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PEPGRS PROTEINS IN MYCOBACTERIAL PATHOGENICITY AND HOST RESPONSE KOH KAH WEE (B.Sc.(Hons.), NUS A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE Acknowledgements I wish to extend my heartfelt appreciation and deepest gratitude to the following people. My thesis supervisor, Dr Seah Geok Teng, for her guidance, encouragement and patience throughout my course of study. Her advice beyond academic and research concerns has been, and will always be, appreciated. My thesis advisory committee member Dr Norbert Lehming, for his invaluable guidance and advice on the ubiquitin study, and for generously contributing some molecular reagents and vectors. Senior laboratory officer, Mrs KT Thong, for her technical assistance and encouragement, and ensuring that the laboratory is always well equipped. Staff at Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TB Control Unit) and Clifford Dispensary, for patient recruitment and phlebotomy. My laboratory colleagues for processing blood samples and storing serum samples (Joanne), assistance in generating recombinant Rv3812 PEPGRS protein (Shu E), culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis for obtaining genomic DNA (Carmen), assistance in animal care and organ processing (Peiying and Radiah). For sharing cell lines, mouse strains, vectors or equipment used in this study, NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine faculty members A/Prof YH Gan (B3Z cells), Dr M Taylor (J774A.1 cells), Prof ML Ng (HeLa cells), Dr SH Wong (DC2.4 cells), Prof DM Kemeny (OT1 mice), Dr E Hung (pcDNA3 plasmid), Prof SH Chan and Hongxiang (FPLC system for protein purification). My past and present laboratory colleagues, Caiyun, Carmen, Chai Lian, Irene, Jen Yan, Nicola, Winnie and Wei Xing for their encouragement and friendship. Last but not least, my dearest family and Zhengxiu for their understanding, care and concern, and always being there for me. i Table of Contents Acknowledgements i Table of Contents ii Summary vii List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Abbreviations xi Chapter 1: Thesis overview, Aims and Approaches 1 1.1 Thesis overview 1 1.2 Aims and approaches 3 Chapter 2: Literature Review 6 2.1 Tuberculosis 2.1.1 Clinical aspects 2.1.2 Pathogenesis and host response 6 6 8 2.1.2.1 Mycobacterium interactions with host macrophages 2.1.2.2 Granuloma formation 2.1.2.3 Mycobacterium antigen presentation 2.1.2.4 T cell antigens 2.1.2.5 B cell antigens 2.1.2.6 Roles of T and B cells in immune protection 2.1.2.6.1 CD4 + T cells 2.1.2.6.2 CD8 + T cells 2.1.2.6.3 Mycobacteriumspecific antibodies 2.1.2.7 T cell cytokines which influence cellmediated immunity to tuberculosis 2.1.2.7.1 Interferongamma 2.1.2.7.2 Interleukin10 2.1.2.8 Mycobacterium strategies for subverting and evading host immunity 2.1.2.8.1 Suppression of innate immune response 2.1.2.8.2 Remodelling phagosomes 2.1.2.8.3 Resistance against reactive nitrogen intermediates 2.1.2.8.4 Downregulating antigen processing and presentation 2.1.3 Genome sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 2.1.3.1 PE and PPE multigene families 2.2 The PEPGRS family of proteins 2.2.1 Structural role of Rv1818c PEPGRS protein 8 9 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 25 ii 2.2.2 PEPGRS proteins as virulence factors 2.2.3 PEPGRS proteins in mycobacterium persistence 2.2.4 Antigenic properties of PEPGRS proteins 2.2.5 Polymorphisms associated with antigenic variation 2.2.6 Differential expression of PEPGRS proteins 2.2.7 PEPGRS protein interactions with host immunity 2.2.7.1. Induction of macrophage death 2.2.7.2 Induction of T cell apoptosis 2.2.8 Characteristics of two specific PEPGRS proteins 2.2.8.1 Rv0978c PEPGRS protein 2.2.8.2. Rv3812 PEPGRS protein 2.2.8.3 Microarray studies 2.2.8.4 Computational predictions of Rv0978c PEPGRS and Rv3812 PEPGRS localisation 26 27 27 28 31 34 34 36 37 37 37 38 40 Chapter 3: Human Antibody Responses to Rv0978c PEPGRS and Rv3812 PE PGRS proteins 41 3.1 Abstract 41 3.2 Introduction 42 3.3 Materials and methods 3.3.1 Generating recombinant Rv0978c PEPGRS and Rv3812 PEPGRS proteins 44 44 3.3.1.1 Bacterial strains and growth conditions 3.3.1.1.1 Bacterial strains 3.3.1.1.2 Growth medium and conditions 3.3.1.2 Plasmid vectors 3.3.1.3 Genomic DNA extraction 3.3.1.4 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 3.3.1.5 Purification of PCR amplicons 3.3.1.6 Cloning of specific gene amplicons into expression vector 3.3.1.7 Preparation of chemically competent cells 3.3.1.8 Transformation of Escherichia coli 3.3.1.9 Plasmid extraction 3.3.1.10 Plasmid analysis and DNA sequencing 3.3.1.11 Expression of recombinant proteins 3.3.1.12 Extraction of inclusion bodies 3.3.1.13 Protein purification by affinity chromatography 3.3.1.14 Protein dialysis 3.3.1.15 Concentrating recombinant proteins 3.3.1.16 Protein electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) and Coomassie brilliant blue staining 3.3.1.17 Western blot analysis 3.3.1.18 Ingel digestion and MS/MS sequencing of the protein digest 3.3.1.19 Quantifying protein using Bradford Assay 3.3.2 Immunological study of antibody responses to PEPGRS proteins 3.3.2.1 Selection of human study cohort 3.3.2.2 Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 3.3.2.3 Statistical analysis 3.4 Results 3.4.1 PE domain consensus sequence 3.4.2 Expression of recombinant PEPGRS proteins 3.4.3 Confirmation of identity of purified recombinant proteins 44 44 44 44 45 46 47 48 48 49 50 50 52 52 53 54 55 55 56 58 59 60 60 62 63 64 64 66 66 iii 3.4.4 Optimisation of serum dilutions by titrations against recombinant proteins 70 3.4.5 Antibody responses of different clinical groups to PEPGRS proteins 74 3.4.6 Antibody responses to Rv0978c PE and Rv0978c PEPGRS proteins 76 PE PEPGRS 3.4.7 Antibody responses to Rv3812 and Rv3812 proteins 77 3.4.8 Antibody responses to 38kDa antigen 79 3.4.9 Correlation of antibody responses to fulllength and truncated Rv3812 PEPGRS proteins 81 3.5 Discussion 84 Chapter 4: PGRS Domain Mediates Resistance to Proteasome Degradation 96 4.1 Abstract 96 4.2 Introduction 97 4.3 Materials and Methods 101 4.3.1 Bacterial strains and growth conditions 101 4.3.2 Eukaryotic expression vector 101 4.3.3 Amplification of genes via Polymerase Chain Reaction 102 4.3.4 Purification of sequencing products 105 4.3.5 pcDNA3UbX2HAeGFP constructs 106 4.3.6 pcDNA3UbX2HARv0978c PE / PEPGRS constructs 107 4.3.7 In vitro transfection 107 4.3.8 Coimmunoprecipitation 109 4.3.9 MHC Class Ipeptide presentation assay 109 4.3.10 Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for IL2 measurement 110 4.3.11 Generating primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDM) and dendritic cells (BMDC) 111 4.3.12 Murine immunisation and cell preparation 112 4.3.13 Cytotoxicity assays 114 4.3.14 Statistical analysis 116 4.4 Results 117 4.4.1 Designing stable and unstable eGFP fusion proteins 117 4.4.2 PE domain is susceptible to proteasomal degradation 119 4.4.3 Fulllength PEPGRS is relatively stable to proteasomal degradation 123 4.4.4 MHC class I epitope recognition and cytotoxic response 124 4.4.5 T cells responding to PEPGRS protein are less lytic against mycobacterium infected cells 129 4.5 Discussion 131 Chapter 5: Biological and Immunological Roles of Rv3812 PEPGRS protein 140 5.1 Abstract 140 5.2 Introduction 141 iv 5.3 Materials and Methods 5.3.1 Bacterial strains and growth conditions 5.3.2 Generating BCG strains overexpressing Mb3842 PEPGRS protein 143 143 143 5.3.2.1 Plasmid vectors 5.3.2.2 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 5.3.2.3 Preparation of competent M. bovis BCG for transformation 5.3.2.4 Transformation of M. bovis BCG 5.3.2.5 Plasmid extraction from transformed M. bovis BCG 143 144 145 146 147 5.3.3 Generation of polyclonal antiRv3812 PEPGRS antibodies 147 5.3.4 Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay 148 5.3.5 Mycobacterium cell fractionation 150 5.3.6 Western Blot 152 5.3.7 Bacterial growth kinetics 152 5.3.8 Measurement of survival of BCG strains in macrophages 153 5.3.9 Measurement of infectivity of BCG strains in macrophages 154 5.3.10 Preparation of complementinactivated polyclonal rabbit IgG 155 5.3.11 Endotoxin removal 156 5.3.12 Measurement of endotoxin levels and endotoxin suppression 156 5.3.13 Murine immunisation and cell processing 157 5.3.14 Lymphocyte stimulation for cytokine measurement 158 5.3.15 Enzymelinked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay 159 5.3.16 Assay of induction of TNFa in primary macrophages treated with PEPGRS proteins 160 5.3.17 Statistical analysis 160 5.4 Results 161 5.4.1 Overexpression of Mb3842 PEPGRS and specificity of antiserum 161 PEPGRS 5.4.2 Overexpression Mb3842 does not confer survival advantage in non replicating persistence 163 PEPGRS 5.4.3 Titration of antiRv3812 antibody responses 165 5.4.4 Localisation of Mb3842 PEPGRS in cell wall and cell membrane 167 PEPGRS 5.4.5 Effects of Mb3842 overexepression on bacteriumcell interactions 168 5.4.6 Blocking Mb3842 PEPGRS protein does not affect BCG cell entry 171 5.4.7 Cytokine responses to Rv3812 PEPGRS 174 PEPGRS 5.4.8 Primary macrophage response to Rv3812 176 5.4.9 Murine immunisation with Rv3812 PEPGRS 177 5.5 Discussion 181 Chapter 6: Final discussion 189 6.1 Summary of research findings 189 6.2 Future directions 190 6.2.1 PEPGRS polymorphisms and clinical correlates of serological responses 190 6.2.2 Processing and presentation of PEPGRS proteins 191 6.2.3 In vivo functional roles of Rv3812 PEPGRS and nature of protective immunity 192 6.2.4 Rv3812 PEPGRS as a vaccine or immunotherapy 193 v Chapter 7: References 195 Chapter 8: Appendices 215 8.1 Preparation of plasmid miniprep extraction solutions 8.1.1 Cell resuspension solution 8.1.2 Cell lysis solution 8.1.3 Neutralisation solution 215 215 215 215 8.2 Preparation of GlucoseTrisEDTA solution (GTE) 215 8.3 Preparation of buffers for E. coli inclusion body extraction 8.3.1 Resuspension buffer 8.3.2 Lysis buffer 8.3.3 Wash Buffer 1 8.3.4 Wash Buffer 2 216 216 216 216 216 8.4 Preparation of buffer for protein purification using FPLC 8.4.1 Buffer B (pH 8.0) 8.4.2 Buffers C – F 217 217 217 8.5 Preparation of reagents required for SDSPAGE 8.5.1 Casting of SDSPAGE gels 8.5.2 SDSPAGE running buffer, 5x (pH 8.3) 8.5.3 SDS sample (loading) buffer, 6x 8.5.4 SDSPAGE Gel staining Solution 8.5.5 SDSPAGE Gel destaining Solution 217 217 218 218 219 219 8.6 Preparation of reagents for Western Blot 8.6.1 Protein Transfer Buffer, 5x (pH 8.3) 8.6.2 Tris buffered saline – 0.05 % Tween 20 (TBST) 8.6.3 Blocking and immunodetection solutions 8.6.4 Membrane Stripping Buffer 219 219 219 220 220 8.7 Preparation of buffers for Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 220 8.7.1 Coating Buffer (pH 8.0) 220 8.7.2 Washing Buffer 220 8.7.3 Blocking Buffer 221 8.8 Preparation of FAC (triple supplement), 10 x 221 8.9 Expression of recombinant proteins 8.9.1 Expression vectors and host strains 8.9.2 Protein purification strategy 221 221 222 8.10 Properties of some family members of PEPGRS proteins 223 8.11 IgG levels of individual subjects to PEPGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen 225 vi Summary The PEPGRS protein family is unique to and abundantly found in mycobacteria, yet their functions are largely unknown. The proteins consist of a conserved Nterminal ProGlu (PE) domain and Cterminal polymorphic GCrich repetitive sequences (PGRS) which are multiple tandem repetitions of GlyGlyAla or GlyGlyAsn motifs. This study investigated immune responses directed against two such proteins and their roles in hostpathogen interactions. Human patients with active or latent tuberculosis infection, but not uninfected persons, showed strong antibody responses to Rv3812 PEPGRS protein, but not to Rv0978c PEPGRS , although responses to both PE domains were minimal. Using a system for studying ubiquitinproteasome mediated protein degradation, the GlyAla rich PGRS domain was shown to protect the highly unstable PE domain of Rv0978c PEPGRS from proteolytic degradation, hence influencing antigen processing via the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway, leading to reduced CD8 + T cell recognition and suggesting a possible role for PEPGRS proteins in immune evasion. Rv3812 PEPGRS protein was found to be a cell wall and cellmembrane associated protein, but it is unlikely to be involved in mycobacterium entry into host macrophages. Cellular immune responses to the PGRS but not the PE domain of this protein were observed in mycobacteriuminfected mice. Murine immunisation with recombinant Rv3812 PEPGRS induced B and T cell responses to both domains, suggesting that this vaccine may be both prophylactic and therapeutic in overcoming the failure of natural Mycobacterium infections to elicit adaptive responses to the PE domain of this protein family. This study has elucidated some immune mechanisms underlying the role of PEPGRS proteins in Mycobacterium interactions with host cells, with relevance to immunodiagnosis and immunoprophylaxis of early tuberculosis infection. vii List of Tables Table 31: Primers for gene cloning to generate fulllength and truncated Rv0978c PEPGRS and Rv3812 PEPGRS proteins. 47 Table 32: Primers used for DNA sequencing of cloned plasmid vectors 51 Table 33: Immunological criteria for patient selection and their antibody responses to PEPGRS proteins. 75 Table 34: Disease extent and response to Rv3812 PEPGRS and Rv3812 PE proteins in active TB patients. 83 Table 41: Primers for gene cloning 104 Table 42: Primers used for DNA sequencing of cloned plasmid vectors. 105 Table 43: Amino acid sequences of SIINFEKL fusion polypeptides. 126 Table 51: Primers used for cloning and sequencing pMV361Mb3842 and verifying transformants 145 Table 81: Properties of PEPGRS proteins. 224 Table 82 (part 1): IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to PE PGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen. 226 Table 82 (part 2): IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to PE PGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen. 227 Table 82 (part 3): IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to PE PGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen. 228 viii List of Figures Fig. 31: PE domain consensus sequence. 65 Fig. 32: Expression vector. 66 Fig. 33: SDSPAGE and Western blot analysis of Rv0978c PE / PEPGRS and Rv3812 PE / PEPGRS recombinant proteins. 67 Fig. 34: Mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis of peptide masses following AspN treatment. 69 Fig. 35: Optimising serum dilutions for Rv0978c PEPGRS . 71 Fig. 36: Optimising serum dilutions for Rv3812 PEPGRS . 72 Fig. 37: Optimising serum dilutions for 38kDa protein. 73 Fig. 38: Serum antibody responses to Rv0978c PE and Rv0978c PEPGRS proteins. 77 Fig. 39: Serum antibody responses to Rv3812 PE and Rv3812 PEPGRS proteins. 78 Fig. 310: Serum antibody responses to Mtb 38kDa protein. 80 Fig. 311: Correlations between responses to Rv3812 PEPGRS and Rv3812 PE proteins. 82 Fig. 41: Plasmid map of eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3. 102 Fig. 42: Plasmid map of pcDNA3UbX2HAeGFP vector. 106 Fig. 43: Ubiquitin fusions for targeting eGFP or PEPGRS proteins for proteasomal degradation. 118 Fig. 44: Proteolytic stability of eGFP fusion proteins. 119 Fig. 45: UbPE fusion proteins are highly unstable and their degradation is reduced by adding proteasome inhibitor. 122 Fig. 46: PGRS domain containing GA repeats prevents proteasomedependent degradation of the PE domain. 124 Fig. 47: PE and PGRS epitopes at Nterminus of SIINFEKL fusion polypeptide reduce specific T cell recognition of SIINFEKL. 127 Fig. 48: Antigenpresenting cell processing and presentation of PEPGRS SIINFEKL fusion polypeptides results in reduced SIINFEKLspecific CD8 + T cell cytotoxicity. 128 ix Chapter 7: References _____________________________________________________________________ Via LE, Fratti RA, McFalone M, PaganRamos E, Deretic D and Deretic V (1998). Effects of cytokines on mycobacterial phagosome maturation. J Cell Sci 111 ( Pt 7): 897905. Via LE, Lin PL, Ray SM, Carrillo J, Allen SS, Eum SY, Taylor K, Klein E, Manjunatha U, Gonzales J, Lee EG, Park SK, Raleigh JA, Cho SN, McMurray DN, Flynn JL and Barry CE, 3rd (2008). Tuberculous granulomas are hypoxic in guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates. Infect Immun 76(6): 233340. Vordermeier HM, Harris DP, Friscia G, Roman E, Surcel HM, Moreno C, Pasvol G and Ivanyi J (1992). T cell repertoire in tuberculosis: selective anergy to an immunodominant epitope of the 38kDa antigen in patients with active disease. Eur J Immunol 22(10): 26317. Voskuil MI, Schnappinger D, Rutherford R, Liu Y and Schoolnik GK (2004). Regulation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE/PPE genes. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 84(34): 25662. Voskuil MI, Schnappinger D, Visconti KC, Harrell MI, Dolganov GM, Sherman DR and Schoolnik GK (2003). Inhibition of respiration by nitric oxide induces a Mycobacterium tuberculosis dormancy program. J Exp Med 198(5): 70513. Voskuil MI, Visconti KC and Schoolnik GK (2004). Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene expression during adaptation to stationary phase and lowoxygen dormancy. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 84(34): 21827. Wadee AA, Kuschke RH and Dooms TG (1995). The inhibitory effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on MHC class II expression by monocytes activated with riminophenazines and phagocyte stimulants. Clin Exp Immunol 100(3): 4349. Walburger A, Koul A, Ferrari G, Nguyen L, PrescianottoBaschong C, Huygen K, Klebl B, Thompson C, Bacher G and Pieters J (2004). Protein kinase G from pathogenic mycobacteria promotes survival within macrophages. Science 304(5678): 18004. Wang JP, Rought SE, Corbeil J and Guiney DG (2003). Gene expression profiling detects patterns of human macrophage responses following Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 39(2): 16372. Wayne LG and Hayes LG (1996). An in vitro model for sequential study of shiftdown of Mycobacterium tuberculosis through two stages of nonreplicating persistence. Infect Immun 64(6): 20629. WHO (2008). Global tuberculosis control : surveillance, planning, financing : WHO report 2008. Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Organisation. Wilkinson RJ, Haslov K, Rappuoli R, Giovannoni F, Narayanan PR, Desai CR, Vordermeier HM, Paulsen J, Pasvol G, Ivanyi J and Singh M (1997). Evaluation of the recombinant 38kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a potential immunodiagnostic reagent. J Clin Microbiol 35(3): 5537. Winau F, Weber S, Sad S, de Diego J, Hoops SL, Breiden B, Sandhoff K, Brinkmann V, Kaufmann SH and Schaible UE (2006). Apoptotic vesicles crossprime CD8 T cells and protect against tuberculosis. Immunity 24(1): 10517. Wojciechowski W, DeSanctis J, Skamene E and Radzioch D (1999). Attenuation of MHC class II expression in macrophages infected with Mycobacterium 213 Chapter 7: References _____________________________________________________________________ bovis bacillus CalmetteGuerin involves class II transactivator and depends on the Nramp1 gene. J Immunol 163(5): 268896. Wong DK, Lee BY, Horwitz MA and Gibson BW (1999). Identification of fur, aconitase, and other proteins expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis under conditions of low and high concentrations of iron by combined two dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Infect Immun 67(1): 32736. Worku S and Hoft DF (2003). Differential effects of control and antigenspecific T cells on intracellular mycobacterial growth. Infect Immun 71(4): 176373. Ye ZH, Song YR, Marcus A and Varner JE (1991). Comparative localization of three classes of cell wall proteins. Plant J 1(2): 17583. Yin Y, Manoury B and Fahraeus R (2003). Selfinhibition of synthesis and antigen presentation by EpsteinBarr virusencoded EBNA1. Science 301(5638): 13714. Zanetti S, Bua A, Delogu G, Pusceddu C, Mura M, Saba F, Pirina P, Garzelli C, Vertuccio C, Sechi LA and Fadda G (2005). Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis develop a strong humoral response against methylated heparin binding hemagglutinin. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 12(9): 11358. Zhang GL, Srinivasan KN, Veeramani A, August JT and Brusic V (2005). PREDBALB/c: a system for the prediction of peptide binding to H2d molecules, a haplotype of the BALB/c mouse. Nucleic Acids Res 33(Web Server issue): W1803. Zhao W, Schorey JS, Groger R, Allen PM, Brown EJ and Ratliff TL (1999). Characterization of the fibronectin binding motif for a unique mycobacterial fibronectin attachment protein, FAP. J Biol Chem 274(8): 45216. Zhong J, Gilbertson B and Cheers C (2003). Apoptosis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during experimental infection with Mycobacterium avium is controlled by Fas/FasL and Bcl2sensitive pathways, respectively. Immunol Cell Biol 81(6): 4806. Zhu XW and Friedland JS (2006). Multinucleate giant cells and the control of chemokine secretion in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Immunol 120(1): 1020. 214 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ Chapter 8: Appendices 8.1 Preparation of plasmid miniprep extraction solutions 8.1.1 Cell resuspension solution 25 ml of 1 M Tris HCl at pH 7.5 10 ml of 0.5 M EDTA at pH 8.0 The above components were made up to 500 ml with distilled water then autoclaved (121 °C for 15 min). Prior to use, 50 mg of RNAse A was added. The buffer was stored at 4 °C. 8.1.2 Cell lysis solution 440 ml of distilled water 10 ml of 10 M NaOH 50 ml of 10 % SDS The solution was used without autoclaving, and stored at room temperature. 8.1.3 Neutralisation solution 64.7224 g of potassium acetate was dissolved in distilled water, adjusted to pH 4.8 using glacial acetic acid, and made up to 500 ml with distilled water. The solution was autoclaved at prior to use, and stored at room temperature. 8.2 Preparation of GlucoseTrisEDTA solution (GTE) 10 ml of 0.5 M Glucose 2.5 ml of 1 M Tris HCl (pH 8.0) 2 ml of 0.5 M EDTA (pH 8.0) The above components were made up to 100 ml with distilled water, and autoclaved for sterilisation. Lysozyme (final concentration 20 mg/ml) was added prior to use. 215 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ 8.3 Preparation of buffers for E. coli inclusion body extraction 8.3.1 Resuspension buffer 25 ml of 1 M Tris HCl, pH 8.0 (0.05 M) 250 g sucrose (50 % w/v) 1 ml of 0.5 M EDTA (1 mM) 1 g sodium azide (0.2 % w/v) The buffer was made up to 500 ml with distilled water and stored at 4 °C till required for use. 8.3.2 Lysis buffer 50 ml of 1 M Tris HCl, pH 8.0 (0.05 M) 10 ml TritonX100 (1 % v/v) 10 mg sodium deoxycholate (0.001 % w/v) 5.8 g NaCl (100 mM) 1 g sodium azide (0.1 % w/v) The buffer was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water and stored at 4 °C. 8.3.3 Wash Buffer 1 50 ml of 1 M TrisHCl, pH 8.0 (0.05 M) 5 ml TritonX100 (0.5 % v/v) 5.8 g NaCl (100 mM) 2 ml of 0.5 M EDTA (1 mM) 1 g sodium azide (0.1 % w/v) The buffer was adjusted to pH 8.0 using 1 M NaOH and made up to 1000 ml with distilled water. The buffer was filtersterilised and stored at 4 °C. 8.3.4 Wash Buffer 2 50 ml of 1 M TrisHCl, pH 8.0 (0.05 M) 2 ml of 0.5 M EDTA (1 mM) 1 g sodium azide (0.1 % w/v) The buffer was adjusted to pH 8.0 using 1 M NaOH and made up to 1000 ml with distilled water. The buffer was filtersterilised and stored at 4 °C. 216 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ 8.4 Preparation of buffer for protein purification using FPLC 8.4.1 Buffer B (pH 8.0) 7.80 g NaH2PO4 (100 mM) 0.60 g Trisbase (10 mM) 240.25 g urea (8 M) The buffer was adjusted to pH 8.0 using 1 M NaOH, made up to a final volume of 500 ml with nanopure water, and the buffer was filtered (to degas medium) prior to use. 8.4.2 Buffers C – F Buffers C – F have chemical components similar to Buffer B (Section 8.4.1) and the only difference is the final adjusted pH of the buffer. Buffer C (100 ml) was adjusted to pH 6.3 using 1 M NaOH / 1 N HCl. Buffer D (50 ml) was adjusted to pH 5.9 using 1 N HCl. Buffer E (50 ml) was adjusted to pH 5.0 using 1 N HCl. Buffer F (50 ml) was adjusted to pH 4.5 using 1 N HCl. All buffers were made up to the required volume with nanopure water and filtered prior to use. All buffers (buffers B – F) were freshly prepared and used immediately. 8.5 Preparation of reagents required for SDSPAGE 8.5.1 Casting of SDSPAGE gels Separating gel 10 % 8.0 ml nanopure water 6.6 ml 30 % acrylamide/ 0.8 % bisacrylamide 5.0 ml 1.5 M Tris HCl (pH 8.8) 200 μl 10 % SDS 200 μl 10 % APS (ammonium persulfate) 8 μl TEMED (N,N,N',N'Tetramethylethylenediamine) Isopropanol was added on top of the gel in the gel casting plates to isolate the molten gel from air. 217 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ Separating gel 12 % 6.6 ml nanopure water 8.0 ml 30 % acrylamide/ 0.8 % bisacrylamide 5.0 ml 1.5 M Tris HCl (pH 8.8) 200 μl 10 % SDS 200 μl 10 % APS 8 μl TEMED Isopropanol was added on top of the gel in the gel casting plates to isolate the molten gel from air. Stacking gel 4 % 6.1 ml nanopure water 1.3 ml 30 % acrylamide/ 0.8 % bisacrylamide 2.5 ml 0.5 M Tris HCl (pH 6.8) 100 μl 10 % SDS 100 μl 10 % APS 10 μl TEMED The isopropanol on top of the polymerised separating gel was removed. The stacking gel mixture was overlaid above the separating gel in the gel casting plates and the well comb was inserted. 8.5.2 SDSPAGE running buffer, 5x (pH 8.3) 3 g Trisbase 14.4 g glycine 10 ml 10 % SDS The buffer was made up to 1000 ml with nanopure water to prevent precipitation. 1 x running buffer was prepared by adding 100 ml of 5x SDSPAGE running buffer to 400 ml of nanopure water. 8.5.3 SDS sample (loading) buffer, 6x 7 ml 0.5 M Tris HCl (pH 6.8) 3 ml glycerol (30 % final) 1 g SDS (10 % final) 0.93 g DTT (0.6 M final) 1.2 mg bromophenol blue (0.012 % final) Buffer was made up to 10 ml with distilled water, aliquoted and stored at – 80 °C till required. 218 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ 8.5.4 SDSPAGE Gel staining Solution 100 ml acetic acid 200 ml methanol 0.2 g Coomassie blue The solution was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water, filtered (Whatman no. 2 paper) and stored at room temperature. 8.5.5 SDSPAGE Gel destaining Solution 100 ml acetic acid 200 ml methanol The solution was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water, and stored at room temperature. 8.6 Preparation of reagents for Western Blot 8.6.1 Protein Transfer Buffer, 5x (pH 8.3) 29 g Trisbase 145 g glycine 5.0 g SDS The buffer was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water and autoclaved to sterilise. 1 x protein transfer buffer was prepared by adding 200 ml of 5x Protein Transfer Buffer to 200 ml of methanol and made up to 1000 ml with distilled water. Buffer was prepared fresh prior to use. 8.6.2 Tris buffered saline – 0.05 % Tween 20 (TBST) 100 ml of 1 M Tris HCl, pH 7.6 30 ml of 5 M NaCl 10 ml of 10 % Tween20 The buffer was made up to 1000 ml with distilled water and autoclaved to sterilise. 219 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ 8.6.3 Blocking and immunodetection solutions 8.6.3.1 Blocking solution 1 g Skim milk powder (5 % w/v; Anlene) 200 mg BSA (1 % w/v) The solution was made up to 20 ml with TBST and stirred with a magnetic stirrer till fully dissolved. 8.6.3.2 Primary and secondary antibody solution 0.5 g Skim milk powder (5 % w/v; Anlene) was made up to 10 ml with TBST and stirred with a magnetic stirrer. Appropriate amount of primary antibody or 1.5 μl of antimouse or antirabbit IgG, Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP)linked antibody (GL Biosciences) was added prior to use. 8.6.4 Membrane Stripping Buffer 6.25 ml of 1 M Tris HCl, pH 8.0 2.0 g SDS The buffer was adjusted to pH 6.7 using 1 N HCl and made up to 100 ml with distilled water. A volume of 0.697 ml of βmercaptoethanol was added to the stripping buffer prior to use. 8.7 Preparation of buffers for Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 8.7.1 Coating Buffer (pH 8.0) 0.1 M sodium carbonate 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate 8.7.2 Washing Buffer 100 ml 10 x PBS (pH 7.4) 5 ml 10 % v/v Tween20 (0.05 % final) The buffer was made up to 1000 ml with nanopure water. 220 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ 8.7.3 Blocking Buffer 100 ml Wash buffer (Section 7.7.2) 250 mg BSA (0.25 % v/w final) Blocking buffer was prepared fresh prior to use. 8.8 Preparation of FAC (triple supplement), 10 x 25 mg ferric ammonium citrate (50 μg/ml) 1 g sodium glutamate (0.2 %) 1 g Lasparagine (0.2 %) The above components were mixed and made up to 50 ml with nanopure water, filtersterilised and stored at 4 °C in the dark. 8.9 Expression of recombinant proteins 8.9.1 Expression vectors and host strains Many different types of expression vectors and host strains are commercially available when using the E. coli expression system. In this study, a pET expression system using pET11a expression vector (Novagen) was used to express the PEPGRS recombinant proteins. This system allows production of a large quantity of proteins under the control of inducing agents. pET11a expression vectors contain several elements required for protein expression. They includes a lacI gene which codes a lac repressor protein, a phage T7 promoter which specifically binds T7 RNA polymerase, a lac operator which blocks transcription in the presence of the lac repressor protein, a polylinker to simplify insertion of genes in the correct orientation, an ampicillin resistance gene, and a ColE1 origin of replication. Expression of the desired gene is under the control of the 221 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ T7lac promoter and operator. The presence of ampicillin resistance gene confers a selective pressure for maintaining the plasmid, and at the same time, serves as a selection marker during transformation. The genome of the E. coli expression host contains an inducible promoter which is activated to express T7 RNA polymerase in the presence of isopropyl thiogalactoside (IPTG). Being an analogue of lactose, IPTG also displaces the lac repressor which blocks the transcription of the gene of interest by binding to the lac operator. The expressed T7 RNA polymerase binds to the T7 promoter, which in turn, initiates the transcription of the gene of interest. This IPTGinducible system allows manipulation of the level of protein expression and the control of when the expression of the recombinant protein occurs. BL21(DE3) pLysS E. coli contains a pLysS gene and produces a low amount of T7 lysozyme. This is a natural inhibitor of T7 polymerase, and reduces the transcription of the gene of interest during the ‘uninduced’ state. In this study, BL21CodonPlus ® (DE3)RIPL E. coli was used for the expression of Rv3812 PEPGRS recombinant protein. This strain has genes that encode extra copies of argU, ileY, and leuW and proL tRNA genes. This allows higher expression levels of heterologous proteins from organisms with AT or GCrich genomes and at the same time, reduces the risk of incorrect translation. Therefore, this strain was used for highlevel expression of the GCrich Rv3812 PEPGRS protein, which was otherwise difficult to express in regular host strains of E. coli. 8.9.2 Protein purification strategy Recombinant proteins expressed as fusion proteins containing an addition stretch of amino acids at its N or Cterminus, aids in the identification and 222 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ purification of recombinant proteins. These fusion proteins can be easily purified using various chromatographic techniques base on ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, sizeexclusion or affinity. In this study, a polyhistidine (6xHis) was cloned in the Nterminal of the recombinant protein to generate a fusion protein which allows Nibased purification due to the affinity for histidine. Being relatively small and nonimmunogenic, its presence does not affect the immunogenicity of the protein, and therefore, removal of the tag is not necessary. In addition to the polyhistidine tag, a haemagglutinin (HA) molecule was cloned downstream of the polyhistidine. This allows for alternative methods of Western blot analysis of the recombinant proteins to be performed using antiHis or antiHA antibodies. Affinity chromatography is one of the most powerful protein purification methods which involve the specific interaction of a target molecule with an immobilised ligand. In this study, metal affinity chromatography involving specific and reversible binding of the polyhistidine tagged proteins to nickel immobilised on agarose beads was used to obtain purified recombinant proteins via fast performance liquid chromatography (FPLC). 8.10 Properties of some family members of PEPGRS proteins A summary of properties of some family members of PEPGRS proteins which have been published is shown in Table 81. 223 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ Postulated Roles of PEPGRS proteins Rv0279c w Repressed in the presence of iron in vitro role in iron acquisition Rv0834c w Acid and hypoxia inducible gene – resistance against acidic and low oxygen tension within granuloma Rv0978c w Upregulated in lungs of mice and within IFNgactivated and naïve Mø culture – required for intracellular survival in vivo and in vitro Rv0980c w Upregulated in lungs of mice – required for intracellular survival within Mø w Immunisation elicits Ab response Rv1651c w Homolog in M. marinum – required for replication and persistence w Upregulated at latelog and early stationary phases in vitro and during chronic infection in mice – role in persistence w Rv1759c w Cellsurface protein w Expressed in vivo during infection – elicits Ab response against PGRS domain w Virulence factor involves in mediating the attachment of mycobacterium to fibronectin coated cell surfaces of host w Immunisation elicits Th1 type cellular immune response w Immunisation confers protection against TB reactivation – has role in maintaining latent infection Rv1818c w Cell surface exposed, cell wall structural protein w Virulence factor involves in hostpathogen and mycobacteriummycobacterium interactions w Expressed in vitro in medium and in vivo during infection in mice. w Rv1818c PE domain immunisation elicits Th1 type immune response, which confers protection against Mtb infection w Immunisation elicits Ab response against the PGRS domain w Activate TNFainduced innate immunity via interaction with TLR2 w Induce T cell apoptosis – killing effector T cells within granulomas for persistence Rv2741 w Ironinducible gene – role in virulence Rv3097c w Upregulated during early infection in Mø – role in intracellular adaptation Rv3367 w Expressed in vivo during early TB infection in humans w Elicits antibody response directed against PGRS domain Rv3812 w Homolog in M. marinum – required for replication and persistence w Immunisation elicits Th1 type cellular and humoral responses Table 81: Properties of PEPGRS proteins. 224 Chapter 8: Appendices _____________________________________________________________________ 8.11 IgG levels of individual subjects to PEPGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen The IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to Rv0978c PEPGRS and Rv3812 PEPGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen are shown in Tables 82.1 – 82.3. 225 Chapter 8: Appendices ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Healthy Comm. (ESAT –, PPD –) Rv3812 PEPGRS Rv3812 PE Rv0978c PEPGRS Rv0978c PE 38kDa G31 670 225.33 51.9 47.6 216.8 G43 528 193.33 47.7 30.4 G49 562.5 187 43.8 24.1 G50 626.5 203 38.3 G52 567.5 216.67 G53 662 228 G56 617 G57 G58 LTBI (ESAT , PPD +), Contacts Rv3812 PEPGRS Rv3812 PE Rv0978c PEPGRS Rv0978c PE 38kDa T7 647 250 49.9 37.7 163.3 149.3 T37 445.5 194 35 29.3 154.5 209.8 T93 544.5 240 48.8 35.4 263.8 28.6 123.5 T105 855.5 221 55.6 29.8 124 48.9 43.2 166.3 T122 856 273.33 47.1 40.9 218 42.2 30.6 177.5 T124 625.5 190.33 28.3 25.3 237.3 219 54.6 26.3 174 T214 674 230 60 43.5 167.5 795.5 295.33 86.7 55.3 292 T215 359 170.33 15.7 10.3 130.5 528 154.33 52.5 26.9 108 T223 491.5 213.67 39 36.1 336.3 G59 563.5 172 187.3 32.3 208.3 T224 445.5 234.33 81.9 30.6 181.5 G65 636 162.67 42.6 27.1 168.3 T230 529.5 173 81.4 28.5 200.5 G68 492 156.67 40.9 23.8 142.8 T233 360 159.67 33 21.4 195.8 G71 381 124 104.5 22.2 129 T237 590 299 40.8 29.3 281.5 G72 586.5 173.67 48.3 31.7 255.8 T248 715 268.67 139.3 46.7 283.3 G74 590 162.33 96.9 31.7 155.8 T249 511.5 181.33 58.4 18.2 129 G81 555 183.33 115 36.9 190.3 T266 568.5 194.33 38.9 26.8 216.8 G83 434 182.67 41.4 28.6 189.8 T270 535.5 206 100.1 17.3 191.3 G88 441 133.33 50.5 24.7 127.5 T286 490 259.33 41.4 37.4 247.3 G90 508 149.67 34.8 23.9 204.5 T287 430.5 220.67 33.8 20.7 167.3 G92 778.5 219 45 48.9 141 T304 291.5 137.67 81.6 11 255.5 Median 565.5 183 48.6 29.5 171.1 Median 532.5 217.17 48 29.3 198.1 25th percentile 75th percentile 523 160.9 42.5 25.9 142.3 445.5 188.1 37.9 21.2 166.3 628.9 217.2 62.6 33.4 205.4 25th percentile 75th percentile 630.9 242.5 65.4 36.4 249.3 Table 82 (part 1): IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to PEPGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen. 226 Chapter 8: Appendices ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ LTBI+ (ESAT+, PPD+), Contacts Rv3812 PEPGRS Rv3812 PE Rv0978c PEPGRS Rv0978c PE 38kDa Active TB (ESAT+, PPD +) Extent of disease Rv3812 PEPGRS Rv3812 PE Rv0978c PEPGRS Rv0978c PE 38kDa T120 863 206 43.2 31.5 187.5 T125 Minimal 571.5 154.67 31.9 21.3 288.75 T159 765.5 171.33 30.1 26.6 155.5 T175 Minimal 874.5 253.67 52.4 35.7 248.25 T165 758.5 211.67 50.3 48.2 183.8 T176 Moderate 527.5 193.67 29.5 31.1 157.75 T171 733.5 200.67 31.8 22.8 368 T195 Moderate 604.5 216.33 44.8 30.5 731.5 T172 671 191 37.4 27 311 T204 Moderate 795 303.33 72.5 50.2 288.25 T173 695.5 216 40.8 36.2 227.8 T220 Moderate 587.5 167.67 198.7 27.8 214.75 T189 387.5 122.33 8.5 10.6 78.5 T239 Moderate 789 214 59.4 35.9 388 T218 620.5 181 42.6 22.5 279.3 T245 Minimal 556.5 201.67 133.2 19.9 248.5 T219 741.5 241.33 94.2 53 293 T246 Moderate 462 177.75 29.1 28.5 113.5 T252 758 182.33 32.4 25.4 146.8 T272 Moderate 527.5 170.33 29.6 19.1 157.5 T268 641.5 138.33 31.1 20.6 171.5 T273 Advanced 618 161 19.8 36.3 211.75 T269 756 295 49.4 30.1 197.3 T275 Moderate 755.5 223.33 92 45.3 819.75 T271 477 104.33 28.4 11.7 99 T276 Minimal 363.5 143.67 31.2 26.6 166 T274 632 151.33 30.2 27.9 164.5 T284 Advanced 885 310.67 84.4 61.5 668 T293 670 143.67 45 28.4 459.3 T347 Minimal 716.5 213.33 67.9 36.8 465 T295 448.5 162 31.1 22.3 263 T381 Minimal 807 193.33 43.3 24.7 147.5 T296 816 215 199.7 33.6 369.8 T383 Moderate 590 178.67 114.2 27.2 550 T350 785.5 172.67 52.6 26.8 222.3 T385 Moderate 778.5 609.33 46.1 34.8 140.75 T374 765 175 71.2 33.8 514 T399 Moderate 481 168.67 38.3 23.2 128.5 T402 Moderate 692 270.33 204.4 36.2 470.75 Median 733.5 181 40.8 27 222.25 Median 611.25 197.67 49.25 30.8 248.375 25th percentile 75th percentile 636.8 156.7 31.1 22.7 168 549.25 169.915 31.725 26.125 157.6875 761.8 208.8 49.9 32.6 302 25th percentile 75th percentile 781.125 230.915 86.3 36.225 466.4375 Table 82 (part 2): IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to PEPGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen. The state of tuberculosis disease of the active TB patients is also shown. 227 Chapter 8: Appendices ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Treated TB (ESAT+, PPD +) T128 Rv3812 PE PGRS Rv3812 PE Rv0978c PEPGRS Rv0978c PE 38kDa 590 252.33 258.3 38.6 997.75 T199 400 99 17.9 7.8 82.75 T201 320 134.33 47 11.1 447.75 T221 506 153 32.8 6.7 242.75 T227 595.5 200.33 39.2 31.3 789.75 T260 647.5 316.67 86.5 58.2 425.25 T267 471.5 163.33 30.7 17.8 891 T289 390 143.33 35.6 17.5 822.5 T290 475 196.33 36.9 30.8 166.75 T299 479.5 251.33 120.2 18.4 422.75 T309 381 185.33 57.3 17.2 341 T310 685.5 259.67 28.9 42.7 154 T312 360.5 163.67 21.8 13.8 959.5 T314 472 180.33 19.8 17.9 200.5 T331 428.5 247.33 49.6 32.2 94 T375 324.5 142.33 58.6 16.9 95 T376 379.5 189.33 38.5 26.3 472.25 T378 430.5 166.33 36 18.3 336.75 T390 428.5 246.33 214.8 26 846 T393 359 197 21.9 22.3 448.25 Median 429.5 187.33 37.7 18.35 424 25th percentile 75th percentile 380.625 160.7475 30.25 17.125 192.0625 486.125 246.58 57.625 30.925 797.9375 Table 82 (part 3): IgG levels (relative OD units / ml) of individual subjects to PEPGRS proteins and mycobacterial 38kDa antigen. 228 [...]... To compare humoral responses against two Mtb PE PGRS proteins in latent and active tuberculosis patients, thereby assessing differential antibody responses against various PE PGRS family members and how these are influenced by clinical disease status. 2. To evaluate relative stability to proteasomal degradation of the PE domain, fulllength PE PGRS protein, and their component peptides, and assess their ... 3. PE PGRS To study immunogenicity and biological properties of Rv3812 protein and its role in host pathogen interactions The approaches used in this study to address these aims are as follows: Although it is known that some PE PGRS proteins may elicit antibodies during tuberculosis infection, differential expression of various PE PGRS proteins in people with latent and ... fulllength PE PGRS proteins. PE PGRS Finally, a specific member of this protein family, Rv3812 was chosen for study of its role in macrophagebacterium interactions and immunogenicity of its PE PGRS different domains to T cells. The Mb3842 protein of M. bovis bacille PE PGRS CalmetteGuérin (BCG) is identical to Mtb Rv3812 , thus a BCG strain PE PGRS overexpressing Mb3842 ... Chapter 1: Thesis overview, Aims and Approaches _ protein, and its role in mycobacterium latency and macrophage entry. Murine immunisation with the fulllength protein or its PE domain was performed to study cellular and humoral immune responses elicited in the host. Overall, this work is intended to further the understanding of the role of specific PE PGRS proteins in mycobacterium host interactions. The impact of such ... in mycobacteria (Brennan and Delogu, 2002). All members of the PE protein family contain a highly conserved Nterminal PE domain of ~ 110 aminoacid residues predicted to have a globular structure, and a Cterminal segment that varies in size, sequence and number of repeats. One of the PE subfamilies contains proteins with the PE domain alone, and another contains the PE domain followed by ... be expressed in vivo during infection and speculated to be required for replication and persistence in macrophages, respectively. This was performed to investigate whether relative seroreactivity was linked to the extent of host infection or disease. The relative immunogenicity of fulllength PE PGRS proteins and their PE domains were investigated in the light of previous evidence that there could be ... investigated. With respect to the most studied Mtb PE PGRS protein PE PGRS (Rv1818c ), mice immunised with DNA encoding its fulllength protein or its PE domain elicited, respectively, only antibodies directed against the PGRS domain and only cellular responses to the PE domain (Delogu and Brennan, 2001). It has been suggested that the GlyAla rich PGRS domain influences major ... proteins with the PE domain alone, and another contains the PE domain followed by a unique PGRS sequence (Cole et al., 1998). This PE PGRS family of Mtb proteins is the focus of this study. 2.2 The PE PGRS family of proteins The largest of the PE protein subfamilies is the PE PGRS (polymorphic GCrich repetitive sequences) subfamily, consisting of 61 members. This family is rich in glycine (~ 40 %) and alanine (~ 25 %) residues. These proteins consist of an ... cytokine in granuloma formation (Saunders and Britton, 2007), inducing the production of chemokines, and generating chemokine gradients that recruit immune cells to the infection site (Russell, 2007). Chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein1 (MCP1), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1a, chemokine (CC motif) ligand 5 (CCL5), interleukin8 (IL8) and interferoninducible 10kDa protein (IP10) are involved in ... (Brennan and Delogu, 2002). If GlyAla repeats in the PGRS domain limit processing and presentation of PE PGRS proteins, this could be a strategy utilised by mycobacteria to evade host immunity during its intracellular existence. Some possible functions of a few members of the PE PGRS protein family PE PGRS have been elucidated. Rv1759c is a cellsurface protein which allows Mtb to . (Carmen),assistance in animalcare and organprocessing (Peiying and Radiah).Forsharingcelllines,mousestrains,vectorsorequipmentused in this study, NUSYong Loo LinSchoolof Medicine faculty. 66 3.4.3Confirmationofidentityofpurifiedrecombinant proteins 66 iv 3.4.4Optimisationofserumdilutionsbytitrationsagainstrecombinant proteins 70 3.4.5AntibodyresponsesofdifferentclinicalgroupstoPEPGRS proteins 74 3.4.6AntibodyresponsestoRv0978c PE and Rv0978c PEPGRS proteins . severalofthemare involved in mycobacterium host interactions. 1.2Aims and approaches Thespecificaimsof thisprojectare: 1. TocomparehumoralresponsesagainsttwoMtbPEPGRS proteins in latent and