Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP I. MỤC ĐÍCH CHUYÊN ĐỀ Chuyên đề này sẽ trình bày một cách chi tiết và cụ thể các loại liên từ trong tiếng Anh và cách sử dụng của chúng, sử dụng đúng cách và tránh nhầm lẫn. Sau mỗi cách sử dụng đều có ví dụ giúp hiểu rõ hơn. II. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN 1. Liên từ kết hợp (coordinating conjunctions * Dùng loại liên từ này để nối những các từ loại hoặc cụm từ/ nhóm từ cùng một loại, hoặc những mệnh đề ngang hàng nhau (tính từ với tính từ, danh từ với danh từ ) * Gồm có: for, and, nor, but, or, yet * Ví dụ: She is a good and loyal wife. Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt. He is intelligent but very lazy. She says she does not love me, yet I still love her. We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam. He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt. * Chú ý: khi dùng liên từ kết hợp để nối hai mệnh đề, chúng ta thêm dấu phẩy sau mệnh đề thứ nhất trước liên từ. Ví dụ: Ulysses wants to play for UConn, but he has had trouble meeting the academic requirements. 2. Tương liên từ (correlative conjunctions) * Một vài liên từ thường kết hợp với các từ khác để tạo thành các tương liên từ. Chúng thường được sử dụng theo cặp để liên kết các cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng tương đương nhau về mặt ngữ pháp. * Gồm có: both . . . and…(vừa….vừa…), not only . . . but also… (không chỉ…mà còn…), not . . . but, either . . . or (hoặc hoặc ), neither . . . nor (không….cũng không…), whether . . . or (dù ….hay…., hoặc… hoặc….) , as . . . as, no sooner…. than…(vừa mới….thì…) * Ví dụ: They learn both English and French. He drinks neither wine nor beer. I like playing not only tennis but also football. I don't have either books or notebooks. I can't make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down. 3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions) * Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối kết các nhóm từ, cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau - mệnh đề phụ với mệnh đề chính trong câu. * Ví dụ như các liên từ sau và nghĩa kèm theo của chúng: As – Bởi vì: As he is my friend, I will help him. – Khi: We watched as the plane took off. LIÊN TỪ VÀ CÁCH SỬ DỤNG Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP After: sau khi Eg: After the train left, we went home. Although/ though: mặc dù Eg: Although it was after midnight, we did not feel tired. Before: trước khi Eg: I arrived before the stores were open. Because: bởi vì Eg: We had to wait, because we arrived early. For: bởi vì Eg: He is happy, for he enjoys his work. If: nếu, giá như Eg: If she is here, we will see her. Lest: sợ rằng Eg: I watched closely, lest he make a mistake. Chú ý: sử dụng động từ nguyên thể trong mệnh đề “lest” Providing/ provided: miễn là Eg: All will be well, providing you are careful. Since – Từ khi: I have been here since the sun rose. – Bởi vì: Since you are here, you can help me. So/ so that – Bởi vậy: It was raining, so we did not go out. – Để (= in order that): I am saving money so I can buy a bicycle. Supposing (= if) Eg: Supposing that happens, what will you do? Than: so với Eg: He is taller than you are. Unless: trừ khi Eg: Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed. Until/ till: cho đến khi Eg: I will wait until I hear from you. Whereas – Bởi vì: Whereas this is a public building, it is open to everyone. – Trong khi (ngược lại): He is short, whereas you are tall. Whether: hay không Eg: I do not know whether she was invited (or not). While – Khi: While it was snowing, we played cards. – Trong khi (ngược lại): He is rich, while his friend is poor. – Mặc dù: While I am not an expert, I will do my best. As if = in a similar way Eg: She talks as if she knows everything. As long as – Nếu: As long as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily. – Khi: He has lived there as long as I have known him. As soon as: ngay khi Eg: Write to me as soon as you can. As though = in a similar way Eg: It looks as though there will be a storm. In case: Trong trường hợp Eg: Take a sweater in case it gets cold. Or else = otherwise: nếu không thì Eg: Please be careful, or else you may have an accident. So as to = in order to: để Eg: I hurried so as to be on time. Chú ý: Ngoài liên từ, chúng ta có thể sử dụng các trạng từ liên kết như therefore, otherwise, nevertheless, thus, hence, furthermore, consequently… Ví dụ: We wanted to arrive on time; however, we were delayed by traffic. I was nervous; therefore, I could not do my best. We should consult them; otherwise, they may be upset. 4. Phân biệt cách sử dụng của liên từ và một số giới từ có cùng nghĩa Liên từ Giới từ Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP because because of although despite while during * Sự khác biệt giữa chúng là: liên từ + một mệnh đề, trong khi đó giới từ + một danh từ hoặc ngữ danh từ. * Ví dụ: They were upset because of the delay They were upset because they were delayed. Despite the rain, we enjoyed ourselves. Although it rained, we enjoyed ourselves. We stayed indoors during the storm. We stayed indoors while the storm raged. III. CỦNG CỐ KIẾN THỨC Bài tập 1: Điền vào chỗ trống với các từ sau: although, and, because, but, or, since, so, unless, until, when. 1. Things were different ………… I was young. 2. I do it …………… I like it. 3. Let us wait here ………… the rain stops. 4. You cannot be a lawyer ……… you have a law degree. 5. She has not called …………… she left last week. 6. I saw him leaving an hour ……………. two ago. 7. This is an expensive ………… very useful book. 8. We were getting tired ………… we stopped for a rest. 9. He was angry …………. he heard when happened. 10. Walk quickly …………. you will be late. 11. He had to retire …………… of ill health. 12. We will go swimming next Sunday ………… it's raining. 13. I heard a noise ………… I turned the light on. 14. Would you like a coffee …………… tea? Bài tập 2: Viết lại những câu sau đây dùng liên từ thích hợp 1. We know him. We know his friends. 2. The coat was soft. The coat was warm. 3. It is stupid to do that. It is quite unnecessary. 4. I wanted to go. He wanted to stay. 5. Your arguments are strong. They don’t convince me. 6. You can go there by bus. You can go there by train. 7. I was feeling tired. I went to bed when I got home. Đáp án: Bài 1: 1. when 5. since 9. when 13. so 2. because 6. or 10. or 14. or 3. until 7. but 11. because 4. unless 8. so 12. unless Bài 2 Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP 1. We know him and his friends. 2. The coat was both soft and warm. 3. It is stupid and quite unnecessary to do that. 4. I wanted to go but he wanted to stay. 5. Your arguments are strong but they don’t convince me. 6. You can go there either by bus or by train. 7. I was feeling tired so I went to bed when I got home. IV. BÀI TẬP VỀ NHÀ Bài tập 1: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng những liên từ thích hợp: 1. I’ll come and see you…….I leave for Moscow. 2. He will tell you……… you get home. 3. I can’t express my opinion………I know the fact. 4. We started very early…… we should miss the train. 5. He will stay here…… you come. 6. ……… he tried hard, he wasn’t successful. 7. He worked late last night…… he might be free to go away tomorrow. 8. The room is ….small… we can’t all get in. 9. …….you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. 10. The road seems longer…….I thought. 11. ………it rained hard, we played the match. 12. ……… you may go, he won’t forget you. Bài tập 2: Viết lại những câu sau sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi 1. Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well. => In spite of ……………………………… 2. Mary could not go to school because she was sick. => Because of ………………………………… 3. Although the weather was bad, she went to school on time. => Despite ………………………………. 4. My mother told me to go to school although I was sick. => In spite of ……………………………………… 5. Because there was a big storm, I stayed at home. => Because of ……………………………………… 6. Tom was admitted to the university although his grades were bad. => Despite ……………………………………………… 7. Although she has a physical handicap, she has become a successful woman. => Despite …………………………………………… 8. In spite of his god salary, Tom gave up his job. => Although……………………………………. 9. Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep. => In spite of …………………………………………. 10. In spite of the high prices, my daughter insists on going to the movies. => Even though ………………………………………………. . go, he won’t forget you. Bài tập 2: Viết lại những câu sau sao cho nghĩa không thay đổi 1. Although Tom was a poor student, he studied very well. => In spite of ……………………………… 2. Mary could. not love me, yet I still love her. We have to work hard, or we will fail the exam. He will surely succeed, for (because) he works hard. That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret. notebooks. I can't make up my mind whether to buy some new summer clothes now or wait until the prices go down. 3. Liên từ phụ thuộc (subordinating conjunctions) * Loại liên từ phụ thuộc nối