ t♦rs✐♦♥ ♠♦✈❡s ♦❢ t❤❡
❝✉r✈❡✿ ✇❤❡♥ ❧♦♥❣ ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt r❛t❡s ❞❛t❡❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ❛♥❞ ♠✐❞❞❧❡ ❞❛t❡❞ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s
♦r t❤❡ ♦♣♣♦s✐t❡✳
❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ P❈❆✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♦❣❡✲
♥❡♦✉s❧② ❣✐✈❡♥ ❢✉❧❧ r❛♥❦ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❛t ❛ r❡❧❛t✐✈❡❧② ❧♦✇ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥
❝♦st✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ ❤♦✇ ♠✉❝❤ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①
✇❡ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ❢♦r ✇❤❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ 3 ❢❛❝t♦rs ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❛♥❣❧❡s ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞
●♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❢✉❧❧ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ χ2 ✉♥❞❡r ❛ 3 ❢❛❝t♦rs ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡
♦❜t❛✐♥ ✈❡r② ❝❧♦s❡ r❡s✉❧ts t♦ t❤❡ P❈❆✳ ❚❤❡r❡❛❢t❡r ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❛ ✜❣✉r❡ ❝♦♠♣❛r✐♥❣
t❤❡ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s✳ ❚❤❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❇r♦②❞❡♥✲❋❧❡t❝❤❡r✲
●♦❧❞❢❛r❜✲❙❤❛♥♥♦ ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ ✭❛s ❞❡t❛✐❧❡❞ ✐♥ ❬✶✹❪✮ ✉s✐♥❣ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡
❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs✲❈♦✛❡② str✉❝t✉r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❜② ❘❇❙ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❜♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ■♥t❡r❡st
r❛t❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ s❧✐❞✐♥❣ ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❧❛st ✶✷ ②❡❛rs✶ ♦♥ ❯❙❉
✶✷♠ ▲✐❜♦r✳ ❚❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞ ✐s ✉s✐♥❣ ❛ s❧✐❣❤t❧② ♠♦❞✐✜❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤✐s ❛❧❣♦r✐t❤♠ t❤❛t ❣✐✈❡s ❜❡tt❡r r❡s✉❧ts✳ ❖❜✈✐♦✉s❧②✱ t❤❡ ♥♦r♠ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
❧♦♦❦s ❜❡tt❡r ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛r❡ ❝❧♦s❡ t♦ t❤❡ ✐♥♣✉t ♠❛tr✐①✳
❲❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♥❡①t ✜❣✉r❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs ❢♦r ❜♦t❤ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛r❡
q✉✐❡t s✐♠✐❧❛r ❛❧t❤♦✉❣❤ t❤❡r❡ ✐s ♥♦ ♦rt❤♦❣♦♥❛❧✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐♥ t❤❡ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦
✶
❚❤✐s ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❝❛♥ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ❛s ♦♥❡ ❝❛♥ ❛r❣✉❡ t❤❛t ❛ s❤♦rt❡r ✇✐♥❞♦✇ ❣✐✈❡s ❛ ❜❡tt❡r tr❡♥❞❀
❤♦✇❡✈❡r t❤✐s ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ✐s ✈❡r② ❝♦♥❞✐t✐♦♥❛❧ t♦ tr❛❞❡r ❛♥❞ r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♦♣✐♥✐♦♥
✺✻
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❛♥❣❧❡s ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✭❋✉❧❧② ♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞✮✳ ❲❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞♦♥❡
✐♥ t❤❡s❡ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s ❥✉st ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r tr❛♥s❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t
▼♦❞❡❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✳
✺✼
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✻✿ ❊✐❣❡♥✈❡❝t♦rs ❝♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ P❈❆ ❛♥❞ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❛♥❣❧❡s
♦♣t✐♠✐③❡❞ ♠❡t❤♦❞
✺✽
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ r❛♥❦ r❡❞✉❝❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥s
❚❤❡ ♥❡①t ✜❣✉r❡s ✷✳✼✱ ✷✳✽ ❛♥❞ ✷✳✾ ♣❧♦t ❛ ❝♦❧✉♠♥ ✭❙❡❝♦♥❞✱ ❋✐❢t❤ ❛♥❞ ❚❡♥t❤
❝♦❧✉♠♥✮ ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❢♦r♠❡❞ ✭▼❛r❦❡t✱ P❈❆ ❛♥❞ ❋✉❧❧② ♦♣t✐✲
♠✐③❡❞✮ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡♠✳ ❲❤❛t ✐s ♣❧♦tt❡❞ ✐s t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❛
❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡ ✭2nd : ρ2, j, 5th : ρ5, j, 10th : ρ10, j ✮ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r ❋♦r✲
✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ♠❛tr✐① ❢♦r♠❡❞✳
▲♦♦❦✐♥❣ ❛t t❤❡s❡ ✜❣✉r❡s s❡✈❡r❛❧ r❡♠❛r❦s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ✇❡
♦❜s❡r✈❡ t❤❛t t❤❡s❡ r❛♥❦ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞s t❡♥❞ t♦ ♦✈❡r❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛✲
t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❛❞❥❛❝❡♥t ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ✭t❤✉s t❤❡ t❡r♠s ρi,i−1 . . .✮ ❛♥❞ ❧♦✇❡r
t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ❞✐st❛♥t ♦♥❡ ✭t❤❡ t❡r♠s ρi, . . .✮✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ t❤✐s ❧❡❛❞
t♦ s②st❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♠✐s♣r✐❝❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✿ s❤♦rt ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧
❛❧✇❛②s ❜❡ t♦♦ ❡①♣❡♥s✐✈❡ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t♦♦ ❤✐❣❤ ❛♥❞ ❧♦♥❣
♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t♦♦ ❝❤❡❛♣ ❜❡❝❛✉s❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ✇✐❧❧ ❜❡ t♦♦
❧♦✇✳ ❲✐t❤ t❤♦s❡ r❡s❡r✈❡s ✐♥ ♠✐♥❞ r❡s✉❧ts r❡♠❛✐♥ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ ❢♦r ❛t✲t❤❡✲♠♦♥❡②
s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✳ ◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ s❡❡ t❤❛t ✐♥ ♦✉r ❝❛s❡ t❤❡ ❧♦✇ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❡❢✲
❢❡❝t ✐s ♥♦t ✈❡r② ✇❡❧❧ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞✱ t❤✐s ✐s ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤❡ r❛t❤❡r s♠❛❧❧ s✐③❡ ✭✶✵ ❨❡❛rs✮
♦❢ ♦✉r ♠❛tr✐①✳
■♥❝r❡❛s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t♦rs t♦ 4 ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡ ❛s ♠✉❝❤ ❛s ❢r♦♠
2 t♦ 3 ❛s t❤❡ 4✲t❤ ❡✐❣❡♥✈❛❧✉❡ ✐s s♠❛❧❧❡r t❤❛♥ t❤❡ ✜rst 3 ✭✐♥ ♦✉r ❝❛s❡ ✇❡ ✇♦✉❧❞
❤❛✈❡ t❛❦❡♥ ❛❝❝♦✉♥t ♦❢ 95.7% ✭✈s 93.6% ✇✐t❤ 3 ❢❛❝t♦rs✮ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤
✹ ❢❛❝t♦rs✮❀ ❤❡♥❝❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞✐♥❣ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦♠♣❧❡①✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ♥❡❡❞❡❞ ✇❡
❝❛♥ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ t❤❡ ♥✉♠❜❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t♦rs ❜✉t ♥❡✈❡r ❧❡t ✐t ❣♦ ❜❡❧♦✇ ✸✳
✺✾
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✼✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞
❜② P❈❆ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
✻✵
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✽✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✺❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞
❜② P❈❆ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
✻✶
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐❣✉r❡ ✷✳✾✿ ❈♦♠♣❛r✐s♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✶✵❨ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ❘❛t❡s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✐♠✉✲
❧❛t❡❞ ❜② P❈❆ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛t✐♦♥
✻✷
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✷✳✹
❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s
❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ t❤❛t ❛ ✜♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✉s❛❜❧❡ ❜② ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ♦♥❧② ✐❢ ✐t r❡✢❡❝ts
♣r✐❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ❚❤✐s ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ✉s✉❛❧❧② ❛ ✈❡r② t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❣
♦♣❡r❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ ♦✉r ♣r♦❜❧❡♠✱ ✇❡ s❤♦✉❧❞
♣r♦♣♦s❡ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱
r✉♥ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s ❛♥❞ ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡✱ ❞❡r✐✈❡
t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✳ ❚❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ♥❡❡❞s ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s
❛t ❡❛❝❤ st❡♣ ✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s t♦♦ ♠✉❝❤ t✐♠❡ ❝♦♥s✉♠✐♥❣✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ✜♥❞ ❛♥
❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t❡ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r t❤✐s ♣r✐❝❡\✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✳
■♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✱ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡② ❛r❡ q✉♦t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡✐r ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✿ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ✉s❡s ❇❧❛❝❦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛ t♦ ❝r❡❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡
♣r✐❝❡s ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ✉s❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❇❧❛❝❦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ r❡q✉❡st t❤❛t ♦♥❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❡ ❧♦❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧✐t②
♦❢ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▼❡❛s✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ❛s ❛ ♠❛tt❡r ♦❢ ❢❛❝t ♥♦
❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ❢♦r t❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡s✳
✷✳✹✳✶ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ✐♥ ❬✶✻❪ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♥ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ s✇❛♣✲
t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s✳ ❆ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ Sp,q (t) ❛s ✇❡ s❛✇ ✐t ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✇r✐tt❡♥ ❛s ❛ ❧✐♥❡❛r
❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s✿
q−1
k
wp,q
Lk (t)
Sp,q (t) =
✭✷✳✷✶✮
k=p
✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤ts {w} ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜②✿
k
wp,q
=
δB(t, Tk + δ)
q−p
i=1 δB(t, Ti + iδ)
❍❡r❡✱ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ t❤❛t ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ dSp,q t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤✐♥❣s
{w} ✐♥ t❤❡ ❧✐♥❡❛r ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛♥❞ ❡q✉❛❧ t♦ t❤❡✐r ✈❛❧✉❡ ✐♥ ✵✱
✻✸
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
wp,q (0)✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱
q−1
✭✷✳✷✷✮
wp,q (0)k dLk (t)
dSp,q ≈
k=p
Black ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ r❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✇❡❞
❚❤❡♥ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✇r✐t❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② σp,q
✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❤❛♣t❡r ✶✳
Tp
Black 2
(σp,q
) Tp =
γp,q
0
2
Tp
dt =
0
2
dSp,q
Sp,q
✭✷✳✷✸✮
❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱
dSp,q
Sp,q
q−1
2
=
j,k=p
q−1
=
j,k=p
q−1
=
j,k=p
k (0)w j (0)dL (t)dL (t)
wp,q
p,q
j
k
2
Sp,q
k (0)w j (0)(γ
wp,q
p,q
k γj )Lk (t)Lj (t)
dt
2
Sp,q
k (0)w j (0)ρ σ σ L (t)L (t)
wp,q
p,q
j
kj k j k
dt
2
Sp,q
❆♥❞ ✜♥❛❧❧②✱
Tp q−1
Black 2
(σp,q
) Tp ≈
0
j,k=p
q−1
≈
j,k=p
k (0)w j (0)ρ σ σ L (t)L (t)
wp,q
p,q
j
kj k j k
dt
2
Sp,q
k (0)w j (0)L (t)L (t)
wp,q
p,q
j
k
2
Sp,q
Tp
ρkj σk σj dt
0
❍❡r❡ ✇❡ ❛ss✉♠❡ Lk (t) = Lk (0)
q−1
≈
j,k=p
k (0)w j (0)L (t)L (t)
wp,q
p,q
j
k
ρkj (0)
2
Sp,q
Tp
σk σj dt
0
❍❡r❡ ✇❡ ❛❧s♦ ❛ss✉♠❡ ρjk (t) ≈ ρjk (0)
❙♦ ♣✉tt✐♥❣ t❤✐♥❣s t♦❣❡t❤❡r ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✐s✿
Black
σp,q
=
1
Tp
q−1
j,k=p
k (0)w j (0)L (t)L (t)
wp,q
p,q
j
k
ρkj (0)
2
Sp,q
Tp
σk (t)σj (t)dt
0
✭✷✳✷✹✮
✻✹
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦r❦s q✉✐❡t ✇❡❧❧ ❜✉t ✐t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ✜♥❡ t✉♥❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞
❲❤✐t❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✐♥ ❬✶✾❪✳
✷✳✹✳✷ ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛
■♥ ❬✶✾❪✱ ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❛♥ ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢♦r✲
♠✉❧❛ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✜rst ♦r❞❡r ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝♦❡✣❝✐❡♥t {w}✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♦♠✐t t❤❡ s✉❜s❝r✐♣ts
p ❛♥❞ q t♦ ❧✐❣❤t t❤❡ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❢♦r t❤✐s ♦♥❡✿
q−1
d(wk (t)Lk (t))
dSp,q =
k=p
q−1
wk (t)dLk (t) + Lk (t)dwk (t)
=
❛s t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t✐♥❣s ❛r❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥s ♦❢Lk :
k=p
q−1
q−1
k
=
w (t)dLk (t) +
k=p
q−1
Lk (t)
i=p
k=p
q−1
q−1
wk (t)dLk (t) + Lk (t)
=
i=p
k=p
∂wk (t)
dLi (t)
∂Li
∂wk (t)
dLi (t)
∂Li
❚❤❡ ✜rst ♦r❞❡r ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡❞ ❜② ✇r✐t✐♥❣✿
k
wp,q
=
=
B(t, Tk + δ)
d
i=1 δB(t, Ti + δ)
k
1
i=0 1+δLi (t)
q−p
p+k−1
1
i=1 δ
i=0
1+δLi (t)
❚❤❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ✐s str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♥♦t r❡♣r♦❞✉❝❡ ✐t✳ ❚❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r
❝❛♥ r❡❢❡r t♦ ❬✶✾❪ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r ❞❡t❛✐❧s✳ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ ✇❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥✿
∂wk
wk δ
=
∂Li
1 + δLi
1i>k −
i−p+1
k=1 B(t, p + k)
q−p
k=1 B(t, p + k)
✻✺
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❋✐♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✐♥ ✷✳✷✹ ✇❤❡r❡
✇❡ s✇✐t❝❤ wk ❜② w¯ k ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ❜②✿
q−1
w
¯ k = wk +
Lk (t)
k=p
∂wk
∂Li
✷✳✹✳✸ ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞❡r❡❛s❡♥ ❋♦r♠✉❧❛
❆ t❤✐r❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣♦ss✐❜❧❡ ✐s t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❡t ❆♥❞r❡❛s❡♥
✐♥ ❬✷✵❪✳ ❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ✐s t♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛t❡ t❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ Sp,q ✇✐t❤ r❡s♣❡❝t t♦ t❤❡
❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡s Li ✳✭❇❛s✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s
∂Sp,q
∂Li
r❡❧❡✈❛♥t ✇✐t❤
t❤❡ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ✇❡ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r t❤❛t ✐s ❢r♦♠ Tp t♦ Tq ✮
q−1
dSp,q =
k=p
dSp,q
1
=
Sp,q
Sp,q
∂Sp,q
dLk
∂Lk
q−1
k=p
∂Sp,q
Lk γk dWtk + Xk dt
∂Lk
❖♥❝❡ ❛❣❛✐♥ ✇❡ ❞♦ ♥♦t ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ t❤❡ ❞r✐❢t Xk ❛s ✇❡ ❛r❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ♦♥❧② ✐♥ t❤❡
q✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ ✈❛r✐❛t✐♦♥✿
dSp,q
Sp,q
Tp
0
dSp,q
Sp,q
2
=
2
dt ≈
1
2
Sp,q
1
2
Sp,q
q−1
j,k=p
q−1
j,k=p
∂Sp,q ∂Sp,q
Lk Lj γk γj dt
∂Lk ∂Lj
∂Sp,q (0) ∂Sp,q (0)
Lk (0)Lj (0)
∂Lk
∂Lj
Tp
γk γj dt
0
❲❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② t❛❦✐♥❣ ❢♦r ❝♦♥st❛♥t t❤❡
♣❛rt✐❛❧ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✱ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛t 0✳
❙♦ ✜♥❛❧❧② ✇❡ ❣❡t ❢♦r t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡✿
Black
σp,q
=
1
2 (0)
Tp Sp,q
q−1
j,k=p
∂Sp,q (0) ∂Sp,q (0)
Lk (0)Lj (0)ρjk (0)
∂Lk
∂Lj
Tp
σk σj dt
0
✭✷✳✷✺✮
✻✻
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ t❤❡ t❡r♠ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ k✿
1 ∂Sp,q
δ
=
Sp,q ∂Lk
1 + δLk
B(t, Tq )
+
B(t, Tp ) − B(t, Tq )
q−p
j=k−p+1 δB(t, Tp+j )
q−p
j=1 δB(t, Tp+j )
j
■♥ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥✱ ✇❡ ✜♥❛❧❧② ♦♥❧② ❤❛✈❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ t❤❡ wp,q
❜②
✷✳✺
∂Sp,q
∂Lj ✳
▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❙✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❘❡s✉❧ts ♦♥ ✸ ❋❛❝✲
t♦rs ❇●▼
❚❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ✐♥ t❡r♠ ♦❢ t❤❡✐r ❛❜✐❧✐t②
t♦ ✜t t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛r❦❡t s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ ❜② ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡♥ t❤❡
s❛♠❡ s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✳
✷✳✺✳✶ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ▼❡t❤♦❞
❚❤❡ ✐❞❡❛ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✐s t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ✈❛❧✉❡s ♦❢ ❛♥② ❦✐♥❞ ♦❢
❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ✐♥str✉♠❡♥ts ❢r♦♠ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡❞ tr❛❥❡❝t♦r✐❡s ❛♥❞ ❡✈❛❧✉❛t❡ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧t
❛s t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡ ♦❢ t❤✐s ✈❛❧✉❡s✳
■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ ❛r❡ ✉s❡❞ ❢♦r s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♦♣t✐♠✐③❛✲
t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s✳ ■♥ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥s
❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ✉s❡ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss✳
■♥ ❛ ♠❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ sq✉❛r❡✲✐♥t❡❣r❛❜❧❡ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ f ∈
L2 (0, 1) ❛♥❞ ❛ ✉♥✐❢♦r♠ ❞✐str✐❜✉t❡❞ r❛♥❞♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ x ∈ U[0, 1]✳ ▼❈ ♣❡r♠✐ts
✉s t♦ ❝♦♠♣✉t❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥s ❛s ✇❡ ❦♥♦✇ t❤❛t✿
1
E[f (x)] =
f (x)dx,
0
❈♦♥s✐❞❡r ❛ s❡q✉❡♥❝❡ xin s❛♠♣❧❡❞ ❢r♦♠ U[0, 1]✳ ❆♥ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥
♦❢ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❡♥✿
E[f (x)] ≈
1
n
n
f (xi )
i=1
✻✼
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚❤❡ ❥✉st✐✜❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② t❤❡ ❙tr♦♥❣ ▲❛✇ ♦❢ ▲❛r❣❡
◆✉♠❜❡rs✳ ❚❤✐s ❧❛✇ ✐♠♣❧✐❡s t❤❛t t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥t ✇✐t❤ ♣r♦❜✲
❛❜✐❧✐t② ♦♥❡✱ ✐✳❡✳
1
lim
n→∞ n
n
1
f (xi ) =
✭✷✳✷✻✮
f (x)dx
0
i=1
❚❤❡ ❡rr♦r ✇❡ ♠❛❦❡ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❤❡♥❝❡ ✐s✿
1
n
1
f (x)dx −
n
=
0
n
✭✷✳✷✼✮
f (xi )
i=1
❚❤✐s ❡rr♦r ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ✐♥ ❛ st❛t✐st✐❝❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❈❡♥tr❛❧
▲✐♠✐t ❚❤❡♦r❡♠✳
❆s n → ∞✱
√
n n (f ) ❝♦♥✈❡r❣❡s ✐♥ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ t♦ σν ✇❤❡r❡ ν ✐s ❛ st❛♥❞❛r❞
♥♦r♠❛❧ r❛♥❞♦♠ ✈❛r✐❛❜❧❡ ✭✇✐t❤ ♠❡❛♥ ♥✐❧ ❛♥❞ ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ ✶✮ ❛♥❞ σ ✐s t❤❡
sq✉❛r❡✲r♦♦t ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈❛r✐❛♥❝❡ ♦❢ f ✿
1
1
(f (t) −
σ(f ) =
0
1/2
f (x)dx)dt
0
✷✳✺✳✷ ◆✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧ ❘❡s✉❧ts
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r ✉s✐♥❣ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ ❛ ✉♥✐q✉❡
♠❡❛s✉r❡✳ ❆s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ❡①♣❧❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ ✶✳✶✳✻ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ✉s❡ t❤❡ s♣♦t ♠❛rt✐♥❣❛❧❡
♠❡❛s✉r❡ P∗ ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ Bspot (t)✳ ❲❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❞✐s❝r❡t✐s❡❞ t❤❡ {Li } ✉♥❞❡r
t❤❡✐r ❡①♣♦♥❡♥t✐❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ✉s✐♥❣ ✶✳✷✺ ♦♥ ❛ t❡♥♦r t❤❛t ❝♦✐♥❝✐❞❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ r❡s❡t
❞❛t❡s Ti ❢♦r ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛❧ r❡❛s♦♥s✿
k
d(ln Li (t)) =
δ −1 T
δLj (t)(γk (t) γj (t))
γ 2 (t)
− i
1 + δLj (t)
2
2
dt + Lk (t)γk (t) dWt∗
✻✽
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡✱ ∀k ∈ [0, n − 1]✿
k
δLj (Tk )(γj (Tk ) γi (Tk ))
γ 2 (Tk )
− i
1 + δLj (Tk )
2
Li (Tk+1 ) = Li (Tk ) exp
j=δ −1 Tk
2
∆Tk
d
+ γi (Tk )
bij
jk
∆Tk
j=1
✇❤❡r❡
jk
Nd (0, 1)✳ ❚♦ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ ✜❣✉r❡s ❝♦♠♣❛r❛❜❧❡✱ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❝❤❛♥❣❡ ♦❢
♥✉♠❡r❛✐r❡ ♠✉st ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣❛②♦✛✿
Swaptionp,q (0) = Bspot (0)E∗
q
= E∗
j=p
Swaptionp,q (Tp )
|F0
Bspot (Tp )
(Sp,q (Tp ) − κ)+
δB(t, Tp+j )
)
Bspot (Tp )
❆s Bspot (0) = 1
❇❛❝❦ t♦ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ❡①♣r❡ss t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣ t♦ s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✷✳✷ ✭t❤❡ ❧❛st t❡r♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✮✿
Tp
Tp
ci cj η(Ti − s)η(Tj − s)ds
σi (s)σj (s)ds =
0
0
1
Ti
c2
γi2 = i
Ti
❛♥❞ ❛s γi2 =
Ti
σi2 (s)ds
0
Ti
η(Ti − s)2 ds
0
Tp
0
Tp
σi (s)σj (s)ds = γi γj
Ti
0
Tj
Ti
0
η(Ti − s)η(Tj − s)ds
η(Ti − s)2 ds
Tj
0
η(Tj − s)2 ds
❚❤✐s ♣❡r♠✐ts ✉s t♦ ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t ❣❡♥❡r✐❝ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✿
1
(γp,q ) ≈
Tp
q−1
2
j,i=1
i wj L L
wp,q
p,q i j
β,b,η∞
γi γj ρij ςi,j,p
2
Sp,q
✭✷✳✷✽✮
✻✾
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
β,b,η∞
✇✐t❤ ςi,j,p
t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ t❡r♠ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥✿
β,b,η∞
ςi,j,p
=
Ti
Tj
Tp
0
Ti
0
η(Ti − s)η(Tj − s)ds
η(Ti − s)2 ds
Tj
0
η(Tj − s)2 ds
❚❤❛♥❦s t♦ t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞✱ ■ ❝♦✉❧❞ r✉♥ t❡sts ♦♥ ❛ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥
♠❛tr✐① 10 × 10 ✇✐t❤ t❤❡s❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ♦♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ♠❛r❦❡t
♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✐♥ ❞❛t❡ ♦❢ ❖❝t♦❜❡r 30th ✷✵✵✻ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♠♣❛r❡ t❤❡♠ t♦ ❛ ▼♦♥t❡
❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❇② s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✱ ✇❡ ♠❡❛♥ t❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s ♦❢ t❤❡
s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ♣✉t ✐♥ ❛♥ ❛rr❛② ✇✐t❤ ♦♥ t❤❡ ①✲❛①✐s t❤❡ t❡♥♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ s✇❛♣
❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ②✲❛①✐s t❤❡ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡♥❝❡ ❛ N × M s✇❛♣t✐♦♥
✐s ❛ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ◆ ❨❡❛rs ♦♥ ❛ ▼ ❨❡❛rs s✇❛♣✳
❲❡ r❛♥ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s ♦✈❡r ✶ ♠✐❧❧✐♦♥ ♣❛t❤s ♦♥ ❛ ✶✵❨ t❡♥♦r s✇❛♣
❛t ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ❝♦♠♠♦♥ t❡♥♦r ❢♦r str✉❝t✉r❡❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐♥ ❆s✐❛✮
✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❛①✐♠✉♠ ♦♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ♦❢ ✶✵❨✳ ✭❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✇❡ ❤❛❞ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ◆♦rt❤✲
❲❡st ♣❛rt ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ s✉r❢❛❝❡ 20 × 20✮✳ ❲❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ t❤❡ ❛✈❡r❛❣❡
❡rr♦r ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ❍✉❧❧✲❲❤✐t❡✱ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❛♥❞
❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞r❡❛s❡♥ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ❜② ▼♦♥t❡✲❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥
❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❡①♣r❡ss✐♦♥ ✿
1
10×10
M onte−Carlo −γ F ormula |✳ ❲❡ ❝❛♥ ❝♦♥❝❧✉❞❡
|γp,q
p,q
✐t ✐s ♥♦♥ r❡❧❡✈❛♥t✳
❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❆❝❝✉r❛❝② ▼❛①✐♠✉♠ ❉✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝② ❆✈❡r❛❣❡ ❉✐s❝r❡♣❛♥❝②
❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦
0.34% (1 × 2)
0.18%
❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡
0.17% (5 × 2)
0.10%
❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞r❡❛s❡♥
0.22% (3 × 2)
0.08%
❚❛❜❧❡ ✷✳✺✿ ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❛❝❝✉r❛❝② ❢♦r ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s
❙♦♠❡ ❝♦♠♠❡♥ts ❛❜♦✉t t❤❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r ♦❢ ❡❛❝❤ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✳ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦
❛♥❞ ❍✉❧❧ ❲❤✐t❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ s❡❡♠ t♦ ❜❡ q✉✐❡t ♦✛ ♦♥ t❤❡ s❤♦rt ♠❛t✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ s❤♦rt
t❡♥♦r ✭❋✐rst ❧✐♥❡ ❛♥❞ ✜rst ❝♦❧✉♠♥✮ ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❝♦♥st❛♥t ❞✐s❝r❡♣✲
❛♥❝② ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐①✳ ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞r❡❛s❡♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✐s ❜❡❤❛✈✐♥❣ t❤❡
✼✵
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
♦♣♣♦s✐t❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ q✉❛❧✐t② ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ♠❛t✉r✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤❡
t❡♥♦r ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✭●♦✐♥❣ ❙♦✉t❤ ❊❛st ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐①✮✳
❍❡♥❝❡ ❛ ❣♦♦❞ str❛t❡❣② ❢♦r ❛ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ t♦ ✉s❡ ❍✉❧❧ ❲❤✐t❡ ❢♦r t❤❡
s❤♦rt ❞❛t❡❞ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ✭✐♥❢❡r✐♦r t♦ ✺ ②❡❛rs✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡♥ ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ❛♥❞ ❆♥❞r❡❛s❡♥
❢♦r♠✉❧❛✱ t❤✐s ✐s st✐❧❧ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ♣r♦❣r❡ss ❛s ✐t ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ t♦ ❣❡t ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t
r❡s✉❧ts ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ♠❡t❤♦❞ ❛❧❧ ❛❧♦♥❣ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✳
❋r♦♠ ❛ r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ s♦♠❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❞♦ ♥♦t ❞❡♣❡♥❞
♦♥ s♦♠❡ t❡♥♦rs ♦r ♠❛t✉r✐t✐❡s✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡❝✐❞❡ t♦ ❡❧✐♠✐♥❛t❡ t❤❡s❡ ✐rr❡❧❡✈❛♥t
s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ♦r r❡❞✉❝❡ t❤❡✐r ✐♥✢✉❡♥❝❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ✭❋♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡
❜② ❝❤❛♥❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇❡✐❣❤t ♠❛tr✐① ✐♥ t❤❡ ❋r♦❜❡♥✐✉s ♥♦r♠✮✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ✈❡r② ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r
♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② ❇❡r♠✉❞❛♥ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ❝♦✲t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s✷ ❛r❡
✈❡r② ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞✱ s❡❡ ❬✶✻❪ ❢♦r ❢✉rt❤❡r
❞❡t❛✐❧s✳
❋✐♥❛❧❧② t♦ ♣✉t t❤✐s ✐♥ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ ❛ t②♣✐❝❛❧ ❜✐❞✲♦✛❡r s♣r❡❛❞ ✐♥ ❯❙❉ ✇♦✉❧❞ ❜❡
0.50% ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t✐♥❣ ❤♦✇ ❣♦♦❞ ❛r❡ t❤♦s❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥s✳
✷
❈♦✲t❡r♠✐♥❛❧ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐❛❣♦♥❛❧ ❙❲✲◆❊ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐①
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✸
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
✸✳✶
❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♣♣❧✐❡❞ t♦ ▲✐❜♦r
▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧
❚❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡❞ ✉♥t✐❧ ♥♦✇ ✇❛s ❛ss✉♠✐♥❣ ❛ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✳
▲✐❦❡ ❢♦r t❤❡ ❡q✉✐t✐❡s✱ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣s s✉✛❡r ❢r♦♠ ❛ s♠✐❧❡ ✭❤❡r❡ ❛ s❦❡✇✮
t❤❛t ♠❛❦❡s t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✇❤❡♥ ♠♦✈✐♥❣ ❛✇❛② ❢r♦♠ ❛t t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡②
♣♦✐♥t✳ ❙❡✈❡r❛❧ ♣r♦♣♦s✐t✐♦♥s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ✇♦r❦❡❞ ♦✉t t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ✈❡r② ♦✉t ♦r ✐♥
t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡② ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ t❤✐s ✐s st✐❧❧ ✇♦r❦ ✐♥ ♣r♦❣r❡ss✳ ❍❡r❡ ✐s t❤❡
❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✉s❡❞ ♥♦✇❛❞❛②s ✐♥ t❤❡ ✇♦r❧❞ ♦❢ r❛t❡s✳
✸✳✶✳✶ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ α β ρ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✲ ❙❆❇❘
❖♣❡r❛t♦rs ❤❛✈❡ ✜❣✉r❡❞ ♦✉t s✐♥❝❡ ❛ ❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡ t❤❛t ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✇❡r❡
♥♦t ✇❡❧❧ q✉♦t❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✭❡✈❡♥ t❤❡ ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s ♣✐❡❝❡✇✐s❡
♦r ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✮✳ ❍❛❣❛♥ ✐♥ ❬✷✶❪ ❤❛s ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝❡❞ ❛ ❧♦❝❛❧ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✲
✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ s❡❧❢✲❝♦♥s✐st❡♥t✱ ❛r❜✐tr❛❣❡✲❢r❡❡ ❛♥❞ ✇❤✐❝❤ ♠❛t❝❤ ♦❜s❡r✈❡❞ ♠❛r❦❡t
s❦❡✇s✳ ❲❡ ✇✐❧❧ ♣r❡s❡♥t ✐ts ♠❛✐♥ ❢❡❛t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐t ✐s ❤❛♥❞❧❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r
▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✳
✼✷
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
▼❛✐♥ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥ ✐s t❤❛t t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❢♦❧❧♦✇s ❛ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❝♦rr❡✲
❧❛t❡❞ t♦ t❤❡ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♣r✐❝❡ Li (t) ✐♥ ✐ts ❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡✿
dLi (t) = ΣB Lβi (t)dW1
dΣB = νΣB dW2 ,
ΣB (0) = σB
✇❤❡r❡ ν ✐s ♥❛♠❡❞ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♦❢ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✱ ♥❛♠❡❧② ✈♦❧✈♦❧✳
❚❤❡ t✇♦ ♣r♦❝❡ss❡s W1 ❛♥❞ W2 ❛r❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t❡❞ ❜②✿
dW1 dW2 = ρdt
▼❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ❢♦r♠s ❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r t❤❡ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ♣r♦❝❡ss ❢♦r t❤❡
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❞r✐❢t✱ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♠❡❛♥ r❡✈❡rs✐♦♥ ❡t❝ ❜✉t t❤✐s ♦r✐❣✐♥❛❧ ❢♦r♠ ❣✐✈❡s
t❤❡ ♠❡❛♥s t♦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t❤❡ s❦❡✇ r✐s❦ ✐♥ ♠❛r❦❡ts ✇✐t❤ ♦♥❧② ❡①❡r❝✐s❡ ❞❛t❡ ✇❤✐❝❤
✐s ♦✉r ❝❛s❡ ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ♠❛r❦❡ts✳
■♥ t❤❡ ♦♣❡r❛t♦r ♣♦✐♥t ♦❢ ✈✐❡✇✱ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✈❡❣❛ r✐s❦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❧✐❦❡ ❞❡❧t❛✲
❤❡❞❣✐♥❣ ❛s t❤❡ tr❛❞❡r ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦ ❜✉② ❛♥❞ s❡❧❧ ♦♣t✐♦♥s t♦ ❜❡❝♦♠❡ ✈❡❣❛
♥❡✉tr❛❧✳
❯s✐♥❣ s✐♥❣✉❧❛r ♣❡rt✉r❜❛t✐♦♥ t❡❝❤♥✐q✉❡s ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡r✐✈❡ ❛ ♣r✐❝❡ ❢♦r ❊✉r♦✲
♣❡❛♥s ♦♣t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❧❡t t❤❡ r❡❛❞❡r r❡❢❡r t♦ ❬✷✶❪ ❢♦r ❛ ❝♦♠♣❧❡t❡ ♣r♦♦❢✳ ❊✉r♦✲
♣❡❛♥ ♣r✐❝❡s ❛r❡ ❣✐✈❡♥ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✇✐t❤ ❛♥ ♦t❤❡r ❇❧❛❝❦ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
ΣB (Li (t), κ)✳ ❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s ❛s ✐♥ ✶✳✸✳✶✿
CapletSABR (t) = 1δB(t, Ti+1 )[Li (t)N (d1 (t, Ti )) − κN (d2 (t, Ti ))],
✇✐t❤✱
d1 =
ln(Li (t)/κ) + Σ2B (Ti2−t)
ΣB
(Ti − t)
d 2 = d 1 − ΣB
(Ti − t)
✼✸
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
❛♥❞ ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✐s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❡①♦❣❡♥♦✉s❧②✿
ΣB (Li (t), κ) =
1
σB
4
(1−β)2
2 Li (0)
1 + 24 ln κ + (1−β)
(Li (0)κ)
1920
2
σB
1 ρβνσB
(1 − β)2
+
+
1−β
24 (Li (0)κ)
4 (Li (0)κ) 1−β
2
1−β
2
ln4 Liκ(0)
+
+ ...
z
x(z)
2 − 3ρ2 2
ν (Ti − t) + . . .
24
✇❤❡r❡ ✇❡ r❡❢❡r t♦ z ❛s✿
z=
1−β
ν
(Li (0)κ) 2 ln(Li (t)/κ),
σB
❛♥❞ t♦ x(z) ❛s✿
x(z) = ln
1 − 2ρz + z 2 + z − ρ
1−ρ
❚❤❡s❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛s ❣✐✈❡ ❛♥ ❡①♣❧✐❝✐t✶ ❢♦r♠ ❢♦r t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✐♥ t❤❡ ❊✉r♦♣❡❛♥ ❝❛s❡
❛♥❞ t❤✐s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞ ❛s ✐t ❜❡❝♦♠❡s ❡❛s✐❧② ✐♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛❜❧❡ ✐♥ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧✱
✇❤✐❝❤ ✐s ❣❡♥❡r❛❧❧② ♥♦t t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧✳
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ✜t t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♣❧❛② ♦♥ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧✳
❚❤❡ β ❝♦♥tr♦❧s t❤❡ ❜❛❝❦❜♦♥❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ s❦❡✇ t❤❛t ♠❡❛♥s t❤❡ ❆❚▼ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
ΣB (Li (t), Li (t)) ❡st✐♠❛t❡❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❧♦❣✲❧♦❣ ♣❧♦t ♦❢ t❤❡ ❆❚▼
✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✇❡ ✉s❡ β = 0.5 ❢♦r t❤❡ ❯❙❉ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ ♠❛r❦❡t
✭❧✐❦❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❈■❘ ▼♦❞❡❧✮✳
❚❤❡ α ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ✐s ❝♦♥✈❡♥✐❡♥t❧② r❡♣❧❛❝❡❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❆❚▼ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ✭❖♥❡ ❝❛♥
♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛❧❧② ✐♥✈❡rt t❤❡ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✮ ❛♥❞ ✐s ❝❤❛♥❣❡❞ ❛❧♠♦st ❡✈❡r② ❤♦✉rs✳
ρ ❛♥❞ ν ❝♦♥tr♦❧ t❤❡ s❦❡✇✳ ν ✐s ✈❡r② ❤✐❣❤ ❢♦r s❤♦rt✲❞❛t❡❞ ♦♣t✐♦♥s✱ ❛♥❞ ❞❡✲
❝r❡❛s❡ ❛s t❤❡ t✐♠❡✲t♦ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡s✱ ✇❤✐❧❡ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ρ st❛rts
♥❡❛r 0 ❛♥❞ ❜❡❝♦♠❡s s✉❜st❛♥t✐❛❧❧② ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡ ❛❧♦♥❣ t✐♠❡✲t♦ ❡①❡r❝✐s❡✳ ■t
s❤♦✉❧❞ ❜❡ ♥♦t✐❝❡❞ t❤❛t t❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ ✇❡❛❦ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t s❦❡✇
✶
❚❤❡ ♦♠✐tt❡❞ t❡r♠s ✐♥ . . . ❛r❡ ♠✉❝❤ s♠❛❧❧❡r
✼✹
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
♦♥ t❤❡ t❡♥♦r ♦❢ t❤❡ ✉♥❞❡r❧②✐♥❣ s✇❛♣ ❤❡♥❝❡ t❤♦s❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛r❡ ❢❛✐r❧②
❝♦♥st❛♥t ❛❧♦♥❣ ♠❛r❦❡t ♠♦✈❡s ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ t❡♥♦r✳ ■♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧✱ t❤❡② ❛r❡ ✉♣✲
❞❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ❛ ♠♦♥t❤❧② ❜❛s✐s✳
❖♥❡ s❤♦✉❧❞ ♥♦t✐❝❡ t❤❛t t❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡s❡s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧s ✐s ♠❛❞❡
❤❛r❞ ❜② t❤❡ ❛❜s❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ❧✐q✉✐❞✐t② ♦❢ s♦♠❡ ♣❛rts ♦❢ t❤❡ s❦❡✇ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ✿ ✈❡r②
♦✉t ♦❢ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡② ♦r ❞❡❡♣❧② ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠♦♥❡② s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❛r❡ ❧❡ss ❧✐❦❡❧② t♦ ❜❡ tr❛❞❡❞
❛♥❞ ❝♦♥s✐st❡♥❝② ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ♣r✐❝❡s ✐s q✉✐❡t ❤❛r❞ t♦ ❜❡ ❢♦✉♥❞✳ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡
♠❛❞❡ ✇✐t❤ ❛ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠♦❞❡❧ t❤❛t ❤❛♥❞❧❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❥✉♠♣s ♦r ✉s❡s ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s
st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ♦❜✈✐♦✉s❧② ✈❡r② ✇♦r❦✲✐♥✲♣r♦❣r❡ss✳
✸✳✷
❍②❜r✐❞s Pr♦❞✉❝ts
❚❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡ q✉❛❧✐t❛t✐✈❡ ❛s t❤✐s t♦♣✐❝ ✐s ❛ ✈❡r② ♥❡✇ ❛♥❞ ❝♦♥✜✲
❞❡♥t✐❛❧ ♦♥❡ ❛♥❞ ❛ ✈❡r② ❢❡✇ ❛❝❛❞❡♠✐❝ ♣❛♣❡r ❛r❡ ❛✈❛✐❧❛❜❧❡✳ ❆❢t❡r ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s
❛♥❞ ❛tt❡♥❞❛♥❝❡ t♦ ♠❡❡t✐♥❣s ✇✐t❤ ♠❛r❦❡t ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs✱ ■ ❛♠ ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ♣r❡s❡♥t
s♦♠❡ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✈✐❡✇s ♦✈❡r t❤❡s❡ ♥❡✇ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✳
❆ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡ ✐s ❛♥ ❤②❜r✐❞ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✇❤♦❧❡ ♦r ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡ tr❛❞❡ ❤❛s r✐s❦
❛❝r♦ss t✇♦ ♦r ♠♦r❡ ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss❡s t❤❛t ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ ❞❡❝♦♠♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥t♦ s♣❡❝✐✜❝ ❛ss❡t
❝❧❛ss❡s✷ ✳ ■t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❜♦t❤ ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣r♦❞✉❝t ♦r ❛♥ ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss s✐♥❝❡ ❞✉❡ t♦
❝r♦ss ❝♦♥✈❡①✐t② ♦♥❡ ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss ❝❛♥♥♦t ❜❡ r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡❞ ✇✐t❤♦✉t ❝♦♥s✐❞❡r✐♥❣
♦t❤❡r ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss❡s ✐♥ ❛ ❣✐✈❡♥ tr❛❞❡✳
■♥ ❛ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♣❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡ t❤❡ ♠❛✐♥ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥❝❡ ✇✐t❤ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛ss❡t str✉❝t✉r❡❞
♣r♦❞✉❝ts ✐s t❤❡ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❝♦♠❜✐♥❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s✱ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞
❝r♦ss ❝♦♥✈❡①✐t②✳
❏♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❚✇♦ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ✇❛②s t♦ ❝❛❧❝✉❧❛t❡ t❤❡ ❡①♣❡❝t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
♣❛②♦✛ ✭✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ✇♦r❞s t❤❡ ✐♥t❡❣r❛❧ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ ❥♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t✇♦ ❛ss❡ts✮
❤❛✈❡ ❜❡❡♥ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✇♦r❦ ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ s✐♥❣❧❡ ❛ss❡t ❡①♦t✐❝s✿ ■♠♣❧✐❡❞
❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥s ✭■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s✮ ❛♥❞ ❈♦♣✉❧❛s ✭❈r❡❞✐t ❉❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✮✳
✷
▼❛✐♥ ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss❡s ❛r❡✿ ❊q✉✐t②✱ ❘❛t❡s✱ ❋❳✱ ❈r❡❞✐t✱ ❈♦♠♠♦❞✐t✐❡s✱ ■♥✢❛t✐♦♥✳
✼✺
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
❯s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♠❡❛♥s t❤❛t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡t✴✢♦♦r❧❡t ♣r✐❝❡s ✇❡
❜✉✐❧❞ ❛♥ ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ tr❛❞❡✳
❆ ❈♦♣✉❧❛ ✐s ❛ r❡❛❧ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ C s✉❝❤ t❤❛t ✐♥ ❛ ✷ ❞✐♠❡♥s✐♦♥s ❝❛s❡ ✐s ❞❡✜♥❡❞ ♦♥
I 2 = [0, 1]2 ❛♥❞✿
C(x, 0) = C(0, x) = 0 ❛♥❞ C(x, 1) = x, C(1, z) = z
✭✸✳✶✮
❱❡r② ❜❛s✐❝❛❧❧②✱ ✉s✐♥❣ t❤❡ ❙❦❧❛r t❤❡♦r❡♠ t❤❛t s❡ts t❤❛t ❢♦r ❡❛❝❤ ❏♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐✲
❜✉t✐♦♥ F (X1 , X2 ) t❤❡r❡ ❡①✐st ❛ ❢✉♥❝t✐♦♥ C ❞❡♣❡♥❞s ♦♥ C(F1 (X1 ), F2 (X2 ))
✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡ Fi ❛r❡ t❤❡ ♠❛r❣✐♥❛❧ ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦✉r ❛ss❡ts✱ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥❡
t❤❡ ❏♦✐♥t ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ✷ ❛ss❡ts✳
❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❛♥ ✐ss✉❡ ❢♦r r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❛♥❞ ❢♦r ♣r✐❝✐♥❣✳ ❲❡
s❛✇ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s t❤❛t ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ✇❛s ❛❧❧ ❛❜♦✉t ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ♠❛r❦❡t ❞❛t❛ ❛r❡
❛ ❝r✉❝✐❛❧ ♣♦✐♥t ❢♦r ❛ ❣♦♦❞ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✳ ❖♥❡ ❝❛♥ ✉♥❞❡rst❛♥❞ t❤❛t ✇❤❡♥ t✇♦
❝❧❛ss❡s ♦❢ ❛ss❡ts ❛r❡ ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ t❤❡ ✐ss✉❡ ✐s ❡✈❡♥ ❜✐❣❣❡r t❤❛♥ ✇❤❡♥ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t
❥✉st t✇♦ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ ▲✐❜♦r r❛t❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s st✐❧❧ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❢♦r ♠❛♥② ❤♦✉s❡s✿
♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❛r❡ t❛❧❦✐♥❣ ❛❜♦✉t st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❜✉t ♠♦st ♦❢ ❛❧❧ r❡❢❡r t♦ t❤❡
❝♦♠♠♦♥ s❡♥s❡ ❜❡❢♦r❡ ❣✐✈✐♥❣ ❛ ♣r✐❝❡✳
❈r♦ss✲❝♦♥✈❡①✐t② ❈♦♥✈❡①✐t② ♣r♦❜❧❡♠s ❛r❡ ♥♦t ♥❡✇ t♦ ❛♥②♦♥❡ ✇❤♦ ❛❧r❡❛❞②
❞❡❛❧t ✇✐t❤ ❈♦♥st❛♥t ▼❛t✉r✐t② ❙✇❛♣ ❛♥❞ ✐♥ ❣❡♥❡r❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s✳ ❇❛s✐❝❛❧❧②✱
✐♥ ❤②❜r✐❞s✱ ♠❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ t❤❡ r✐s❦ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❞❡❧t❛ ❛♥❞ ❣❛♠♠❛ ✐s ♠✉❝❤ ♠♦r❡
✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❞✉❡ t♦ t❤✐s t❡r♠ ♦❢ ❝♦♥✈❡①✐t② ❛❝r♦ss t❤❡ ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss❡s✳
❙✉♠♠❛r② ❍②❜r✐❞s ❛r❡ ❛ ❤♦t t♦♣✐❝ ❛♥❞ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ s❡❡♥ ❛ ❣r♦✇✐♥❣ ❞❡♠❛♥❞
❢♦r t❤♦s❡ ❦✐♥❞s ♦❢ ♣r♦❞✉❝ts ❛❧❧ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ❆s✐❛✳ Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ✐s ✈❡r② ✐♥✈♦❧✈❡❞ ❛♥❞
r✐s❦ ♠❛♥❛❣❡♠❡♥t ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❛ ♥✐❣❤t♠❛r❡✿ ❢♦r ✐♥st❛♥❝❡✱ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❥✉♠♣s ✐♥ ♦♥❡
❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss ✈❡r② ♦❢t❡♥ ❜r✐♥❣s ❛ ❥✉♠♣ ✐♥ ♦t❤❡r ❛ss❡t ❝❧❛ss❡s❀ t❤❡♥✱ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t
♠✐❣❤t ♣r♦❜❛❜❧② ❣❡t ✉♣s❡t ❛♥❞ ❛❧❧ ❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s ♣r❡✈✐♦✉s❧② ♠❛❞❡ ✇✐❧❧ ❤❛✈❡ t♦
❜❡ r❡❝♦♥s✐❞❡r❡❞✳
✼✻
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
✸✳✸
■ss✉❡s r❛✐s❡❞
✸✳✸✳✶ ❈❤♦✐❝❡ ❜❡t✇❡❡♥ ❍✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
❚❤❡② ❛r❡ t✇♦ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤❡s t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥✳ ❲❤❡t❤❡r ✇❡
❞❡❝✐❞❡ t♦ s♠♦♦t❤ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ✇✐t❤ ❛ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❢♦r♠✳
❚❤❡♥ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ t❤✐s ❢♦r♠ ✐♥ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ✇❡ ✜t t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥
♣r✐❝❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡r ς ✳ ❖r ✇❡ ✐❣♥♦r❡ t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ✇❡
♦♥❧② ❛❞❛♣t t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡ t♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧
♦♥ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s✳
■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ♦♥❡ ✇♦✉❧❞ s❛② t❤❛t t❤♦s❡ t✇♦ ♠❡t❤♦❞s s❤♦✉❧❞ ♣r♦❞✉❝❡ s✐♠✐❧❛r
r❡s✉❧ts✳ ■t ✐s ♥♦t t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ ❛s t❤❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ❡✈❡♥ ❛❢t❡r
s♠♦♦t❤✐♥❣ ❜② ❛ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❢♦r♠ ❣✐✈❡s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t r❡s✉❧ts ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥
♣r✐❝❡s q✉♦t❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✳ ❚❤✐s ❡①♣❧❛✐♥s ❛❧s♦ ✇❤② t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❝✐t ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥
s✉r❢❛❝❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❡❝♦♥❞ ❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ✐s ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ♦❜t❛✐♥❡❞
✉s✐♥❣ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❞❛t❛✳
◆❡✈❡rt❤❡❧❡ss✱ ♦♣❡r❛t♦rs ❤❛✈❡ tr✐❡❞ t♦ ✐♥t❡❣r❛t❡ ❜♦t❤ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞
✐♥❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥✳ ❚❤✐s ❞♦❡s ♥♦t s❡❡♠ t♦ ✇♦r❦ ♣r♦♣❡r❧②✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❤✐st♦r✐❝❛❧
❛♣♣r♦❛❝❤ ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ♣❡r♠✐t t♦ ✜♥❞ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s ❛♥❞ ❤❛s ❧❡ss ✈❛❧✉❡ t❤❛t
t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ✈❛❧✉❡ ✭✇❤✐❝❤ ❜❛s✐❝❛❧❧② ♣r✐❝❡ ✇❤❛t ✐s ❣♦✐♥❣ t♦ ❜❡ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t✮ ✇❡
♣r❡❢❡r t♦ ❝❤♦♦s❡ t♦ ✉s❡ t❤❡ ✐♠♣❧✐❡❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✳
✸✳✸✳✷ ■♥t❡r❡st✲r❛t❡s s❦❡✇
❊①❝❡♣t ✐♥ t❤✐s s❡❝t✐♦♥ ✸✳✶✱ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ s✉♣♣♦s❡❞ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t♦ ❜❡ ❞❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝
❛♥❞ ❛t ♠♦st t✐♠❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥t✳ ●r❡❛t ✐♠♣r♦✈❡♠❡♥ts t♦ t❤❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡
▲▼▼ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞♦♥❡ ❜② ✉s✐♥❣ st♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② t♦ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡ s❦❡✇✳
❆s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❜❡❢♦r❡✱ ❙❆❇❘ ▼♦❞❡❧ ❞❡✈❡❧♦♣❡❞ ❜② ❍❛❣❛♥ ✐♥ ❬✷✶❪ ✐s t❤❡ ♠♦st
✉s❡❞ ✭❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ ✉s❡❞ ❛t t❤❡ ❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞✮✳
✼✼
P❡rs♣❡❝t✐✈❡s ❛♥❞ ✐ss✉❡s
✸✳✸✳✸ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛
❇② ♥❛t✉r❡ ✉s✐♥❣ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥s ❜r✐♥❣s ②♦✉ ✐ss✉❡s✳ ■♥ ♦✉r ❝❛s❡ ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ❢♦✉♥❞
❣♦♦❞ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥s t♦ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤♦s❡ ❛r❡ t❤❡ st❛t❡✲♦❢✲t❤❡✲❛rt ♦❢
t❤✐s t♦♣✐❝ ❜✉t st✐❧❧ t❤❡② ❞♦ ♥♦t ♣❡r♠✐t t♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ❛❝❝✉r❛t❡❧② s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ❛❧❧ ❛❧♦♥❣
t❤❡ ♠❛tr✐① ❜✉t st✐❧❧✱ ❣✐✈❡s ❛♥ ❛❧♠♦st ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧ ❜❡❤❛✈✐♦✉r t♦ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡s✳
✸✳✸✳✹ ▼❛r❦❡t ❧✐q✉✐❞✐t②
■♥ ♦r❞❡r t♦ ♣r✐❝❡ ❧♦♥❣ tr❛❞❡s✱ ✇❡ ♥❡❡❞ t♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ ❛ r❛t❤❡r ❜✐❣ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥
♠❛tr✐①✳ ❆❢t❡r s❡✈❡r❛❧ ❞✐s❝✉ss✐♦♥s ✇✐t❤ tr❛❞❡rs✱ ■ ❤❛♣♣❡♥❡❞ t♦ r❡❛❧✐③❡ t❤❛t
s♦♠❡ ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ✐❧❧✐q✉✐❞ ✭◗✉♦t❡s ❛r❡ ❡✈❡♥ ✇♦rst ✐♥ ♥♦♥ ❯❙❉ ♦r ❊❯❘ ♠❛r❦❡t
❧✐❦❡ ❡♠❡r❣✐♥❣ ❝✉rr❡♥❝✐❡s✿ ❑❘❲✱ ❚❍❇✱ ❚❲❉✱ ❙●❉✱ ❍❑❉✮ ❛♥❞ t❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ t❤❡
q✉♦t❡s ❣✐✈❡♥ ❜② ❜r♦❦❡rs ❝❛♥ ❜❡ str❛♥❣❡ ❧❡❛❞✐♥❣ t♦ ❛ ❜❛❞ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥✳
❈❤❛♣t❡r ✹
●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞
❢♦r ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥
❚❤✐s ✐s ❛ s❤♦rt s✉♠♠❛r② ♦❢ ✇❤❛t ✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ✐♥ t❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❛s ♠❡t❤♦❞✲
♦❧♦❣② t♦ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s✳
✹✳✶
❆ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s
❼ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✿ ▲♦❣♥♦r♠❛❧✐t② ♦❢ ❢♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s
❼ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②✿ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝
❼ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✿ ❉❡t❡r♠✐♥✐st✐❝
✹✳✷
▼♦❞❡❧✐♥❣ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s
❼ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② str✉❝t✉r❡✿ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ t②♣❡
γi (t) = σi (t) = ci η(Ti − t)
η(s) = ηa,β,η∞ (s) = η∞ + (1 − η∞ + bs)e−βs
b, β,η∞ ≥ 0
✼✾
●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥
❼ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡✿ ❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs ❛♥❞ ❈♦✛❡②
ρij = exp −
|i − j|
ln ρ∞
m−1
i2 + j 2 + ij − 3mi − 3mj + 3i + 3j + 2m2 − m − 4
+ η1
+
(m − 2)(m − 3)
i2 + j 2 + ij − mi − mj − 3i − 3j + 3m + 2
− η2
,
(m − 2)(m − 3)
(i, j) ∈ [1, m]2 , 3η1 ≤ η2 ≤ 0, 0 ≤ η1 + η2 ≤ −lnρ∞
❼ ❆♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛✿ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦✱ ❍✉❧❧ ❲❤✐t❡ ♦r ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ & ❆♥✲
❞r❡❛s❡♥
✹✳✸
▼❛r❦❡t ❞❛t❛
❼ ❚❤❡ ②✐❡❧❞ ❝✉r✈❡ ✭❈✉rr❡♥t ♣r✐❝❡ B(0, t) ♦❢ t❤❡ ❜♦♥❞s ♠❛t✉r✐♥❣ ❛t t✐♠❡
t✮
❼ ❈❛♣❧❡t ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s✿
σiBlack,LM M
2
=
c2i
Ti
Ti
η 2 (Ti − s)ds
0
❼ ❆t✲❚❤❡✲▼♦♥❡② ❙✇❛♣t✐♦♥s q✉♦t❛t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s
✹✳✹
❈❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss
❼ ❋✐t r♦✉❣❤❧② t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① γp,q ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛
❛♥❞ t❤❡ ♠❛r❦❡t ❞❛t❛✱
❼ ❘✉♥ ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❈♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❆♥❛❧②s✐s ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ♣r❡✈✐✲
♦✉s❧② ✉s❡❞ ❛♥❞ ❦❡❡♣ t❤❡ ♠♦st ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t ❢❛❝t♦rs✱
❼ ❯s❡ t❤❡ r❛♥❦ r❡❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠❡t❤♦❞ ✇✐t❤ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❛♥❣❧❡s t♦ ♦❜t❛✐♥ ❛ ❝❧♦s❡r
odel ✱
❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐① ρM
ij
✽✵
●❡♥❡r❛❧ ▼❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❢♦r ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥
❼ ❘❡✲r✉♥ t❤❡ ✜rst ✸ st❡♣s ✇✐t❤ t❤❡ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ❛❧r❡❛❞② ❢♦✉♥❞ ❛♥❞ ✉s✐♥❣
♦♥❧② ❛s r❡❢❡r❡♥❝❡ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✉s❡❢✉❧ ❢♦r t❤❡ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡✱
❼ ❋✐♥❛❧❧②✱ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ ✐s ✇❡❧❧ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡❞ ♦♥ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s
✇❡ ♥❡❡❞✳
❼ ❚❤❡r❡❢♦r❡ ✇❡ ❝❛♥ ♣r✐❝❡ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ✇✐t❤ t❤✐s ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡❞
♠♦❞❡❧✿ ❢r♦♠ t❤✐s ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ♠❛tr✐①✱ t❤❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ♠❛♣♣✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡
❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ❛t t✐♠❡ 0✱ r✉♥ ❛ ▼♦♥t❡ ❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❞✐s✲
❝r❡t✐③❡❞ ✈❡rs✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ❋♦r✇❛r❞ r❛t❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ t♦
♦❜t❛✐♥ t❤❡✐r ❞✐✛✉s✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ t✐♠❡✳
✹✳✺
❈♦♥❝❧✉s✐♦♥
❚❤✐s t❤❡s✐s ❤❛s ❞❡s❝r✐❜❡❞ ❡①t❡♥s✐✈❡❧② t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ❛♥❞ ❤♦✇ ✐t ✐s
❛♥ ✐♠♣♦rt❛♥t st❡♣ ✐♥ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ♠♦❞❡❧✳ ❆❢t❡r t❤✐s t❤❡♦r❡t✐❝❛❧ ❞❡s❝r✐♣t✐♦♥✱
✇❡ ❤❛✈❡ ♣r♦♣♦s❡❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❢♦r♠s ❢♦r t❤❡ ✐♥st❛♥t❛♥❡♦✉s ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t②
❛♥❞ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❛ s❡t ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs✿ ▲❛❣✉❡rr❡ t②♣❡ ✈♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞
❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs✲❈♦✛❡② s❡♠✐✲♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✳
❚❤❡♥✱ ❛ ✸✲❢❛❝t♦r ❝❛s❡ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ t❤✐s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇❛s s❡❧❡❝t❡❞ ❛❝❝♦r❞✐♥❣
t♦ t❤❡ r❡s✉❧ts ♦❢ ❛ Pr✐♥❝✐♣❛❧ ❝♦♠♣♦♥❡♥t ❛♥❛❧②s✐s ❞♦♥❡ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥
♠❛tr✐① ❝❤♦s❡♥ ❜❡❢♦r❡✳ ❋r♦♠ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ♠❛r❦❡t ✐♥♣✉ts ❛♥❞ ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❥✉st✐✜❡❞
❛ss✉♠♣t✐♦♥s✱ ✇❡ ❝♦✉❧❞ ❝❛❧✐❜r❛t❡ t❤❡ ♠♦❞❡❧ t♦ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣t✐♦♥s ✐♥ ❛
r❡❛s♦♥❛❜❧❡ ❝♦♠♣✉t❛t✐♦♥ t✐♠❡ ❛♥❞ ✇✐t❤ ❛❝❝❡♣t❛❜❧❡ ❛♣♣r♦①✐♠❛t✐♦♥s t❤❛♥❦s
t♦ ❝❧♦s❡❞ ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ❢♦r s✇❛♣t✐♦♥ ♣r✐❝❡s✳ ❚❤✐s ❢♦r♠✉❧❛ ♣❡r♠✐tt❡❞ ✉s t♦ ❛✈♦✐❞
r✉♥♥✐♥❣ s❡✈❡r❛❧ ▼♦♥t❡✲❈❛r❧♦ s✐♠✉❧❛t✐♦♥s✳
❆s ❤✐❣❤❧✐❣❤t❡❞✱ t❤✐s ♣r♦❝❡ss ✐s st✐❧❧ ❛♥ ♦♣❡♥ ♣r♦❜❧❡♠ ❡s♣❡❝✐❛❧❧② ❢♦r s❦❡✇ ✐ss✉❡s
❛♥❞ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❝r♦ss✲❛ss❡t ♣r♦❞✉❝ts✳
❇✐❜❧✐♦❣r❛♣❤②
❬✶❪ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❙❝❤♦❧❡s✱ ✧❚❤❡ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ♦♣t✐♦♥s ❛♥❞ ❝♦r♣♦r❛t❡ ❧✐❛❜✐❧✐t✐❡s✧✱
❏✳ ♦❢ P♦❧✐t✐❝❛❧ ❊❝♦♥♦♠②✱ ✽✶ ✭✶✾✼✸✮✱ ✻✸✼✲✻✺✾✳
❬✷❪ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❋✳✱ ✧Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❛ ❝♦♠♠♦❞✐t② ❝♦♥tr❛❝t✧✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧
❊❝♦♥♦♠✐❝s✱✸ ✭✶✾✼✻✮✱ ✶✻✼✲✶✼✾✳
❬✸❪ ❍✉❧❧ ❏✳✱ ✧❖♣t✐♦♥s✱ ❋✉t✉r❡s ❛♥❞ ♦t❤❡r ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s✱ ❙✐①t❤ ❊❞✐t✐♦♥✧✱ P❡❛r✲
s♦♥ ❊❞✉❝❛t✐♦♥✱ ✭✷✵✵✻✮✳
❬✹❪ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❘✳✱ ✧❚❡r♠✲❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ▼♦❞❡❧s✿ ❆ r❡✈✐❡✇✧✱ ◗❯❆❘❈✱ ❚❤❡
❘♦②❛❧ ❇❛♥❦ ♦❢ ❙❝♦t❧❛♥❞ ✭✷✵✵✸✮✳
❬✺❪ ❖❦s❡♥❞❛❧✱ ❇✳✱ ✧❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝ ❉✐✛❡r❡♥t✐❛❧ ❊q✉❛t✐♦♥s ✲ ❆♥ ✐♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥
✇✐t❤ ❆♣♣❧✐❝❛t✐♦♥s✧✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✲❱❡r❧❛❣✱ ✭✶✾✾✽✮ ❇❡r❧✐♥✳
❬✻❪ ❈♦①✱ ■♥❣❡rs♦❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❘♦ss✱ ✧❆ ❚❤❡♦r② ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠✲str✉❝t✉r❡ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r❡st
❘❛t❡s✧✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❛✱ ✺✸ ✭✶✾✽✺✮✱ ✸✽✺✲✹✵✼✳
❬✼❪ ❍♦ ❛♥❞ ▲❡❡✱ ✧❚❡r♠ ❙tr✉❝t✉r❡ ♠♦✈❡♠❡♥ts ❛♥❞ Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡
❈♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥t ❈❧❛✐♠s✧✱ ❏✳ ❋✐♥❛♥✳✱ ✹✶ ✭✶✾✽✻✮✱ ✶✵✶✶✲✷✾✳
❬✽❪ ❇❧❛❝❦ ❛♥❞ ❑❛r❛s✐♥s❦✐✱ ✧❇♦♥❞ ❛♥❞ ❖♣t✐♦♥ Pr✐❝✐♥❣ ✇❤❡♥ ■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s
❛r❡ ❧♦❣✲♥♦r♠❛❧✧✱ ❋✐♥❛♥✳ ❆♥❛❧②s✐t ❏✳✱ ✭✶✾✾✶✮✱ ✺✷✲✺✾✳
❬✾❪ ❱❛s✐❝❡❦ ❖✳✱ ✧❆♥ ❡q✉✐❧✐❜r✐✉♠ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ t❡r♠ str✉❝t✉r❡✧✱
❏✳ ❋✐♥❛♥✳ ❊❝♦♥♦♠✳ ✺✱✭✶✾✼✼✮✱ ✶✼✼✲✶✽✽✳
✽✷
❇■❇▲■❖●❘❆P❍❨
❬✶✵❪ ❘❡♥❞❧❡♠❛♥ ❛♥❞ ❇❛rtt❡r✱ ✧❚❤❡ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ♦❢ ❖♣t✐♦♥s ♦♥ ❉❡❜t ❙❡❝✉r✐t✐❡s✧✱
❏✳ ❋✐♥❛♥✳ ❛♥❞ ◗✉❛♥t✳ ❆♥❛✳✱ ✶✺ ✭✶✾✽✵✮✱ ✶✶✲✷✹✳
❬✶✶❪ ❉✳ ❍❡❛t❤✱ ❘✳ ❏❛rr♦✇✱ ❆✳ ▼♦rt♦♥✱ ✧❇♦♥❞ ♣r✐❝✐♥❣ ❛♥❞ t❤❡ t❡r♠ str✉❝✲
t✉r❡ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r❡st r❛❡s✿ ❆ ♥❡✇ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦❧♦❣② ❢♦r ❝♦♥t✐♥❣❡♥t ❝❧❛✐♠s ✈❛❧✉✲
❛t✐♦♥✧ ✱ ❊❝♦♥♦♠❡tr✐❝❛✱ ✻✵ ✭✶✾✾✷✮✱ ✼✼✲✶✵✺✳
❬✶✷❪ ❆✳ ❇r❛❝❡✱ ❉✳ ●➺❛t❛r❡❦✱ ❉✳ ▼✉s✐❡❧❛✱ ✧❚❤❡ ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧ ♦❢ ■♥t❡r❡st
❘❛t❡ ❉②♥❛♠✐❝s✧✱ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝❛❧ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡ ✼ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ✶✷✼✲✶✺✺✳
❬✶✸❪ ❋✳ ❏❛♠❛s❤✐❞✐❛♥✱ ✧▲■❇❖❘ ❛♥❞ s✇❛♣ ♠❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧s ❛♥❞ ♠❡❛s✉r❡s✧✱
❋✐♥❛♥❝❡ ❛♥❞ ❙t♦❝❤❛st✐❝s✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r✱ ✶ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ✷✾✸✲✸✸✵✳
❬✶✹❪ ❇r♦②❞❡♥ ❡t ❛❧✳✱ ✧❖♥ t❤❡ ▲♦❝❛❧ ❛♥❞ ❙✉♣❡r❧✐♥❡❛r ❈♦♥✈❡r❣❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ◗✉❛s✐✲
◆❡✇t♦♥ ▼❡t❤♦❞s✧✱ ■▼❆ ❏✳ ❆♣♣❧✐❡❞ ▼❛t❤❡♠❛t✐❝s✱ ✶✷ ✭✶✾✼✸✮✱ ✷✷✸✲✷✹✺✳
❬✶✺❪ ❑✳ ▼✐❧t❡rs❡♥✱ ❑✳ ❙❛♥❞♠❛♥♥✱ ❉✳ ❙♦♥❞❡r♠❛♥♥✱ ✧❈❧♦s❡❞✲❢♦r♠ s♦❧✉t✐♦♥
❢♦r t❡r♠ str✉❝✲ t✉r❡ ❞❡r✐✈❛t✐✈❡s ✇✐t❤ ❧♦❣ ♥♦r♠❛❧ ✐♥t❡r❡st r❛t❡s✧✱ ❏♦✉r✲
♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✱ ✭✶✾✾✼✮✱ ✹✵✾✲✹✸✵✳
❬✶✻❪ ❘❡❜♦♥❛t♦ ❘✳✱ ✧❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❛♥❞ ❈♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥✱ ❚❤❡ ♣❡r❢❡❝t ❍❡❞❣❡r ❛♥❞
❚❤❡ ❋♦①✱ ❙❡❝♦♥❞ ❊❞✐t✐♦♥✧✱ ❊❞t ❏♦❤♥ ❲✐❧❡② ❛♥❞ ❙♦♥s ✭✷✵✵✹✮✳
❬✶✼❪ ❇r✐❣♦ ❉✳✱ ▼❡r❝✉r✐♦ ❋✳✱ ✧■♥t❡r❡st ❘❛t❡s ▼♦❞❡❧s✱ ❚❤❡♦r② ❛♥❞ Pr❛❝t✐❝❡✧✱
✭✷✵✵✶✮✱ ❙♣r✐♥❣❡r ❋✐♥❛♥❝❡✱ ❇❡r❧✐♥✳
❬✶✽❪ ❈♦✛❡② ❇✳✱ ❙❝❤♦❡♥♠❛❦❡rs ❏✳✱ ✧❙②st❡♠❛t✐❝ ❣❡♥❡r❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♣❛r❛♠❡tr✐❝
❝♦rr❡❧❛t✐♦♥ str✉❝t✉r❡s ❢♦r t❤❡ ▲✐❜♦r ♠❛r❦❡t ♠♦❞❡❧✧✱ ❲❡✐❡rstr❛ss ■♥✲
st✐t✉t❡ ❇❡r❧✐♥✱ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ♣❛♣❡r ✭✷✵✵✷✮
❬✶✾❪ ❍✉❧❧ ❛♥❞ ❲❤✐t❡✱ ✧❋♦r✇❛r❞ ❘❛t❡ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s✱ ❙✇❛♣ ❘❛t❡ ❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐t✐❡s✱
❛♥❞ ■♠♣❧❡♠❡♥t❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❤❡ ▲■❇❖❘ ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✧✱ ❏♦✉r♥❛❧ ♦❢ ❋✐①❡❞
■♥❝♦♠❡ ✼✺ ✭✶✾✾✺✮✱ ✶✺✲✸✶✳
✽✸
❇■❇▲■❖●❘❆P❍❨
❬✷✵❪ ❆♥❞❡rs❡♥ ▲✳✱ ❆♥❞r❡❛s❡♥ ❏✳✱ ✧❱♦❧❛t✐❧✐t② ❙❦❡✇s ❛♥❞ ❊①t❡♥s✐♦♥s ♦❢ t❤❡
▲✐❜♦r ▼❛r❦❡t ▼♦❞❡❧✧✱ ●❡♥❡r❛❧ ❘❡ ❋✐♥❛♥❝✐❛❧ Pr♦❞✉❝ts✱ ❲♦r❦✐♥❣ ♣❛✲
♣❡r✱ ✭✶✾✾✾✮✳
❬✷✶❪ ❍❛❣❛♥ P✳✱ ❑✉♠❛r ❉✳✱ ▲❡s♥✐❡✇s❦✐ ❆✳✱ ❲♦♦❞✇❛r❞ ❉✳ ✿ ▼❛♥❛❣✐♥❣ s♠✐❧❡
r✐s❦✱ ❲✐❧❧♠♦tt ▼❛❣❛③✐♥❡✱ ✭✷✵✵✷✮✱ ✽✹✲✶✵✽✳
[...]... ✐s✿ n−p F ixedp,n (t) = Sp,n (t)δB(t, Tp+i ) i=0 ❆♥❞ t❤❡ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ ❧❡❣ ✐s✿ n−p F loatingp,n (t) = B(t, Ti+p )δL(t, Ti−1+p ) i=1 n−p = B(t, Ti+p ) i=1 n−p B(t, Ti−1+p ) −1 B(t, Ti+p ) B(t, Ti−1+p ) − B(t, Ti+p ) = i=1 = B(t, Tp ) − B(t, Tn ) ❚❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ ✐s ❜② ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ❡q✉❛❧✐③❡ ❜♦t❤ ❧❡❣s✿ F ixedp,n (t) = F loatingp,n (t) Sp,n (t) = B(t, Tp ) − B(t, Tn ) n−p i=0 δB(t, Tp+i ) ❚❤✐s s✇❛♣ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ ... ❚❤❡ ✜①❡❞ ❧❡❣ ✐s✿ n−p F ixedp,n (t) = Sp,n (t)δB(t, Tp+i ) i=0 ❆♥❞ t❤❡ ✢♦❛t✐♥❣ ❧❡❣ ✐s✿ n−p F loatingp,n (t) = B(t, Ti+p )δL(t, Ti−1+p ) i=1 n−p = B(t, Ti+p ) i=1 n−p B(t, Ti−1+p ) −1 B(t, Ti+p... B(t, Tn ) ❚❤❡ s✇❛♣ r❛t❡ ✐s ❜② ❞❡✜♥✐t✐♦♥ t❤❡ ♦♥❡ t❤❛t ❡q✉❛❧✐③❡ ❜♦t❤ ❧❡❣s✿ F ixedp,n (t) = F loatingp,n (t) Sp,n (t) = B(t, Tp ) − B(t, Tn ) n−p i=0 δB(t, Tp+i ) ❚❤✐s s✇❛♣ ✇❛s ♠♦r❡ ♣r❡❝✐s❡❧② ❛... ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ❛♥ ❡①❛❝t ♣r✐❝❡ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❞❡r✐✈❡❞ ❛s ❢♦r t❤❡ ❝❛♣❧❡ts ✐♥ ▲▼▼✳ ❲✐t❤ str❛✐❣❤t❢♦r✇❛r❞ ♥♦t❛t✐♦♥s✿ q M SwaptionSM (t) p,q B(t, Ti )[Sp,q (t)N (d1 ) − κN (d2 )] = i=p+1 ✇✐t❤ d1,2 (t, Ti ) = ln((Sp,q (t)/κ)
Ngày đăng: 02/10/2015, 12:56
Xem thêm: Calibration to swaptions in the libor market model, Calibration to swaptions in the libor market model, 1 The settings: Main purpose of the Calibration