A study on higher marine fungal interaction

A Study on Higher Marine Fungal Interaction Quek Rop Fun B. Sc. (Hons), NUS A Thesis Submitted For the Degree of Master of Science Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere appreciation and heartfelt thanks to: A/P Tan Teck Koon, my supervisor, for his invaluable supervision and constant guidance. Professor E.B.G. Jones (National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand) for sharing his expertise and engagement in helpful discussions. National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) (113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120 THAILAND) for providing cultures of Aigialus parvus, Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Lignicola laevis, Lulworthia sp. and Verruculina enalia. The staff of Architecture Workshop (Department of Architecture, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore) for the use of their facilities. The staff of Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, in particular, Madam Chua Ling Lih and Madam Malaiyandy Devi, for their generous and self-less assistance they have rendered throughout the course of the research. i TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i TABLE OF CONTENTS ii SUMMARY v LIST OF TABLES viii LIST OF FIGURES xii 1. INTRODUCTION 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Definition of Marine Fungi 2.2 Collecting Techniques 2.3 Significance of Marine Fungi 19 2.4 Work done on Marine Fungi in Different Parts 22 of the World 2.5 3. Ecological Studies on Mangrove Fungi 26 MATERIALS AND METHODS 32 3.1 Materials 32 3.2 Methods 36 ii CONTENTS 4. PAGE PRELIMINARY STUDY – EFFECTS OF PRE-INOCULATING V. ENALIA ON BALSA WOOD 5. 4.1 Aims and Objectives 50 4.2 Results 51 4.3 Discussions 65 PRE-INOCULATION OF R. APICULATA AND S. CASEOLARIS WOOD WITH A. CHESAPEAKENSIS, L. LAEVIS AND V. ENALIA 6. 5.1 Aims and Objectives 75 5.2 Study with R. apiculata Wood 77 5.3 Study with S. caseolaris Wood 118 5.4 Discussions 164 MARINE FUNGI COLONIZING CUT AND BARK SURFACES OF R. APICULATA AND S. CASEOLARIS WOOD 6.1 Aims and Objectives 196 6.2 Fungal colonization on cut and bark surfaces 198 of R. apiculata and S. caseolaris wood 6.3 Laboratory Study on the Growth of Selected 226 Mangrove Fungi on Agar Media iii CONTENTS PAGE 7. CONCLUSIONS 239 8. REFERENCES 244 iv SUMMARY A study on the higher fungi in the Lim Chu Kang mangrove swamp in Singapore was conducted with the objectives of (i) studying the succession of higher marine fungi colonizing wood in the mangrove habitat; and (ii) investigating the effects of pre-inoculation of wood substrata (with known fungi) on subsequent colonization by other fungi in situ. The experimental approach used was by submersion of wood baits, and retrieving them after a period of 12 or 24 weeks. The retrieved wood baits were incubated in the laboratory and the fungal growth and sporulation were systematically observed under a stereozoom microscope. A preliminary study was first conducted using balsa wood pre-inoculated with Verruculina enalia and subjected to 12-week submersion at the mangrove site. This was followed by a study on the effects of pre-inoculation of Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia caseolaris wood with Aniptodera chesapeakensis, Lignicola laevis and V. enalia on the subsequent colonization of other fungi in situ for 24-week submersion period. v In this study, it was noted that pre-inoculation of R. apiculata, S. caseolaris and balsa wood with V. enalia adversely affected the subsequent colonization of other fungi in situ. Although this was apparently the case for mangrove wood pre-inoculated with A. chesapeakensis and L. laevis as well (generally poorer fungal diversity as compared to the un-inoculated wood), the effects were not as pronounced as that of V. enalia. It was also noted that different wood substrata influenced the fungal species recorded. From this study, it was concluded that the presence of pre-inoculated fungal species interacted with the native fungi colonizing the substrata. In the case of V. enalia, interference competition probably occurred, thus adversely affected the colonization of other fungi. It was also concluded in this study that the un-inoculated balsa wood (which yielded comparable fungal species to that of mangrove wood) could be a viable alternative to natural wood species in future baiting experiments. Further investigations of fungal flora recorded on cut and bark surfaces of R. apiculata and S. caseolaris wood, and growth of A. chesapeakensis, L. laevis and Aigialus parvus were also conducted to determine the influence of wood surfaces on the colonization of higher marine fungi. vi From the investigation of the fungal flora recorded on different wood surfaces, it was noted that the fungal species and extent of fungal colonization were greater on the cut surfaces than on the bark surfaces of both wood. The laboratory-based growth study of A. chesapeakensis, L. laevis and A. parvus showed that A. chesapeakensis and L. laevis were sensitive to the presence of bark material which lowered the growth as compared to those on media with or without enrichment of wood material of R. apiculata and S. caseolaris wood. This investigation showed that fungi may preferentially colonize different surfaces of the same wood in situ. The chemical factor presented by the bark material was probably at play in preventing the growth and colonization of fungi on the bark surfaces in situ. vii LIST OF TABLES TABLES 1. List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage PAGE 53 surface colonization by at least one taxon, and the average number of species on balsa test blocks over 12 weeks. 2. List of Ascomycete species and number of fruit bodies recorded on balsa 57 wood blocks over 12-week period. 3. List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 59 surface colonization by at least one taxon, and the average number of species on balsa test blocks pre-inoculated with V. enalia over 12 weeks. 4. List of Ascomycete species and number of fruit bodies recorded on balsa 61 wood blocks pre-inoculated with V. enalia over 12-week period. 5. List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 78 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species on R. apiculata test blocks over 24 weeks. 6. List of Ascomycete species and number of fruit bodies recorded on R. 83 apiculata block over 24-week period. 7. List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 85 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species on R. apiculata test blocks pre-inoculated with A. chesapeakensis, over 24 weeks. 8. List of Ascomycete species and number of fruit bodies recorded on R. 89 apiculata block pre-inoculated with A. chesapeakensis, over 24-week period. 9. Jaccard and Sorenson coefficients for comparisons between the R. 92 apiculata control and test blocks pre-inoculated with A. chesapeakensis. viii TABLES 10. List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage PAGE 96 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species on R. apiculata test blocks pre-inoculated with L. laevis, over 24 weeks. 11. List of Ascomycete species and number of fruit bodies recorded on R. 100 apiculata block pre-inoculated with L. laevis, over 24-week period. 12. Jaccard and Sorenson coefficients for comparisons between the R. 102 apiculata control and test blocks pre-inoculated with L. laevis. 13. List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 106 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species on R. apiculata test blocks pre-inoculated with V. enalia, over 24 weeks. 14. List of Ascomycete species and number of fruit bodies recorded on R. 109 apiculata block pre-inoculated with V. enalia, over 24-week period. 15. 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Fungal Diversity 10: 213 – 227. 266 [...]... colonization, percentage 199 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species and fruit bodies on the cut surfaces of R apiculata test blocks over 24 weeks 28 List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 203 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species and fruit bodies on the bark surfaces of R apiculata... fungi also possess ascospores with elaborate appendages, which aid in floatation, impaction and increase the surface area for entrapment and attachment to suitable substrata (Rees and Jones, 1984; Jones, 1993) Mangrove fungi that grow in intertidal conditions, on the other hand, possess ascospores with mucilaginous sheaths, lack elaborate 6 appendages and are actively discharged (Hyde, 199 0a, b; Read... example, can be quite distinct from those occurring in oceanic and coastal waters Antennospora quadricornuta, Arenariomyces spp and Corollospora spp and Torpedospora radiata are typically fungi of oceanic and coastal waters, while Hypoxylon oceanicum, Kallichroma tethys and Leptosphaeria australiensis are generally found on mangrove substrata (Jones and Hyde, 1990) Some fungi like Lignicola laevis and... chesapeakensis, L laevis and A parvus on half-strength 230 corn-meal agar, half-strength corn-meal agar enriched with S caseolaris sawdust and half-strength corn-meal agar enriched with S caseolaris powdered bark xii 1 INTRODUCTION Marine fungi are a heterogenous assemblage of fungi that are able to grow and sporulate in a marine or estuarine environment (Kohlmeyer, 1974) The types of substrata marine. .. have been applied to study various communities such as bacteria (Griffith and Lovitt, 1980; Bianchi and Bianchi, 1982), phytoplankton (Lakkis and Novel-Lakkis, 1981) and seaweeds (Lapointe et al., 1981) 18 2.3 Significance of Marine Fungi In the natural marine environment, marine fungi are able to colonize a range of substrata and according to their biological activity, they can be classified as parasites,... apiculata test blocks over 24 weeks x TABLES 29 List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage PAGE 207 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species and fruit bodies on the cut surfaces of S caseolaris test blocks over 24 weeks 30 List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 212 surface colonization by at least one... one fungal taxon, and the average number of species and fruit bodies on the bark surfaces of S caseolaris test blocks over 24 weeks xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES 1 Growth of A chesapeakensis, L laevis and A parvus on half-strength PAGE 227 corn-meal agar, half-strength corn-meal agar enriched with R apiculata sawdust and half-strength corn-meal agar enriched with R apiculata powdered bark 2 Growth of A. ..TABLES 20 Jaccard and Sorenson coefficients for comparisons between the S PAGE 136 caseolaris control and test blocks pre-inoculated with A chesapeakensis 21 List of fungal species, percentage of species colonization, percentage 140 surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species on S caseolaris test blocks pre-inoculated with L laevis, over 24 weeks 22 List of Ascomycete... Panebianco et al (2002) demonstrated an interesting way to study fungal interaction in situ They investigated the effects of pre-inoculation of balsa test-blocks with selected marine fungi (Ceriosaporopsis halima, Corollospora 1 maritima, Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera and Marinospora calyptrata) on its colonization by other fungi upon subsequent submersion of the test blocks in the sea In their study, ... distribution range as well as new host records Most papers contain little or no quantitative data As research in marine fungi developed further, it became increasingly important to have some idea on the extent of fungal infestation, or the relative abundance of each fungal species For the last two decades, various workers have begun to include such quantitative data in their reports (Zainal and Jones, . Torpedospora radiata are typically fungi of oceanic and coastal waters, while Hypoxylon oceanicum, Kallichroma tethys and Leptosphaeria australiensis are generally found on mangrove substrata (Jones and. percentage of species colonization, percentage surface colonization by at least one fungal taxon, and the average number of species and fruit bodies on the bark surfaces of S. caseolaris test. PAGE 1. Growth of A. chesapeakensis, L. laevis and A. parvus on half-strength corn-meal agar, half-strength corn-meal agar enriched with R. apiculata sawdust and half-strength corn-meal agar