STUDYING THE CROP PLANT RESTRUCTURE IN THE ORIENTATION OF COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN THANH HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE

2 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAM ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES VŨ ĐỨC KÍNH STUDYING THE CROP PLANT RESTRUCTURE IN THE ORIENTATION OF COMMODITY PRODUCTION IN THANH HOA CITY, THANH HOA PROVINCE Branch of study: Crop science Code: 62 62 01 11 AGRICULTURAL DOCTORAL THESIS Hanoi, 2015 3 Hanoi, 2015 The thesis is completed at the Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences Scientific supervisors: 1. Assoc. Prof, Dr. Nguyen Huy Hoang 2. Assoc. Prof, Dr. Trinh Khac Quang Critic 1: Critic 2: Critic 3: This thesis was defended at the Institutional level Council for Ph.D Thesis Assessment held at : Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences at hour, day month year The thesis can be referred to at: - The Vietnam National Library - The Library of Vietnam Academy of Agricultural Sciences - The Library of Thanh Hoa Province 4 INTRODUCTION 1. The urgency of the research theme Thanh Hoa City (City) is the cultural - economical - political - center of Thanh Hoa province, the transportation contact point, the commodity interfow of province as well as to connect the South and the North. Implementing the Decision No. 84 /QD-TTg dated 16/01/2009 of the Prime Minister for approval of the adjustment of the Master plan on construction of Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa province till 2025, with a vision to 2035, Thanh Hoa city thereby will increase in both area and population, a change in many aspects leading to multiple challenges for the development of the city. Thus, in the coming years, Thanh Hoa city has to face with the increase of both agricultural land and non-agricultural land due to the process of expanding the City. The issues raised for agriculture of Thanh Hoa city at present is to gradually bring agricultural development towards competitive commodity agricultural production of regional as well as Global integrations towards building an ecological Agriculture converging the factors of biodiversity, sustainable development in order to supply agricultural products to the local markets and the nearby regions, proceeding to export. The investigation, study of the plant structure (CCCTr), and the evaluation of effectiveness in determining appropriate plant structure which can both protect the environment and develop agriculture towards sustainable commodity production are very essential. Stemming from the requirements on the study of plant structural adjustment towards agricultural goods production in the local to increase incomes and improve living conditions for farmers in Thanh Hoa City, it is necessary to implement the research theme "Studying the crop plant restructure in the direction of commodity production in Thanh Hoa city - Thanh Hoa province". The research results will contribute to the structural adjustment towards goods production in order to increase production efficiency per an area unit, forming an effective and sustainable commodity agricultural production in the local. 5 2. Purpose and requirement of the research 2.1. Converging crop plant structure must base on a scientific and practical basis in order to develop agricultural goods production in the City of Thanh Hoa. 2.2. Analizing appropriately the natural, social – economical factors governing the development of plants structure in Thanh Hoa City. 2.3. Assessing the actual development status of the plant structure including crop types, crop varieties and cropping and intercropping patterns, thereby discovering the advantages to inherit, develop and shortcomings to overcome. 2.4. Building the plant structure to suit each region and natural, socio -economical conditions of each subregion to meet the production needs in the direction of commodity production towards export for the City and its vicinity. 3. The scientific and practical significance of the research 3.1. The research findings will contribute to set up a crop plant structure suitable to the natural, social- cultural conditions of Thanh Hoa City 3.2. The research results will be of the scientific basis for the planning, zoning for rational agricultural production, crop diversification towards sustainable goods production suitable for natural, socio-economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City; 3.3. The research findings will be of good document to help managers to operate properly oriented agricultural production in Thanh Hoa City. 3.4. The research findings will help to form a new crop plant structure of higher economic efficiency through restructuring towards commodity orientation production, contributing to improve the livelihoods of local people. 3.5. Determining reasonable orientation for shifting crop plant structures, building appropriate crop plant patterns towards commodity production and sustainable agricultural development in Thanh Hoa City. 3.6. Shifting from small scale, self-sufficient, unsustainable agriculture into commodity focused - and sustainable production. 4. The objects and scope of the research 6 - The research objects are the structures of the existing crop plant, new crop plant varieties; natural factors include: soil, water, climate and biological factors include: crops, livestock and social - economical factors: include market- mechanisms and policies, service prices, infrastructure conditions and farmers that have direct effects to the conversion of crop plant structures towards commodity production. - The research theme focuses on the existing annual crop plant structures, recommends new plant types and plant varieties and agricultural crop plant structure in the city of Thanh Hoa, focusing towards the orientation of commodity agricultural production for domestic consumption and towards export. - This study was conducted from 2012 to 2014 5. New contributions of the thesis 5. 1. Having assess basic conditions (natural, economic and social) of Thanh Hoa City, the advantages and disadvantages of the crop plant restructuring (CCCTr) towards sustainable goods production; 5.2. Having assessed the current status of crop plant structure and composition of crops varieties on 4 main types of agricultural land in Thanh Hoa City; 5.3. Having selected short-duration HT6 varieties of high yield, quality to arrange in 2 rice crop pattern and a soybean variety - DT26 of high yield, short duration suitable for Winter crop serving the crop plant restructure of 3 crops/year pattern on the dry soil out side river dykes of Thanh Hoa City; 5.4. Having proposed new plant structure towards commodity production of Thanh Hoa City in the stage 2015-2020 period and orientations for 2025 on 4 main land types for high economic efficiency, profit reached 398,018.0 millions VND/ year, which was 106,037.0 millions VND / year higher profits than from the former plant structure. Social and environmental Effectiveness are stable; contributing to developing an efficient and sustainable commodity agriculture. 6. The structure of the thesis The thesis consists of 149 pages, which include: Introduction: 4 pages; Chapters 1 (Overview and the scientific basis of the research 7 subject): 44 pages; Chapter 2 (Research materials, content and methodology): 13 pages; Chapter 3: (Research result and discussion): 76 pages, Conclusions and Recommendations: 3 pages, 104 reference documents in Vietnamese and foreign languages; 03 published works related to the thesis; The thesis inludes 66 tables, 07 illustrations and appendices. CHAPTER I OVERVIEW AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE THEME 1.1. Theoritical basis of the theme 1.1.1. Some common perceptions and concepts Plant structure can be understood as "a body" formed in a certain environmental condition (broader definition). In which, its parts are assembled in collaboration with regular structure and systems of the same size and relevant ratio; position and role of each part and their mutual interaction within general structure. Plant structure under the orientation of commodity production should reach 2 requirements: first, the plant structure must achieve high economic efficiency and second the plant structure must be reasonable, stable and ecologically sustainable. Logical plant structure is the determined formation of field crops in quantity, rate, type, location, time, to create the resonance of the organic relationship between crops in order to exploit and use genetic resources most economically, reasonably for the objectives of social-economic development. Thus, appropriate plant structure is the organizational shape of field crops include plants, plant location and the percentage area of each crop with organic relationship between different crops, which are mutually confirmed of each other within the structure to form the group of plants in the same systems. Improvements of rational crop structure has an important role to promote the restructuring of agricultural production development, increasing total product value, increase the value of goods, increase income and improve the lives of people. 1.1.2. The factors governing the formation of plant structure Plant structure depends on many factors: climate, soil, irrigation, crop varieties and cultivation techniques, the soil improvement 8 capacity These factors do not impact separately and singly, but they are always in an interwoven complex with plants, discovering the obstacle problem so that to have appropriate measures to forecast the development direction as the scientific basis of the theme. 1.1.3. Commodity agricultural production orientation Commodity agricultural production is an agriculture of high economical efficiency with more cargo volume of high quality and a wide range of variety; linking with the formation of intensive centralized production, intensive farming; linking agriculture production with processing industry through the redistribution of labor, production socialization and application of new technologies to production. 1.1.4. Sustainable Agricultural Development (PTNNBV) The development of sustainable agriculture includes the long term sustainability of food security on the basis of suitable the agrarian system (HTNN) consistent with ecological conditions and without harm to the environment; Sustainability on organizational management, consistent agricultural system with human relationships, including consistancy with future generations and demonstration of community sustainability in an agrarian system. Sustainable agriculture is achieved through: sustainable land management, technology improvement, improved environmental resources, improved and stabilized economic efficiency. 1.1.5. Research Approach 1.2.1. Systematic approach 1.2.2. Agricultural development in view of the agrarian system. 1.2. Practical basis of the research topic 1.2.1. The research situation on crop plant structures abroad Agricultural system in the tropical and subtropical countries were studied. Experience leart from these countries are valuable lessons for us to consult and use in the process of improving the plant structure of the research theme. 1.2.2. The situation of in - country research on crop plant structures The research on the lay out of logical crop plant structure, development of agricultural production, ecological zoning were carried out. 9 Conducting research on the crop plant structure in mainly - rainfed farmland, Bui Huy Dap (1985) recommended the pattern of 2 secondary crops (Winter and Spring cash –crops) then main summer rice crop, using either long or short growth duration varieties for Spring crop accordingly to the planting season of early Summer rice crop or main rice crop. This is the mode of cultivation which can fully exploit the potential of dry soils for one rice crop in rainfed condition. Many authors have also studied to develop appropriate cropping systems to control erosion, moisture, keep fertility for slopes lands, reasonable rotation with the introduction of new varieties of high yield and short growth duration for selection which had resulted recruited work to change the plant structure on a national scale. Spring rice crop has completely replaced Lua Chiem service, winter crop has been grown on a large scale with the model 3 crops / year. 1. 3. Agriculture in Thanh Hoa City and the existing problems: 1.3.1. General context 1.3.1.1. Effects of climate change to the system and structure of crop plants 1.3.1.2. New Rural Construction in Vietnam and structure of crop plants 1.3.1.3. Restructuring agricultural production and structure of crop plants 1.3.2. Agriculture in Thanh Hoa City: advantages and challenges The set of crop varieties in Thanh Hoa city is very various, farming techniques are quite diverse (especially fertilizers); crop yields are fairly well, but the quality is not consistent, not suitable to agricultural commodity production. In order to study the transformation of crop plant structure towards commodity production in Thanh Hoa city, it is necessary to review the land use structure, eliminates the cropping / farming patterns with low added value, unsustainable and to expand high value added and suitable planting / cultivation patterns. For each selected crop varieties, it is necessary to select good crop cultivars (high yield, good quality, high commodity value) and determine suitable system of farming practices towards organic agriculture to 10 assure safe food quality. On that basis, the determination of the appropriate plant structure towards sustainable commodity production on different soil types /groups of soils for the city land is undertaken. This is the basis and also the tasks set out for the study the conversion of crop plant structure towards sustainable commodity production in Thanh Hoa City. 1.4. The comments drawn from the overview Changing crop plant structure towards commodity production in nature of the issue is the changing from production of low-value crops to grow other crops of higher economic efficiency in 1 unit of area. To set up crop plant structure, it is necessary to conduct research on restructuring the cropping systems suitable to soil conditions and different water regimes, to adopt general technical measures to exploit fruitfully the natural resources and labor. Diversification of crop varieties and types of crops is the measures to enhance the stability of the system. CHAPTER 2 RESEARCH MATERIALS, CONTENTS AND METHODS 2.1. Research Materials 2.1.1. The data, statistical documents: Rgarding natural, social - economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City, 2.1.2. Documents and the overall planning map: The socio- economical development of Thanh Hoa province and Thanh Hoa City 2.1.3. The varieties used are: - The set of rice varieties includes 8 quality, short growth duration cultivars bred and selected by the Vietnam Agricultural Sciences Institute and other research institutions in the country. These include HT9, HT6, LTH31, LTH134, RVT, SH8, SH2 and BT7 (the control). Apart from these, there are also some other varieties such as Xi23, ZZD001, GS9, Thai Xuyen 111, - The soybean varieties: materials consists of 8 soybean cultivars: DT22, DT25, DT26, DVN14, D912, DT99, D9804, DT84 - Maize: CP999, CP919, NK66, NK6654 11 - Peanuts: L12, L14, L18, L116 and TB25 - Sweet potatoes: Huanglong. - Flowers: roses, lilies, daisies, - Vegetables: Tomatoes, lettuce, cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, - Tobaco - The types of fertilizer: manure, urea, compound fertilizers N, P, K. - The commonly used pesticides, fungicides. 2.2. Research Contents 2.2.1. Assessment of natural and socio-economical conditions of Thanh Hoa City in relation with the plant structure in the orientation of commodity production; 2.2.2. Studies assessing the current status of agricultural production and short growth duration of crop plant structure of Thanh Hoa city serving plant restructuring in the orientation of commodity production; 2.2.3. Research and propose the crop plant restructure towards commodity production in Thanh Hoa City. 2.3. Research Methodology 2.3.1. Continual method: The documents on natural social -economic conditions, research area will be inherited. 2.3.2. Rapid assessment methods of participatory rural appraisal (PRA); 2.3.3. Investigation on various patterns of crop cultivation / farming on different soil types; 2.3.4. Gathering data and information from KIP group; 2.3.5. Method of comparison and testing the crop varieties under Vietnam Regulation; 2.3.6. Field experiments layout method and other analysis methods; 2.3.7. Assessing and analysis of economic efficiency of the treatments of crop / rotation / farming patterns by the formula: RAVC = GR-TC , in which: RAVC: The profit (RAVC - Return Above Variable Cost) GR: Total net income (GR - Gross Return) TC: Total variable cost (TC - Total Variable Cost) And overall profit ratio = (GR - TC) / TC 12 The calculation of the profit of marginal cost is followed by CIMMYT’s following formula (1988): )( )( DCTN DCTN CPCP TGTG MBCR    of which: MBCR- marginal benefit cost ratio; TG TN - total output value of the treatment; TG DC - total output value of the control; CP TN - total cost of treatment; CP DC - the total cost of control. Evaluation criteria: MBCR <1.5: low profits, not recommended to develop; MBCR from 1.5 to 2.0: average return, acceptable; MBCR> 2.0: profit, approved for development. The unity determination of the price is undertaken by the average price in 2012, 2013 and 2014 in Thanh Hoa City. The data were statistically processed by computer software MS. Excel 2003 and Statistix version 8.2. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Natural, social- economical conditions of Thanh Hoa city in relation with the plant structure towards commodity production 3.1.1. Geographical position and the ability to develop a commodity agriculture Geographical position of Thanh Hoa city is in favor of many advantages for Thanh Hoa to develop an agriculture towards orientation of sustainable commodity production. These advantages are: 3.1.1.1. The advantage of social - economic development – a broader space with convenient interflow to exchange to various regions and abroad. 3.1.1.2. The advantage of interactive exchanges with the major metropolitan areas in the North, Northern Central, Northwest of Vietnam and the Northeast of Laos People’s Democratic Republic. 3.1.1.3. The advantage isof being the focal pint to connect multiple national transportation ways by road, rail, sea and air for the domestic and international exchanges; 13 3.1.1.4. The advantage of being the central city of the province, Thanh Hoa City owns abundant natural and manpower resources, favorable for the social- economic development and urbanization; 3.1.1.5. The advantage of interactive exchanges to promote mutual development with the large urban areas in the province 3.1.1.6. The advantage of having location conditions for development of urban space, building eco-city, landscape, cultural and historical attractions of national colour richness. 3.1.2. Climate characteristics and formation of planting season Due to climatic characteristics of the Thanh Hoa city the crop season, presented in Table 3.2. has been formed. 3.1.3. Land resources of Thanh Hoa City Currently, in Thanh Hoa, land for agricultural production consists of 4 groups, with a total area of 6617.0 hectares. Most soils have appropriate thick layer; containing organic matter of surface layer with average fluctuation from 1.5% (neutral Alluvial soil less acidic) to 2.6% (Alluvial soil with shallow layer of rusty spotting Gley), belonging from average to fairly soil types and rapid reduction in depth. Mechanical composition of soil ranges from clay soil, sandy soil and from medium to heavy clay soil. In general, the chemical and mechanical compositions of the soils are favorable to produce annual key crops of the City. Table 3.2. Crop seasons and crop types in Thanh Hoa City Crop type Spring crop Summer crop Winter crop Rice December- May 30 th May – Oct,10 th Maiz Feb – Oct 6 th 05/6 - 25/9 (riverside soil) 05/9 - 30/1 Peanut Feb – Oct 6 th 05/6- 10/10 Sweet potato Feb – Oct 6 th Vegetabble, beans January - May May – Oct,10th 15/8 (successive crop) - 20/1 Flowers December - April August - Nov Oct (successive crop) - Dec Other crops December - April Sept - D e c Sesame June 10th – Sept 15th 14 3.1.4. Features of hydrology and water resources in Thanh Hoa City Situated in the basins of Ma River and partly of Chu river basin, City region is the home to many small lakes and tributaries flowing through. The flow of Ma river formed an arc flowingin the midle of the city and hugging the City in the south side from the northwest to southeast, acting as a water source for production and daily life, at the same time, it is also a water transport line upstream domain the mountains and down to the sea. 3.1.5. Economic conditions - related to social transformation in plant structure Thanh Hoa city The city is densely populated in the province as it is the location where people from inside and outside of the province to come to live and do business. The population (2012) of the City was 333.9 thousand people, with the average population density of 2,275 people / km2, which is 7.3 times higher than that of the whole province (312 people / km2) and 2.5 times higher than the population density of Thanh Hoa coastal plain. Before expanding the administrative boundaries, most city dwellers live concentratedly in the urban wards with non-agricultural occupations. After the expansion, the average inside urban population in 2012 was 161,662 people, accounting for 48.4% of the City population. Including provisional residents, the average population in the urban City was equivalent to about 210,000 people/ km 2 . Of the whole City, there are 24,545 agricultural householders, the number of people in rural areas are 61,156 people; the number of employees actually involved in agriculture was 30,274 people. The characteristics of demography, labors, employment opportunity and economic development of Thanh Hoa city; The infrastructure of traffic system; irrigation, electricity supply, new rural construction program and of the State policies related to agriculture are the predisposing factors for the development of agriculture in the orientation of commodity production. 3.2. Assessment on the situation of agricultural production and the current state of short growth duration plant structure in Thanh Hoa City 15 3.2.1. Current situation of agricultural production in Thanh Hoa City Agricultural production in the suburbs is gradually developing into deep specialization, providing all kinds of food and agricultural products with high-quality for the urban and outside areas. In 2 years of 2011- 2012, the value of agricultural production (production value) increased by an average of 3.7% / year. In 2012, agricultural production value (market price) reached 3,596 billion VND. 3.2.2. Evaluation on structure of current short growth duration crops of Thanh Hoa City The current structure of short growth duration crops of Thanh Hoa is formed from an agriculture of small commodity production. Farmer households are the basic unit of production. 3.2.2.1. Plant structures of each crop season and capabilities of commodity production in Thanh Hoa City Data in the tables 3.6; 3.7 and 3.8 show that: - Rice is a major crop in Thanh Hoa city, planted area reached 10.214,6 ha, making total paddy output of 62,462 tons of paddy grain; 75% of rice is used for family as food and 21,875 tonnes of grain is sold. - The second staple food crop is corn with planted area of 1,634 hectares, total productivity of 7,851 tonnes of maize used for livestock and 2,747 tons sold out. - The cultivated area of vegetables in Thanh Hoa city reached 1,165 ha, the total output is 26,974 tons of vegetables a year, in which the vegetables sold to markets was 24,277 tonnes mostly for inner-city residents, the vicinity, the mountainous districts of Thanh Hoa province and to Laos. - The area for flowers planting in Thanh Hoa city reached 408 hectares, the goods plant for sale in the province and to Laos by small quota. Apart from the above statistically mentioned crops, in the suburbs of Thanh Hoa City, there are some other crops such as soybeans, sweet potatoes but the area is little. Research on crop plant structure in the outskirts of Thanh Hoa City also shows that the fallow land in Winter season was very broad, untapped, crop systems that provide high efficiency has not been extended such as using farmland for aquaculture, rice - fish pattern are also of much untapped potential. 16 Table 3.6. Crop plant structure in Spring crop and the ability of commodity production in Thanh Hoa City Crop Area (ha) Crop Structur e (%) Yield (tons/ha) X SX  Produc tivity (tons) Ratio of goods (%) 1. Rice 5.306,6 81,3 6,50 ± 0,50 34.453,9 25,0 2. Maize 72,1 1,1 4,81± 0,49 346,8 35,0 3. Peanut 608,6 9,3 3,88 ± 0,52 2.361,6 80,0 4. Vegetable 318,1 4,9 23,00± 2,05 7.316,3 90,0 5. Herbal 50,2 0,8 - - 100,0 6. Flowers 130,0 2,0 - - 100,0 7. Tabaco 33,3 0,5 - - 80,0 8.Other crops 6,1 0,1 - - - Total 6.519,0 100 - - - Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hóa City in 2012 Table 3.7. Crop plant structure in Summer crop and the ability of commodity production in Thanh Hoa City Crop Area (ha) Structure (%) Yield (tons/ha) X SX  Productivit y (tons) Ratio of goods (%) 1. Rice 4,914.0 83.0 5.70± 0.63 28,009 25.0 2. Maize 452.6 7.6 4.82± 0.52 2,149 35.0 3. Herbs 83.5 1.4 20.00± 2,08 6.108 100. 0 4.Vegetable 305.4 5.1 - - 90.0 5. Flowers 130.0 2.0 - - 100. 0 6.Other crops 6.0 0.3 - - Total 5,819.0 100.0 - - Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hoa City in 2012 The study results showed that in the city of Thanh Hoa growing of vegetables and flowers in all 3 crop seasons are more profitable, highest in Winter, followed by Spring and lowest in the Summer 17 season. Paddy is the main crop with the biggest planted area, but brings low profit, only from 5.0 to 10.0 million VND/ ha; Spring rice crop is more profitable than Summer crop. Table 3.8. Winter crop structure in Thanh Hoa and the ability of commodity production Crop Area (ha) Structure (%) Yield (tons/ha) X SX  Productivity (tons) Ratio of goods (%) 1. Maize 1.106,6 59,2 4,74± 0,28 5.356 35,0 2.Vegetable 542,2 29,0 25,00± 0,51 13.550 90,0 3. Herb 83,5 4,5 - - 100,0 4. Flowers 130,1 7,0 - - 100,0 5.Other crops 6,0 0,3 - - - Total 1.868,4 100,0 - - - Source: Statistic data of Thanh Hóa City in 2012 Sweet potatoes, peanuts and corn is less profitable crop after rice, but they are difficult to be replaced because it is difficult to grow rice on riverside soils. On riverside soil in Thanh Hoa city, there is about 20.0 ha of high relief, which are not flooded in rainy season, here urban plantation areas has begun forming, according to the survey results it is shown that there are 5 types of crop plans seemed to be suitable to the riverside soils. Depending on plant types, the total annual revenue is from 500.0 million to 800.0 million VND/ ha and an annual net profit of about 250.0 millions VND/ ha. From the survey of the current status of crop plant structure, some general remarks have been drawn as the following: Paddy is the main crop, the set of rice varieties is also quite varied, but varieties with high yield, good quality are still less, only 1 rice cultivar of BT7 belonging to group of quality rice grown in the Summer season. In Spring crop season, there is no high-yield, good quality rice. 18 Maize, peanuts and sweet potatoes are also important crops on riverside soils and on soil of 2 rice crops; but the set of high-yielding, good quality varieties are not yet cultivated here. 3.2.3. Rating the crop cultivation, crop rotation patterns on the present main soil types / soil groups of Thanh Hoa City serving restructuring of crop pattern towards commodity production orientation The sythesized data from the results of the survey on the crop cultivation / rotation / farming technique patterns on main soil types / soil group in the suburbs of Thanh Hoa city regarding to area, profits, and land use structure, interest structure are presented in table 3:35. Results presented in Table 3:35 shows that: The total area of annual agricultural land fund in the city of Thanh Hoa is 6,623 hectares, divided into 4 main soil typs / soil groups. The riverside soil consists of 240.8 ha, which accounts for 3.6%; high land outer river dyke is 982.6 hectares, accounted for 14.8%; Riverside soil behind the dykes is 4,784.4 hectares, accounted for 72.2% and 616.0 hectares of bottomlands outside the dyke, accounted for 9.4%. Total funds of lands for short-term agricultural crops has created profit of 200,015 million VND annually of which riverside soils made a profit of 5,314 million accounted for 2.6%. If comparing the percentage of land use with the rate of return, the profit from riverside soil types / groups of riverside soils is of low efficiency; dry soil types / groups of dry soils created a profit of 88,972.9 million VND, representing 30.5% of total gross return. If comparing with the rate of land use, land-use efficiency on high groundsoil outside the dike the profitable, 2 times higher as compared to the structure of the land fund. Annually, dry soil outside the dike creates a profit of 169,775.0 millions VND, accounting for 58.1% of overall profits. Compared with the structure of land use, the production on dry soil outside the dike creates lower profits than in bottom soils outside the dike, but higher than that of riverside soils inter the dike. Annually, the bottom lands outside the dike generates a profit of 27,980.0 million VND accounting for 9.6% of total profits. If compared with the rate of land use, the group of low-lying lands creates rather good profit, after that of the dry soils out side the dike. 19 Table 3.35. Profit of present crop structures on soil types/ group of soils in Thanh Hoa City Comparison (%) Patterns of crop cultivation / rotation/farming techniques Area (ha) Profit (millionsVND ) Land use structure Ratio of interest 1. Riverside soils: total 240.0 5,314.0 3,.6 1.8 1 . Spring maize – fallow – Winter maize 48.0 1,226.4 20.0 23.0 2 . Spring peanut – fallow – Winter maize 156.0 1,341.6 65.0 25.0 3 . Spring maize – fallow – Winter vegetables 24.1 1,387.2 10.0 26.0 4 .Spring vegetable – fallow – Winter vegetables 12.7 1,358.9 5.0 26.0 2. Dry soils outer dike: total 982,0 88,972.9 14.8 30.5 5. Flower Intensification 136.1 16,876.4 13.8 19.0 6. Vegetables intensification 305.4 40,618.2 31.0 45.7 7. Herbs intensification 50.2 11,797.0 5.1 13.2 8. Peanut – 1 crop 5.0 13.0 0.5 - 9. Spring peanut – Maize - Maize 452.6 6,381.6 46.0 7.2 10. Tobacco – Herbs 33.3 13,286.7 3.6 14.9 3. Dry soils in outer dike: total 4,784.0 169,775.0 72.2 58.1 11. Spring rice – Summer rice – Winter vegetables 200.0 29,201.3 4.2 17.2 12. Spring rice – Summer rice 450.0 5,942.1 9.4 3.5 13. Spring rice – Summer rice 4,134.0 134,631.6 86.4 79.3 4. Low soil in outer dike 611.0 27,980.0 9.4 9.6 14. Spring rice – Summer rice 130.0 1,950.0 21.1 6.9 15. Spring rice – Fish 386.0 21,230.0 62.7 75.9 20 Comparison (%) Patterns of crop cultivation / rotation/farming techniques Area (ha) Profit (millionsVND ) Land use structure Ratio of interest 16. Fish- aquaculture 100.0 4,800.0 16.2 17.2 Total 6,617.0 291,981.0 100.0 100.0 3.3. Study and propose new crop plant structure towards orientation of efficient and sustainable commodity production in the outskirts of Thanh Hoa City 3.3.1.Forecasting the situation of agricultural Products consumption in Thanh Hoa City, period 2015 - 2020 and orientation toward 2025 The survey data showed that the production capabilities of Thanh Hoa City can only meet about 60% the volume of quality rice and over 50% of medium quality rice for consumption in the city. For vegetables, flowers of all kinds, the response rate is much lower; not to mention the need for other markets. 3.3.2. The patterns of crop cultivation / rotations on the main soils types/ soil groups, selected crop varieties for conversion of crop plant structures towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble commodity production in Thanh Hoa City Based on the criteria of economic efficiency, social efficiency and environmental efficiency, the patterns of crop cultivation / rotations on the main soils types/ soils groups for conversion of crop plant structures towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble commodity production in Thanh Hoa City, have been selected. From the research results on the pattern of crop cultivation/ rotations in the suburb of Thanh Hoa city and based on the forecast demand of agricultural products in periods 2015 - 2020 and orientation towards 2025, the pattern of crop cultivation/ rotations in Thanh Hoa City towards orientation of efficient and sustainabble commodity production and crop cultivars were selected. These include: (1) On soils types/ soil groups, the pattern of Spring maize – Winter maize is selected: Maize is a staple food crop suitable to alluvial soils which are annually compensated with the cultivation measure mainly based on rainfed condition; However, it is necessary to select high- yielding maize varieties and suitable to cultivation techniques. 21 (2) On soils types/ groups of dry soils in the dike outer, the cultivation pattern of herbal vegetables - tobacco - herbal vegetables is highly profitable, but can not be expanded because of limited market demand. The pattern of planting vegetables and flowers all year round offers high profit, the consumption markets could be expanded. It is necessary to set up production models of safe vegetables and vegetable production throughout the year, with particular emphasis on the Summer vegetables to serve large number of travelers for sight - seeing the landscapes of the province; modeling flower production for domestic consumption in the province and its vicinity as well as the neighboring country of Laos. (3) On soils types/ groups of dry soils in the outer dike, the pattern of 2 rice crops is recommended, but it is necessary to select short growth duration varieties of high yield, good quality to increase the selling price as well as selection of suitable cultivars for Winter crop (soybean, vegetables), in order to enhance economic efficiency and environmental effectiveness, to improve the fertility of the soils, contributing to developing efficient and sustainable production. (4) On soils types/ groups of low soils in the outer dike, the patterns of rice cultivation - fish raising and intensive fish raising should be expanded. (5) Regarding rice varieties: The cultivation of 2 rice varieties of GS9 and Thai Xuyen 111 should be maitained in late Spring crop season and Xi23 variety in main Spring crop season. For the early Spring season, rice variety BT7 should be kept for cultivation and replace mid season rice variety by the pattern of rice (variety Xi23 Spring crop) - fish. (6) Using the CP999 maize variety for all 3 crop seasons and maintains L14 peanut varieties for 2 crop seasons of Spring and Autunm – Winter crop. (7) Conducting research to add rice varieties of good quality, short- growth duration, high yield and soybean varieties suitable for 3-crops structure: 2 rice crops plus one crop of Winter soybean or vegetables, flowers on the group of dry soils out side the dike. 3.3.3. The results on testing of varietal breeding and setting up model to convert crop plant structure commodity production in Thanh Hoa City (Research to develop new techniques) [...]... RELATED TO THE THESIS 1 Vu Duc Kinh, Nguyen Huy Hoang (2014), Research on selecting quality rice varieties serving plant restructuring in the orientation of commodity production in Thanh Hoa City, Thanh Hoa province, Journal of Vietnam Agricultural Science and and Technology, No 6, pages 96- 104 2 Vu Duc Kinh, Nguyen Huy Hoang, Trinh Khac Quang (2015), Restructuring cropping systems serving program of new... that the new plant structure proposed in the orientation of commodity production on the soil types / soil group of Thanh Hoa city should be applied to production, in order to increase income for producers and for social development 2.2 It is necessary to continue to deploy some new research to continue forming new plant structure for development of commercial agriculture for Thanh Hoa City in the coming... Economic efficiency of crop pattern of Spring rice - Summer rice – Winter Lilies on the dry soils in the outer dike of Thanh Hoa City is presented in Table 3.55b 25 Table 3.55b Economic efficiency of crop pattern Spring rice – Summer rice – Winter Lilies on dry soil in the outer dike of Thanh Hoa City, 2013 Gross Total Profit Crop pattern income output Grade Millions dong/ha/year 1 Spring rice (BT7) –... Testing on the selection of short growth duration, quality rice variety, quality and building demonstration model of HT6 variety in Spring and Summer crop seasons in Thanh Hoa City The evaluation results of actual yield of the experimental varieties in Spring and Summer crop seasons in 2012 and 2013 are presented in Table 3.40 Table 3:40 Net yield of the experimental varieties in Spring and Summer crops... some main pests; Good resistance to falling and its fruits are less split off These varieties can be arranged in the structure of Spring rice – Summer rice - Winter soybean on dry land in the outer dike, serving the convergence of crop structure towards goods production and sustainable farming environment The production models of Winter soybean with 3 promising soybean varieties have been set up The economic... evaluation of the pattern: crop cultivation/ rotation / farming technique on 4 major soil types / soil groups in Thanh Hoa city revealed that the patterns that can be used in the crop pattern for conversion towards goods production include: on riverside soils, the 29 pattern of Spring maize – Winter maize; Spring vegetable – Winter vegetables On the dry soil in the outer dike, the recommended patterns include:... are the basic production unit with 3 main cropping structure: Spring, Summer and Winter crops The crop types and crop varieties are rich, with diverse productivities and commodity ratio The groups of specialized crops for intensification of vegetables, flowers, herbs, tobacco on dry soils in the outer dike with high profit from 124,0- 399.0 million VND / ha have been formed; the patterns of Spring... 22 2 rice crops land in both Spring and the Summer seasons to build a field of one variety production towards commodity orientation * Results on setting up trial production model of HT6 rice variety The results of the trial production model of HT6 show that in the Summer season, average yield of HT6 in 2 years (2012-2013) reached 61.3 quintals / ha, which is 8.25 quintals / ha higher than the control... 15.8 7.8 8.0 The data in Table 3:52: shows that of all 3 promising soybean varieties, good prospects, suitable for planting in winter crop on 2 rice crop land of Thanh Hoa City, just DT26 gives highest economic efficiency, profitability is almost 2 times higher (181.3%) as compared with DT84 The profitability of the two remaining varieties increased from 158.7% 141,2 as compared with the controls 3.3.3.3... variety BT7 in both 2 crop seasons; net interest in Spring crop was 5.85 million VND / ha higher and in Summer crop, it was 5.25 million VND / ha Table 3:44 Economic efficiency of HT6 in Spring and Summer crops of 2013 and 2014 in Quang Thang Commune, Thanh Hoa City (Unit: million dong / ha) Gross Total Profit Gross Total Profit Variety income output income output Spring crop 2013 Summer crop 2013 HT6 . living conditions for farmers in Thanh Hoa City, it is necessary to implement the research theme " ;Studying the crop plant restructure in the direction of commodity production in Thanh Hoa. structure in Thanh Hoa City. 2.3. Assessing the actual development status of the plant structure including crop types, crop varieties and cropping and intercropping patterns, thereby discovering the. duration of crop plant structure of Thanh Hoa city serving plant restructuring in the orientation of commodity production; 2.2.3. Research and propose the crop plant restructure towards commodity