Coming to court justice in j m coetzee and salman rushdie

COMING TO COURT: JUSTICE IN J.M COETZEE & SALMAN RUSHDIE ANNE SEAH KIN HONG (B.A.(Hons.), NUS) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE & LITERATURE NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2012 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis is my original work and it has been written by me in its entirety I have duly acknowledged all the sources of information which have been used in the thesis This thesis has also not been submitted for any degree in any university previously Anne Seah Kin Hong 26 August 2012 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, A/P John Phillips His guidance through the years has been invaluable I would not be the scholar I am today without him I am also grateful for his patience and understanding in all matters It is only with his support that I am able to complete this dissertation To him, I owe a debt, an incalculable debt that can never be repaid I thank him for this gift of debt In addition, I would like to express my appreciation to the Department of English Language & Literature The department has consistently provided immeasurable resources to cultivate as well as to challenge my knowledge and my understanding of literature ever since my undergraduate days I would also like to thank Seeta Nair Thank you for picking up the slack when it is not your slack to pick up Thank you for helping me procure obscure journal articles, for offering to run around getting my dissertation printed and bound Thank you for covering my back — all the time Your friendship is my blessing To my husband, Lai Lee, words cannot express how happy I am that I found you who know and love and dream literature like I do, and how lucky I am that I found you who will give it all up so that I can have it instead Thank you for letting me live my dream To my beautiful daughters, Sophie and Charlotte, you inspire me to go on Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents To my father who taught me to love learning and to my mother who always puts me before herself, I am forever grateful Their support and sacrifices made it possible for me to write this dissertation They never stopped believing in me, no matter how long and how circuitous a journey I took I dedicate this dissertation to them ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii SUMMARY v INTRODUCTION Structural Beginnings, Structural Promises Rule of Example AN EXEMPLARY CHAPTER 11 st Person Present Tense Narration 13 Subject of Énoncé 17 Subject of Énunciation 23 Subject in Crisis 30 Literary Subject 47 Question of Justice 53 CHAPTER 57 Critical Question 58 Rhetorical Question 59 The Hyphen 61 Saleem’s Reply 64 My Answer 66 CHAPTER 67 Tai: A Scatological Embodiment of Meta-History 68 Tai Bibi: A Scatological Embodiment of Micro-History 75 Padma: A Scatological Embodiment of the Promise of History iii 80 My Answer 89 CHAPTER 91 His Re-Writing of His Story 92 His Re-Writing of India’s History 101 His Re-Writing of His Story & India’s History Once More 108 My Re-Writing of His Story & Literary History 114 CHAPTER + 120 A WRONG STORY 122 His Wrong Story: He is Dying 124 His Wrong Story: He is at a Loss for Words 136 His Wrong Story: He is a Gardener 146 Wrong History 154 In Between His Wrong Story & Wrong History 164 CONCLUSION 169 Law 170 Justice 174 BIBLIOGRAPHY 177 iv SUMMARY My dissertation Coming to Court: Justice in J.M Coetzee & Salman Rushdie studies specifically Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians and Life & Times of Michael K as well as Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children In each chapter dedicated to each text, I examine how justice is possible in his story via his rewriting of history In so doing, I raise Coetzee, Rushdie and their respective texts as examples of justice In addition, I repeat their exemplification of justice via the structure of my dissertation By positioning Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians at the beginning and Life & Times of Michael K at the end framing Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children in the middle, I demonstrate that justice is promised, comes, and is promised once more In other words, I show that the possibility of justice is in promise Last but not least, I bring to the foreground my pursuit of the PhD I reenact the chapters of my dissertation as the prosecution and the defense of a legal trial in the court of law By proving that my study of justice in Coetzee, Rushdie and their respective texts is just, I promise justice for my dissertation v ! INTRODUCTION COMING TO COURT: JUSTICE IN J.M COETZEE & SALMAN RUSHDIE OR PROLOGUE: THE VERDICT IS OUT The title of my dissertation, Coming to Court: Justice in J.M Coetzee & Salman Rushdie, presents its subject — justice Framing “Justice” with the terms “Coming to Court” and “J.M Coetzee & Salman Rushdie,” I set the discursive parameters While it is evident enough that justice is to be examined in the (con)texts of J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie, the condition of coming to court proves itself to be necessarily both less conclusive and more elusive Even as coming to court justice is coming to “pay [address]” to justice, coming to court justice is also as much coming to “seek” justice as coming to the “establishment” and “institution” of the “proceedings” of “law” and “judicature.” On the one hand, “seek[ing]” and examining justice in the (con)texts of J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie; on the other hand, “seek[ing]” and making sure justice prevails by presenting and re-presenting in defense my case or my dissertation before the “assembly of [examiners-]judges [officially and] legally appointed and acting as a tribunal to hear and determine [the] cause” of my dissertation, I am coming to court justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie.1 However, as the pronoun in “Coming to Court: Justice in J.M Coetzee & Salman Rushdie” is in fact in absentia, the speaking subject “I” is then an assumed speaking subject The statement, “I am coming to court justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie,” is as plausible as it is inconclusive While the grammatical sequence of the lexical units makes a case for the speaking subject “I” taking action with the verb(s) “coming to !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online, s.v “Court,” accessed August 26, 2012, http://www.oed.com ! 1! ! court” for the object(ive) of “justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie,” the insertion of another lexical unit i.e the colon into the sentence punctures and ruptures the grammatical structure of subject-verb-object As an incisive and divisive mark separating the lexical units “coming to court” and “justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie,” the colon retains the grammatical function of the lexical unit that comes before it while it revises the grammatical function of the lexical unit that comes after it Even as “coming to court” stays its course to remain as the verb(s), “justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie” reels between the roles of the object(ive) and the subject The colon respectively and simultaneously asserts: “I am coming to court justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie,” and re-asserts: “Justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie is coming to court.” In the former assertion, the grammatical structure of subject-verb-object is obviously reinstated; in the latter re-assertion, the term of the object(ive) is seemingly missing However, I promise that the fundamental component of the object(ive) is not so much missing as it is implicitly assumed The end-object(ive) is in absentia because it is already explicitly stated in the beginning as the subject “Justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie” is repeated and reiterated as the explicit subject and the implicit object(ive) Thus, justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie is coming to court justice in J.M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie As the object(ive) that is also the subject that is coming to court the object(ive) ad infinitum, justice is sentenced to the condition of continually coming Even when it arrives at its end-object(ive) of justice, it returns to the beginning as the subject of justice that is still to come and still coming Therefore, as much as, or precisely because, the beginning subject and the end-object(ive) of my dissertation is justice, I am intrinsically and extrinsically bound by the law of justice to exceed both the beginning subject and the end-object(ive) of my dissertation ! 2! ! Structural Beginnings, Structural Promises Firstly, even as I am coming to court justice in either Coetzee or Rushdie, I am also always coming to court justice in the other Likewise, even when I have come to court with justice, regardless of whether it is justice in either Coetzee or Rushdie, I am still always coming to court justice in each respective author as well as in the other author As I am coming to court justice first in Coetzee, then continually in Rushdie, and finally in Coetzee again, I exceed the subject of justice in Coetzee and Rushdie via the structure of my dissertation I begin with “An Exemplary Chapter” on Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians.2 By raising and repeating the Magistrate’s question of justice, I present and re-present the Magistrate, the question of justice, as well as my dissertation, as subjects in crisis I argue that just like the Magistrate, my dissertation re-writes his story in the hope of re-writing history While the Magistrate re-writes his story and the history of the outpost settlement amidst the conflict between the barbarians and the Empire, I re-write both the Magistrate’s and Coetzee’s stories as well as the general history of literary criticism on their stories in my particular study of them However, even though the Magistrate successfully re-writes his story and history, his story comes neither to a historical nor climactic conclusion of justice, but rather, his story culminates in a promise of justice Likewise, my re-writing of the Magistrate’s and Coetzee’s stories as well as literary history remains to be justified Thus, even though or precisely because my “Exemplary Chapter” is “a road that may lead nowhere,”3 I must — even more so — “[press] on along”4 in the other chapters of my dissertation so as to come to court justice in Coetzee and Rushdie, as promised I begin once more — in excess of the subject of justice in Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians and in proper with Chapter that is “The !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! J.M Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians (London: Martin Secker & Warburg, 1980; reprint, London: Vintage, 2000) Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians, 170; also the other title of “An Exemplary Chapter.” Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians, 170 ! 3! ! Remarkable Promise of [Rushdie’s] Midnight’s Children.”5 In Chapter that is also “Act 1: Prosecution,” I again raise and repeat the critical question posed by Saleem’s intended addressee, Padma: “But what is so precious to need all this writing-shiting?” By questioning the necessity of writing, she forces his story in particular and literature in general to come to terms with their condition of crisis Therefore, even though her question is seemingly rhetorical, it is repeatedly answered I promise to show that his story’s answer to her question is “shiting” and excess in Chapter and Chapter respectively Thus proving the necessity of his story in particular and literature in general, I justify my dissertation.6 I begin once more — as promised and in promise of justice In Chapter that is “The Remarkable Promise of Midnight’s Children: An Excremental Logic” or “Act Scene I: Defense,” I argue that “shiting” is that which is “so precious to need all this writing.” I first present in detail its embodiment by Tai, Tai Bibi and Padma, then simultaneously re-present its excess in Tai and Tai Bibi’s re-writing of history as well as in Padma’s promise of history The excremental logic that makes possible “shiting” as the re-writing of history and the promise of history also makes possible justice In other words, “shiting” and “all this [re-]writing [and promise of history]” are “so precious” because they promise justice.7 Thus, I begin once more — as promised and in promise of justice In Chapter that is “The Remarkable Promise of Midnight’s Children: An Excremental Logic of Excess” or “Act Scene II: Defense,” I argue that excess is that which is “so precious to need all this writing.”8 I start by tracing Saleem’s re-writings of his story and continue by relating them to his re-writing of history On the one hand, each particular re-writing of his story exceeds an earlier instance of it On the other hand, the excess of his story accumulates towards a general re-writing of history As his re-writing of his story re-writes history to expose the Emergency as a sham and to denounce Indira as a despot, his re-writing of his story and history is then an act of !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children (London: Jonathan Cape Ltd., 1981; reprint, London: Vintage, 1995) Ibid., 24 Ibid Ibid ! 4! “Salman Rushdie’s Magic Realism and the Return of Inescapable Romance.” University of Toronto Quarterly 71, no (2002): 765-785 Kossew, Sue Pen and Power: A Post-Colonial Reading of J.M Coetzee and André Brink Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996 Kucala, Bozena “Resisting History, Resisting Story: J.M Coetzee’s The Life and Times of Michael K.” In Voices and Silence in the Contemporary Novel in English, ed Vanessa Guignery, 272-280 Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009 Kuortti, Joel “Personal Story and History.” In Fictions to Live In: Narration as an Argument for Fiction in Salman Rushdie’s Novels Frankfurt, Berlin, New York, and Paris: Peter Lang, 1998 Leist, Anton, and Peter Singer, eds J.M Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature New York: Columbia University Press, 2010 Lenta, Patrick “Legal Illegality: Waiting for the Barbarians after September 11.” Journal of Postcolonial Writing 42, no (2006): 71-83 Lessing, Doris The Golden Notebook New York: HarperCollins, 1962 Levinas, Emmanuel Dieu, la mort et le temps Paris: Grasset, 1993 Lewis, Robin Jared “Salman Rushdie: Midnight’s Children.” In Masterworks of Asian Literature in Comparative Perspective: A Guide for Teaching, ed Barbara Stoler Miller, 178-188 New York and London: M.E Sharpe, 1994 Lipscomb, David “Caught in a Strange Middle Ground: Contesting History in Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children.” Diaspora 1, no (1991): 163-189 193 Lothe, Jakob “Space, Time, Narrative: From Thomas Hardy to Franz Kafka and J.M Coetzee.” In Literary Landscapes: From Modernism to Postcolonialism, eds Attie de Lange, Gail Fincham, Jeremy Hamilton, and Jakob Lethe, 1-18 Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 MacDonogh, Steve, ed The Rushdie Letters: Freedom to Speak, Freedom to Write Nebraska: The University of Nebraska Press, 1993 Mannur, Anita ‘“Back’ Translation in a Postcolonial Indian Context: Language Construction in the Works of Shashi Tharoor and Salman Rushdie.” World Literature Written in English 37, nos & (1998): 80-92 Marais, Michael “The Hermeneutics of Empire: Coetzee’s Post-colonial Metafiction.” In Critical Perspectives on J.M Coetzee, eds Graham Huggan and Stephen Watson, 66-81 London: Macmillan Press; 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Contemporary Fiction 44, no (2003): 331-348 Yuan, Yuan “The Subject of Reading and The Colonial Unconscious: Countertransference in J.M Coetzee’s Waiting for the Barbarians.” The American Journal of Psychoanalysis 60, no (2000): 71-84 Žižek, Slavoj Mapping Ideology London and New York: Verso, 1994 207 ... elusive Even as coming to court justice is coming to “pay [address]” to justice, coming to court justice is also as much coming to “seek” justice as coming to the “establishment” and “institution”... cause” of my dissertation, I am coming to court justice in J. M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie. 1 However, as the pronoun in ? ?Coming to Court: Justice in J. M Coetzee & Salman Rushdie? ?? is in fact in absentia,... Coetzee and Salman Rushdie is coming to court justice in J. M Coetzee and Salman Rushdie As the object(ive) that is also the subject that is coming to court the object(ive) ad infinitum, justice is