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MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE TGF BETA 3 GENE IN ZEBRAFISH CHEAH SIEW HONG FELICIA (BSc Biochemistry/Microbiology (Hons.), University of Aberdeen, UK) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF PAEDIATRICS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2006 Table of Content Summary …………………………………………………………………………………… . i Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………………… .……. iii List of Figures ……………………………………………………………… . iv List of Tables …….………………………………………………………… vi List of Abbreviations …………………………………………………… vii List of Publications …………………………………………………………………….…… x Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background/Significance …………………………………………………… ……… 1 1.2 Literature Reviews …………………………………………………… ……… . 3 1.2.1 Transforming Growth Factor b3 …………………………………………… .… . 3 Overview of transforming growth factor b family …………………………… . 3 TGFb ligands ………………………………………………………………… . 3 TGFb receptors …………………………………………………………… ……… 5 Smad proteins ………………………………………………………………… ……. 7 Recognition of Smad by the activated receptor complex ……………………… … . 9 Mechanism of Smad phosphorylation and activation ……………………………… 10 Mechanisms of TGFb signalling from cell membrane to the nucleus …………… . 10 TGFb Subfamily and its isoforms ………………………………………………… 11 Latent TGFb, latent TGFb binding protein, and bone … 11 Perturbation of TGFb signalling in human diseases ………………………………. 13 TGFb3, and expression patterns during early embryogenesis and in adult tissues 13 TGFb3 knockout mice studies ……………………………………………………… 17 TGFb3 mutations and diseases …………………………………………………… 19 1.2.2 Zebrafish: An Animal Model for Craniofacial Development and Disease . 21 Overview of the zebrafish system ………………………………………………… . 21 Advantages and disadvantages of zebrafish ……………………………………… 21 Disease modelling in zebrafish …………………………………………………… 22 Zebrafish as the animal model for craniofacial development and disease ………… 25 1.2.3 Development of Pharyngeal Arches …………………………………………… . 27 Overview of pharyngeal arches ……………………………………………………. 27 Patterning the pharyngeal arches ………………………………………………… 27 1.2.4 Formation and Functions of the Notochord ……………………………….……. 34 Overview of notochord ………………………………………………………….… 34 Formation of the notochord ……………………………………………………… . 34 Functions of the notochord in vertebrate development ………………….……… . 37 Relationship between notochord and cartilage ………………….…………………. 39 1.2.5 Cardiac Development in Zebrafish ……………………………………………… 41 Overview of zebrafish heart ……………………………………………………… . 41 Formation of the heart ………………………………………………………… .… 41 1.2.6 Specific Aims ……………………………………………………………………… 47 Chapter 2 Materials and Methods …………………………………………… 48 2.1 Zebrafish maintenance …………………………………………………………… 48 2.2 Verification of RZPD clone ………………………………………………………. 48 2.3 DNA sequencing and cDNA analysis …………………………………… . 49 2.4 Genomic characterization …………………………….………………………… 49 2.5 Promoter analysis ……………………………………………………………….… 50 2.6 Embryonic expression pattern by RTPCR analysis ………… ………………. 53 2.7 Embryonic expression pattern by in situ RNA hybridization analysis …… .… 53 2.8 Cryosection analysis …………………………………………………………….… 55 2.9 Microinjection ………………………… ……………………… ……….……… 56 2.10 Knockdown studies using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides …… ………. 56 2.11 RTPCR analysis for detection of morphant transcripts ……… ……….… …. 57 2.12 Realtime PCR analysis for efficacy of i1e2 splice modifying MO ……………… 57 2.13 Overexpression analysis ……………………………………………….………… 58 2.14 Alcian blue cartilage staining ………………………….………………….………. 60 2.15 Alizarin red bone staining ……………………………………………… .….…… 61 2.16 Analysis of molecular markers in tissue/organs ……………….…….……….…. 61 2.17 Imaging and processing ………………………………………………………… . 62 Chapter 3 Results …………………………………………………………… . 63 3.1 Identification of Zebrafish tgfb 3 cDNA …………………………………………. 63 3.2 Genomic Organization of Zebrafish tgfb Gene …………………………….… 69 3.3 Tgfb Promoter Analysis …………………………………………………………. 71 3.4 Genetic Mapping of Zebrafish tgfb 3 …………………………………………… 75 3.5 Embryonic Developmental Expression Pattern …………………………….…… 77 3.6 Inhibition of Zebrafish tgfb 3 with Splice Modifying Morpholino Ô ……… ……84 3.7 Efficacy Assessment of Knockdown Morphant Phenotypes …………………… 89 3.8 Craniofacial Cartilage Phenotypes in tgfb Knockdown Morphant Embryos …92 3.9 Knockdown of tgfb3 Gene and Bone Development ……………………………… 97 3.10 Knockdown of tgfb3 Gene and Notochord Development ………………….…… 99 3.11 Undulating Notochord and Heart Field Domain in tgfb Morphants …… … 102 3.12 Knockdown of tgfb3 Gene and Heart Development ………………….…….… 104 3.13 Overexpression of tgfb in Zebrafish ……………………………………….… . 110 Capped sense mRNA synthesis and validation of mRNA integrity ……………… 110 Overexpression of tgfb3 and cartilage development …………………………… . 112 Overexpression of tgfb3 and notochord development ……………………………. 112 Overexpression of tgfb3 and cardiac development ………………………………. 112 Chapter 4 Discussion ……………………………………………………….…. 118 4.1 Genomic Analyses of tgfb ……………………………… .……………………. 118 4.2 Functional Analyses of tgfb ……………………………………………………. 119 Embryonic expression of tgfb3 …………………………………………………… 119 Perturbation of tgfb3 gene function ……………………………………….……… 122 Relationship between tgfb3 and head skeletogenesis …………………………… 124 Relationship between tgfb3 and cardiac development ………… .………………. 128 Dosage sensitive and tissue specific effects of tgfb3 …………………………… . 132 Chapter 5 Conclusions . 133 Chapter 6 References …………………………………………………… … 135 Appendix …………………………………………………………………………………. 148 (A) Medium Preparation (B) Published articles Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Summary As a member of the transforming growth factor b family, TGFb3 regulates a plethora of biological processes and is involved in mammalian pulmonary and craniofacial development. Homologs of human TGFb3 have been identified in several vertebrate species. A cDNA clone of zebrafish tgfb3, consisting of a 271 bp 5’ untranslated region, a 1233 bp open reading frame that encodes a predicted 410 amino acid peptide, and a 527 bp 3’ untranslated region was sequenced. Using 5’ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, the transcription start site of this gene was determined to lie an additional 29 nucleotides upstream. This gene is composed of seven exons and maps to a segment of linkage group 17 that is syntenic to the human TGFb3 locus on chromosome 14q24. One stimulating protein (Sp1) and two TATA binding protein (TBP) transcription factor binding sites were identified in the putative promoter segment upstream of the transcription start site. Comparative alignment analysis revealed a high degree of tgfb3 nucleotide and amino acid identity between zebrafish and other species, including a complete conservation of the cysteine knot structure that facilitates proteinprotein interaction. Also, 9 out of 10 amino acid residues critical for ligand/receptor binding in human TGFb3 are conserved in zebrafish, suggesting a high degree of functional conservation even in lower vertebrates. Zebrafish tgfb3 expression was first detected in the notochord (10 somite to highpec stage), subsequently in the developing pharyngeal arch and neurocranial cartilage (18 somite to protruding mouth stage), lens and heart (21 somite to protruding mouth stage), and pectoral fins (prim25). i Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Both cartilage staining and molecular marker analysis results showed that morphant larvae had reduced pharyngeal arches, neurocranial cartilage and pectoral fin, confirming that tgfb3 is involved in the formation of cartilages of the pharyngeal arches, neurocranium, and pectoral fin appendages. The quadrate bone that forms the main part of the upper jaw skeleton and lateral part of the larval palate was also absent in the morphants. This observation is reminiscent of the cleft palate phenotype reported in the Tgfb3/ null mice, suggesting that the role of TGFb3 in palatogenesis has been conserved throughout vertebrate evolution. The opercle and the branchiostegal rays which form the key supportive components of the gill chamber of zebrafish were also reduced in the morphants, suggesting that tgfb3 is required for the proper assembly of the gill chamber. Tgfb3 also appears to be essential for the proper formation of the heart. Our studies have revealed that loss of tgfb3 expression affects the heart field formation, cardiac cone formation, heart tube elongation, and heart tube looping in cardiac morphogenesis. Tgfb3 may regulate the cardiomyocytes population by limiting the expansion of heart field domain in the midline via its effect on the notochord, and regulating the population of neural crest that would differentiate into cardiomyocytes. Our study has clearly demonstrated that zebrafish can be a suitable vertebrate model for studying human craniofacial development and disease, and the finding of an important role of tgfb3 in cardiac development is novel and has not been reported in other model organisms. ii Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Acknowledgements I thank my supervisor, A/P Samuel Chong for his invaluable guidance and patience, Yi Zhou (The Children’s Hospital Zebrafish Genome Project Initiative, Boston, MA) for performing the RH mapping, Vladimir Korzh (Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore) for invaluable advice and technical support, Bill Trevarrow (University of Oregon Zebrafish Facility, Eugene, OR) for providing breeding stocks of the AB line, Karuna Sampath (Temasek Life Science Laboratories, Singapore) for nkx2.5 and ntl molecular markers, YiLin Yan (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR) for sox9a molecular marker, Monte Westerfield (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR) for dlx2 molecular marker, Bonnie Ullmann (University of Oregon, Eugene, OR) for alizarin red staining protocol, Jin Ben and Gare Hoon Yeo for technical assistance and motivation, and lab members of A/P Chong’s lab for their constant encouragement and motivation. Last but not least, my beloved husband, Dennis Goh for his constant support, encouragement and love during the arduous six years of my parttime graduate studies. “The Sovereign LORD is my strength; he makes my feet like the feet of a deer, he enables me to go on the heights.” Habakkuk 3:19 iii Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish List of Figures Fig. 1 The relationship between hindbrain, neural crest migration, and pharyngeal arches Fig. 2 Identification of zebrafish ortholog of human tgfb3 Fig. 3 Fulllength sequence of zebrafish tgfb3 cDNA Fig. 4 Alignment of tgfb3 mature bioactive peptide sequences from various species using the Clustal W algorithm Fig. 5 Genomic organization of zebrafish tgfb3 Fig. 6 Putative promoter sequence of zebrafish tgfb3 Fig. 7 Construction of pXDtgfb3EGFPpA expression vector used for promoter analysis study Fig. 8 Evaluation of the 921 bp genomic DNA fragment upstream of tgfb3 gene Fig. 9 Chromosomal localization of zebrafish tgfb3 Fig. 10 Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) analysis of tgfb3 expression in the developing zebrafish embryo Fig. 11 Zebrafish tgfb3 expression in the notochord (AD) and lens (EH) Fig. 12 Zebrafish tgfb3 expression in the presumptive pharyngeal arch primordia, pharyngeal arches, and neurocranial cartilage Fig. 13 Zebrafish tgfb3 expression in the pectoral fins (AC, F) and heart (DH) Fig. 14 Inhibition of zebrafish tgfb3 with splice modifying MorpholinoÔ Fig. 15 Relative quantitation of morphant transcripts in uninjected control and i1e2 knockdown morphant embryos using realtime PCR analysis Fig. 16 Relative quantitation of wildtype transcripts in uninjected control and i1e2 knockdown morphant embryos using realtime PCR analysis Fig. 17 A BLAST search of the Genbank database using sequence of e1i1MO (A) and i1e2MO (B) as query iv Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Fig. 18 Gross morphant 3 dpf phenotypes Fig. 19 Head structure of a fourday old wildtype zebrafish larva (WT) and a fourday old morphant larva (tgfb3 MO ) Fig. 20 Cartilaginous head skeleton of a fourday old wildtype zebrafish larva (WT) and a fourday old morphant larva (tgfβ3 MO ) Fig. 21 Expression of cartilage marker sox9a in the pharyngeal arches, neurocranial cartilage, and pectoral fins of 48hpf wildtype (WT) and tgfβ3 morphant (tgfβ3 MO ) larvae Fig. 22 Expression of neural crest marker dlx2 in 14somite stage wildtype (WT) and tgfβ3 morphant (tgfβ3 MO ) embryos Fig. 23 Pharyngeal bones development in knockdown tgfβ3 morphant larva Fig. 24 Notochord phenotype in knockdown tgfβ3 morphant embryos Fig. 25 Notochord crosssectional area in morphant embryos Fig. 26 Loss of tgfb3 affects the organization and posterior extension of the heart field domain Fig. 27 Cardiac cones formation in tgfb3 MO embryos Fig. 28 Heart tubes elongation and looping in tgfb3 MO embryos Fig. 29 Fig. 30 Morphogenesis of Kupffer’s vesicle (KV) is affected in tgfb3 MO embryos Synthesis and validation of tgfb3 capped mRNA used for overexpression studies Fig. 31 Cartilaginous head skeleton of a fourday old wildtype zebrafish larva (WT) and a fourday old overexpressed larva (tgfβ3 OE ) Fig. 32 Notochord phenotype in overexpressed tgfβ3 (tgfβ3 OE ) embryos Fig. 33 Cardiac cones formation in tgfb3 OE embryos Fig. 34 Heart tubes elongation in tgfb3 OE embryos v Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Parsons, M. 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Keep the agar solution at (40 to 50°C). 2) 0.1% Alcian blue solution To make a 100 ml, add the following solute to 70 ml absolute ethanol: 0.1 g of Alcian Blue (Sigma, USA) 1 ml of concentrated HCl (Fisher Scientific, USA) Adjust the volume to 100 ml with sterile deionized water. 3) Alkaline phosphatase buffer To make a 200 ml, add the following: 20 ml of 1M TrisHCl (pH9.5 or 8.2) 10 ml of 1M MgCl2 (Sigma, USA) 4 ml of 5M NaCl (Sigma, USA) 2 ml of Tween 20 (Duchefa, Netherlands) 0.24 g of Levamisole (Sigma, USA) Adjust the volume to 200 ml with sterile 0.1% DEPCtreated water. 4) Blocking reagent To make a 50 ml, add the following solutions: 149 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 5 ml of 5M NaCl 5 ml of Boehringer blocking reagent Adjust the volume to 50 ml with sterile 0.1% DEPCtreated water. 5) Boehringer Blocking Reagent To make a 60 ml, add the following solute to 60 ml Maleic acid buffer: 6g of Boehringer Blocking Reagent (Roche Applied Sciences, Germany) Boil the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Store the solution at 20°C. 6) 1M Citric acid (pH 6.2) To make a 50 ml, add the following solute to 30 ml 0.1% DEPCtreated water: 9.61 g of Citric acid (Sigma, USA) Adjust the pH to 6.2 with NaOH. Adjust the volume to 50 ml with sterile 0.1% DEPCtreated water. Sterile the solution by filtration through a 0.22 mm filter. 7) 0.4% ethyl maminobenzoate (pH 7.0) To make a 100 ml, add the following: 0.4 g of ethyl maminobenzoate (Sigma, USA) 97.9 ml sterile water 2.1 ml of 1M Tris (pH 9.0) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. 8) 1 M glucose solution 150 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish To make a 100 ml, add the following solute to 90 ml deionized water: 18 g of glucose (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the volume of the solution to 100 ml with deionized water. Sterilize the solution by filtration through a 0.22 mm filter. 9) 3% H2O2 in 1% KOH To make a 100 ml, add the following: 10 ml of 30% H2O2 (BDH, UK) 1 g of KOH (Sigma, USA) 90 ml sterile deionized water 10) Hybridization buffer (pH 7.0) To make a 50 ml, add the following solutions: 25 ml of 100% Formamide (Amresco, USA) 12.5 ml of 20X SSC (Sigma, USA) 43 ml of 58 mg/ml Heparin (Sigma, USA) 500 ml of 500 mg/ml yeast RNA (Sigma, USA) 50 ml of Tween 20 (Duchefa, Netherlands) 460 ml of 1M Citric acid (pH6.2) (Sigma, USA) Adjust the volume to 50 ml with sterile 0.1% DEPCtreated water. 11) 0.5% KOH solution To make a 100 ml, add the following solute to 100 ml of deionized water: 151 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 0.5 g of KOH (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 12) LB (LuriaBertani) medium To make a litre, add the following solutes to 950 ml of deionized water: 10 g of Bactotryptone (Sigma, USA) 5 g of Bactoyeast extract (Sigma, USA) 10 g of NaCl (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 7.0 with 5 N NaOH. Adjust the volume of the solution to 1 litre with deionized water. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 13) 0.1% DEPCtreated 0.5M Maleic acid (pH 7.5) To make a litre, add the following solute to 800 ml deionized water: 116.1 g of Maleic acid (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 7.5 with NaOH. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Add 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA). Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 152 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 14) Maleic acid buffer (150 mM Maleic Acid + 100 mM NaCl solution) To make a 200 ml, add the following solutions: 60 ml of 0.5M Maleic acid (pH 7.5) 4 ml of 5M NaCl Adjust the volume to 200 ml with sterile 0.1% DEPCtreated water. 15) 0.1% DEPCtreated 1 M MgCl2 To make a litre, add the following solute to 800 ml deionized water: 203.3 g of MgCl2.6H2O (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Add 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA). Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 16) 0.1% DEPCtreated 5M NaCl To make a litre, add the following solute to 800 ml deionized water: 292.2 g of NaCl (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Add 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA). Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 153 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 17) 4% PFA (Paraformaldehyde) To make a 50 ml, add the following solute into 50 ml of 1X PBST 2 g of PFA (Sigma, USA) Incubate the solution at 70°C (in waterbath) until the solutes have dissolved. Cool the solution to room temperature before use. 18) 1X PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) To make a litre, add the following solutes to 800 ml deionized water: 8g of NaCl (Sigma, USA) 0.2 g of KCl (Sigma, USA) 1.44 g of Na2HPO4 (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 7.4 with HCl. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 19) 0.1% DEPCtreated 1X PBST (Phosphate Buffered Saline Tween 20) To make a litre, add the following solutes to 800 ml deionized water: 8g of NaCl (Sigma, USA) 0.2 g of KCl (Sigma, USA) 1.44 g of Na2HPO4 (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 7.4 with HCl. 154 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Add 1 ml of Tween 20(Duchefa, Netherlands). Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Add 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA). Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 20) S.O.C. medium To make a litre, add the following solutes to 950ml of deionized water: 20 g of Bactotryptone (Sigma, USA) 5 g of Bactoyeast extract (Sigma, USA) 0.5 g of NaCl (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Add 10 ml of 250 mM solution of KCl. Adjust the pH to 7.0 with 5 N NaOH. Adjust the volume of the solution to 1 litre with deionized water. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. Cool the autoclaved solution to 60°C. Add 20 ml of sterilized 1 M glucose solution. Shake the solution to mix. 21) 20X SSC (Saline Sodium Citrate) To make a litre, add the following solutes to 800 ml deionized water: 175.3 g of NaCl (Sigma, USA) 88.2 g of Sodium citrate (Sigma, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. 155 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Adjust the pH to 7.0 with a few drops of a 10 N NaOH solution. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 22) 30% Sucrose solution To make 50 ml, add the following solute to 50 ml of sterile water: 15 g of sucrose (Sigma, USA) Warm the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Sterilize the solution by filtration through a 0.22 mm filter. 23) 5% Sucrose solution To make 50 ml, add the following solute to 50 ml of sterile water: 2.5 g of sucrose (Sigma, USA) Warm the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Sterilize the solution by filtration through a 0.22 mm filter. 24) 5% TCA (Trichloroacetic acid) To make a 100 ml, add the following solute to 100 ml of sterile deionized water: 5 g of TCA (BDH, UK) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. 25) TE 10/1 (TrisEDTA) (pH 8.0) To make 100 ml, add the following solution and solute to 80 ml deionized water: 1ml of Tris HCl (pH7.6) 156 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 0.0372g EDTA (BioRad) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 8.0 with HCl. Adjust the volume to 100 ml with deionized water. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 26) 0.1% DEPCtreated 1M TrisHCl (pH 9.5) To make a litre, add the following solute to 800 ml deionized water: 121.1 g of Tris base (J K Baker, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 9.5 with HCl. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Add 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA). Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 27) 0.1% DEPCtreated 1M TrisHCl (pH 8.2) To make a litre, add the following solute to 800 ml deionized water: 121.1 g of Tris base (J K Baker, USA) Shake the solution until the solutes have dissolved. Adjust the pH to 8.2 with HCl. Adjust the volume to 1 litre with deionized water. Add 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA). Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 157 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 28) 0.1% DEPCtreated water To make a litre, add the following solution to 1 litre deionized water: 1 ml of DEPC (Diethyl pyrocarbonate) (Sigma, USA) Incubate the solution overnight at 37°C. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving for 20 minutes at 15 lb/sq. in. on liquid cycle. 158 [...]... markedly reduced in the degrading MEE seam during fusion process (Blavier et al., 18 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 2001). This suggests that the expression of MMPs and TIMPs is dependent on TGFb3. Not much is known about the molecular mechanism control of TGFb3 during palatogenesis. However, two recent studies show that Tgfb3induced palatal fusion is ... Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish phosphorylating TβRI on the serine and threonine residues and thus results in the activation of TβRI. In addition, the TβRII kinase domain can also phosphorylate itself. The kinase domain of TβRI phosphorylates its substrates on the serine residues only and this domain also contains a region known as L45 loop which has been known to interact ... al., 1998). The SARA possesses a phospholipids binding FYVE domain which can target the molecule to the membrane of the early endosomes. The efficient recruitment of the 9 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish Smad 2 and Smad 3 to the activated receptors for phosphorylation is facilitated by these interactions. 1.2.1.6 Mechanism of Smad phosphorylation and activation The RSmads ... 1998). They are organized sequentially into (a) the extracellular domain, (b) the GS domain, and (c) the kinase domain. Generally, the extracellular domain resembles the socalled threefinger toxin fold structure (Greenwald et al., 1999). Each finger is formed by a pair of antiparallel β 5 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish ... has different binding affinities to their receptors and elicits different biological effects. For instance, both TGFb1 and TGFb3 are expressed in tissue structures that are undergoing morphogenesis and TGFb2 is expressed in differentiating and mature epithelium (Taipale et al., 1998). 1.2.1.9 Latent TGFb, latent TGFb binding protein, and bone 11 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish ... TATAbinding protein Type I receptors Type II receptors Trichloroacetic acid Transforming Growth Factor b3 Tgfb3 homozygous tgfb3 morphant tgfb3 overexpressed embryo Injection Time Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases 5’ Untranslated Region 3 Untranslated Region van gogh Wildtype ix Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish List of Publications ... towards improving patient management, and developing treatment. As we know, craniofacial development is a highly controlled and complex process which begins with the formation of neural crest cells in the brain and their subsequent 1 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish migration, together with the mesodermal cells, to form the facial primordia (FrancisWest ... serine/threonine kinase then recruits and phosphorylates the GS domain of the type I receptor serine/threonine kinase. This leads to the activation of the type I receptor serine/threonine kinase. Activated type I receptor serine/threonine kinase uses its GS domain and L45 loop to interact with the basic pocket and L3 loop of RSmad. This results in the ... BC022242), TGFb2 (GenBank accession number NM_0 032 38), and TGFb3 (GenBank accession number NM_0 032 39). All isoforms exhibit very similar sequence to the prototype TGFb1, particularly the active domain where the spacing of the seven cysteines is most conserved (Hinck et al., 1996). In mammals, TGFb1, TGFb2, and TGFb3 are highly conserved. Each of them has different binding affinities to their ... signalling activity in the cell. Hence, the GS domain forms a crucial regulatory region that controls the catalytic activity of the TβRI kinase and/ or its interaction with the substrates. The kinase domain found in both TβRI and TβRII is a typical serine/threonine protein kinase (Massague, 1998). The TβRII kinase domain is capable of 6 Molecular characterization and developmental analysis . includes the transforminggrowthfactor b3(TGFb3),amember of the TGF b family. Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 3 1.2 Litera tureReviews 1.2.1TransformingGrowthFactor. neuralcrestcells in the brain and theirsubsequent Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 2 migration,togetherwith the mesodermalcells,toform the facialprimordia(FrancisWest et. and Activin.Both TGF and ActivinexhibitahighaffinityfortypeIIreceptors and theydo notinteractwith the isolatedtypeIreceptors(Shi and Massague,20 03) .Theseligands Molecular characterization and developmental analysis of the TGF Beta 3 gene in zebrafish 5 bind directly to the