Yielding and failure of cement treated soil

YIELDING AND FAILURE OF CEMENT TREATED SOIL XIAO HUAWEN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 YIELDING AND FAILURE OF CEMENT TREATED SOIL XIAO HUAWEN (B.Eng., M.E., HHU) A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 Dedicated to my wife and daughter i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to express his profound gratitude and sincere appreciation to his supervisor, Professor Lee Fook Hou for the valued advice, constructive criticisms and endless guidance throughout this research study. Without his help, this research work could not have been accomplished. Grateful acknowledgement is given to the technical staffs who have assisted the author in the experimental studies. They are, Mdm. Jamilah Bte Mohd, Mr. Foo Hee Ann, Mr. John Choy Moon Nien, and Mr. Tan Lye Heng. Sincere appreciation is also expressed to Dr Chew Soon Hoe, the lab supervisor. The author also deeply appreciates the financial assistance in the form of research scholarship as well as facilities provided by the National University of Singapore to perform his research study. Acknowledgements are also due to: (a) Dr. Chin Kheng Ghee who gave grate help at the beginning of the research. (b) Fellow colleagues of NUS, in particular Dr Shen Ruifu, Dr. Xie Yi, Dr. Cheng Yonggang, Dr. Zhou Xiaoxian, Mr. Sun Daojun, Dr. Sindhu Tjahyono, Dr. Yeo Chong Hun, Dr. Subhadeep Banerjee, Dr. Liu Xuemei, Dr. Ma Kang, Dr. Wang Zhengrong, Mr. Vincent, Mr. Harrish, Miss Charlene, Mr. Meas; Mr. Isaac. Finally, the author would like to express special appreciation to his wife Ms Liu Wenyan for her always care, support, and encouragement and selfless accompany during these years. Without her help, the author could not come through his research. ii TABLE of CONTENTS Dedication i Acknowledgements ii Table of Contents iii Summary x List of Tables xiii List of Figures xiv List of Symbols xxxii Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Behavior of cement-treated soil 1.2.1 Behavior of natural and artificially lightly cemented soil 1.2.2 Behavior of cement-treated sand and clay 1.2.3 Behavior of cement-treated Singapore marine clay Objectives and organization of the thesis 1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Basic concepts and mechanism of cement stabilization 2.2.1 Mechanism of cement stabilization 2.2.2 Structure and microstructure of treated soil 11 Factors on the strength of cement-treated soil 13 2.3.1 Characteristics of stabilizing agents 14 2.3 iii 2.4 2.3.2 Characteristics of soil 15 2.3.3 Mixing conditions 16 2.3.4 Curing conditions 16 Experimental studies on cement-treated soil 17 2.4.1 Changes in basic property of cement-treated soil 17 2.4.2 Engineering behavior 18 2.4.2.1 Prime factors on strength and deformation of 18 cement-treated soil 2.4.2.2 Permeability 20 2.4.2.3 Compressibility 20 2.4.2.4 Stiffness 22 2.4.2.5 Shear strength parameters 22 2.4.3 Stress-strain behavior of cement-treated soil under 23 triaxial condition 2.4.4 Studies on cement-treated Singapore marine clay 24 2.4.5 Primary yielding and post-yield behavior of cemented 26 soil 2.4.6 Softening and post-peak shearing behavior of cemented 29 soil 2.5 Theoretical studies 32 2.5.1 Review of theoretical studies for natural or artificial 32 cemented soil 2.5.2 Constitutive frameworks for cement-treated soil – a 36 summary 2.6 Outstanding issues 37 2.6.1 Outstanding issues 37 2.6.2 Scope of work in the current Study 38 iv EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY AND SETUP 57 3.1 Materials 57 3.1.1 Untreated marine clay 57 3.1.2 Ordinary Portland cement 57 3.2 Variables investigated 58 3.3 Sample preparation procedure 60 3.4 Testing procedure and apparatus 62 3.4.1 Basic properties 63 3.4.2 Isotropic compression 63 3.4.3 Triaxial compression and strength 63 3.4.4 Microstructural properties 65 3.4.5 Tensile splitting strength test 66 3.4.6 Remoulded cement-treated marine clay 67 PREPEAK BEHAVIOR OF CEMENT-TREATED SINGAPORE 77 MARINE CLAY 4.1 Purpose of experiment 4.2 Definition of primary cement-treated soil 77 yielding and yield locus 4.2.1 Definition of artificial structure for 81 81 4.2.2 Definition of yielding and yield locus for cemented soils 82 4.3 4.2.3 Summary 89 Isotropic compression behavior of cement-treated soil 89 4.3.1 General behavior under isotropic compression 89 4.3.2 Cement content effect 90 v 4.4 4.5 4.3.3 Total water content effect 90 4.3.4 Curing stress effect 91 4.3.5 Curing period effect 92 4.3.6 Summary 92 Triaxial compression behavior of samples consolidated at 93 pressures below the primary isotropic yield stress p 'py 4.4.1 General behavior under triaxial compression 93 4.4.2 Cement content effect 95 4.4.3 Total water content effect 95 4.4.4 Curing stress effect 96 4.4.5 Curing period effect 96 4.4.6 Summary 97 Yielding behavior of cement-treated Singapore marine clay 97 4.5.1 Primary yielding and yield locus 98 4.5.2 Relation of primary yield locus to other parameters 99 4.5.2.1 Correlation of isotropic yield unconfined compressive strength stress to 100 4.5.2.2 Correlation of isotropic post-curing void ratio stress to 101 yield 4.5.2.3 Direct correlation of isotropic yield stress to 102 cement and total water content 4.5.2.4 Correlation of unconfined strength to mix proportions 4.5.2.5 Summary 4.6 compressive 103 105 Triaxial compression behavior of samples consolidated at 105 effective pressure higher than the isotropic primary yield stress p 'py vi 4.7 4.6.1 General behavior under triaxial compression 106 4.6.2 Evolution of yield locus 108 Tensile splitting strength test and modification of primary yield 109 locus 4.7.1 Stresses along radial loading section 109 4.7.2 Tensile strength of cement-treated marine clay 110 4.7.3 Correlation of tensile compressive strength strength to unconfined 112 4.7.4 Modification of primary yield locus of cement-treated 112 marine clay under triaxial loading condition ULTIMATE STATE OF CEMENT-TREATED MARINE CLAY 193 5.1 Introduction 193 5.2 Post-peak behavior 195 5.2.1 Onset of strain softening 195 5.2.2 Special specimen with lubrication and radial excess 196 5.2.2.1 Effect of slenderness ratio 198 5.2.2.2 Effect of lubrication 199 5.2.2.3 Effect of combination of slenderness and 199 lubrication 5.3 5.2.2.4 Effect of enlarged low-friction end caps 200 5.2.2.5 Stress state at post-peak stage 200 5.2.2.6 Results of CID short specimens 202 5.2.3 Critical state and residual state 203 Constitutive behavior of remoulded cement-treated marine clay 205 5.3.1 Effects of remoulding on cement-treated marine clay – 205 previous works vii 5.3.2 Isotropic compression behavior cement-treated marine clay 5.3.3 Triaxial compression behavior of remoulded 208 211 5.3.3.1 Remoulded marine clay 211 5.3.3.2 Remoulded cement-treated marine clay with 212 100% pre-remoulding total water content 5.3.3.3 Remoulded treated marine clay with 50% 216 cement content –effect of pre-remoulding total water content 5.3.3.4 Remoulded treated marine clay with 50% 217 cement content and 133% pre-remoulding total water content –effects of curing stress 5.3.3.5 Summary of findings 5.4 Discussion A CONSTITUTIVE MARINE CLAY 6.1 218 219 MODEL FOR CEMENT-TREATED 269 Introduction 269 6.1.1 Expanded structure surface approach 270 6.1.2 Superposition method 275 6.1.3 Other methods 278 6.1.4 Difficulties in using existing models for cement-treated 278 marine clays 6.2 6.3 An empirical constitutive framework for cement-treated marine 279 clay 6.2.1 Empirical yield function one 280 6.2.2 Empirical yield function two 281 A theoretical constitutive framework for cement-treated marine 282 clay 6.3.1 Basis of theoretical model 286 viii REFERENCES Black, D.K. and Lee, K.L. 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Geotechnique 52, No.7, 533-536. 354 [...]... 324 10% cement content and 100% total water content 6.26 322 323 6.27 Degradation of inherent cohesion C for cement- treated specimen with 324 20% cement content and 100% total water content 6.28 Degradation of inherent cohesion C for cement- treated specimen with 325 30% cement content and 100% total water content 6.29 Degradation of inherent cohesion C for cement- treated specimen with 325 50% cement. .. behavior of remoulded cement- treated 251 marine clay specimens with 30% cement content and 70kPa preconsolidation pressure and different curing periods 5.37 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 252 marine clay specimens with 30% cement content and 44kPa preconsolidation pressure and different curing periods 5.38 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated. .. water content and cured under atmospheric pressure for 7days 6.16 Isotropic compression curves of remoulded and unremoulded 319 cement- treated marine clay specimens with 10% cement content 6.17 Isotropic compression curves of remoulded and unremoulded 319 cement- treated marine clay specimens with 20% cement content 6.18 Isotropic compression curves of remoulded and unremoulded 320 cement- treated marine... 30% cement content 6.19 Isotropic compression curves of remoulded and unremoulded 320 cement- treated marine clay specimens with 50% cement content 6.20 Isotropic compression curves of remoulded and unremoulded 321 cement- treated marine clay specimens with 50% cement content and 133% total water content before remoulding xxix 6.21 Idealization of the isotropic compression behavior of reconstituted and. .. evolutions of yield locus for cement treated marine 184 clay specimens on normalized stress space (a) different cement content (b) different total water content 4.71 Microstructure of cement treated marine clay specimens with mix 185 proportion 5:1:6 under IPC pressure 2500kPa and drained shearing (CID2500-1250) (a) outside of slip band (b) inside of slip band 4.72 Microstructure of cement treated marine... with 50% cement content and 133% total water content and 50kPa curing stress) 5.49 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 264 marine clay specimens with preconsolidation pressure 70kPa (remoulded from cement- treated marine clay with 50% cement content and 133% total water content and 100kPa curing stress) 5.50 Uundrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated. .. with 30% cement content and 100% total water content and cured under atmospheric pressure for 7days 6.14 Simulated evolution of yield locus for cement- treated marine clay 317 specimens with 50% cement content and 100% total water content and cured under atmospheric pressure for 7days 6.15 Simulated evolution of yield locus for cement- treated marine clay 318 specimens with 50% cement content and 133%... shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 246 marine clay specimens with 20% cement content and different preconsolidation pressure 5.32 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 247 marine clay specimens with 20% cement content and 70kPa preconsolidation pressure and different curing periods 5.33 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 248 marine... bond forces in 55 cemented soil (after Vatsala et al., 2001) 2.30 yield surface for cement treated clay (after Lee et al., 2004) 55 2.31 A new family of yield locus (after McDowell, 2000) 56 3.1 Soil -cement and water -cement ratios for some previous studies on deep 70 mixing and jet grouting (after Lee, 2005) and for this study 3.2 Working ranges of dried-pulverized and slurry clay cement mixes (after... remoulded cement- treated 256 marine clay specimens with 50% cement content and different preconsolidation pressure 5.42 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 257 marine clay specimens with 50% cement content and 70kPa preconsolidation pressure and different curing period 5.43 Undrained triaxial shearing behavior of remoulded cement- treated 258 marine clay specimens with 50% cement . YIELDING AND FAILURE OF CEMENT TREATED SOIL XIAO HUAWEN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE 2009 YIELDING AND FAILURE OF CEMENT. Behavior of natural and artificially lightly cemented soil 4 1.2.2 Behavior of cement- treated sand and clay 5 1.2.3 Behavior of cement- treated Singapore marine clay 6 1.3 Objectives and organization. Studies on cement- treated Singapore marine clay 24 2.4.5 Primary yielding and post-yield behavior of cemented soil 26 2.4.6 Softening and post-peak shearing behavior of cemented soil