Tài liệu luyện thi Toefl

Phan tich ngtf phap cua 1 cau : Trong phan Cau true ban hay phan tich c3u de tim ra dung thanh phan con thieu.. Some quantifiers are used with both Mpt so tif djnh Itfpng dtfoc dung vdi

TAl L l t u L.UVEM THI TOEFL The H e i n l e & H e i n l e

TAl LIEU THI TOEFL ■

The Heinle & Heinle

TOEFL Test Assistant :

Trinh Quang Thanh

NHA XUAT BAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH

SEC T IO N A TYPES OF STRUCTURE AND C4c Loai Cau H6i Ve Cau True va lo i 9

WRJTTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS Trong Van Viet

C H A P T E R 1 Nouns Danh t£( 10

2 Grammar : Singular and Plural Nouns MguT Ph3p : Danh TO So It Va So Nhieu 11

C H A P T E R 2 Pronouns Dai TO 18

C H A P T E R 3 Parts of a Sentence Cac Thanh Phan cua Cau 27

1 Introduction : Phillis Wheatley Gidi Thieu : Phillis Wheatley 27

2 Grammar : Parts of a Sentence Ngur Phap : Cac Thanh Phan Cua Cau 28

B Subject and Verb Agreement SU Phil Hop Giufa Chu Ngtir va Dong TO 30

4 Exercises on Parts of a Sentence Bai Tap ve Cac Thanh Phan cua Cau 34

C H A P T E R 4 Verbs Dpng ti/ 36

1 Introduction : The Olym pics Gidi Thieu : The Van Hoi Olympic 36

2 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

C H A P T E R 5 Prepositions Gidi TO 51

1 Introduction : Mount St Helens Gidi Thieu : Nui St Helens 51

B Adjective/Participle + Preposition Tinh TO/Phan TO + Gidi TO 53

with Prepositions

E Prepositions of Time and Place Gidi TO ve Thdi Gian va Noi Chon 55

F Prepositions in Common Gidi Ti/ Trong Cac Thanh Nguf ThUdng 56

C H A P T E R 6 Articles Mao TO 60

A The Indefinite Article A or An Mao TO Bat Dinh A Hoac An 61

C H A P T E R 7 Noun Clauses M fnh De Danh TO 68

1 Introduction : Michael Faraday Gidi Thieu : Michael Faraday 68

2 Grammar : Noun Clauses Nguf Phap : Menh De Danh TO 69

A Noun Clauses Beginning with a Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang TO 70

R Noun Clauses Beginning with Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang Whether 71

C Noun Clauses Beginning with That Menh De Danh TO Bat Dau Bang That 71

4 Exercises on Noun Clauses Bai Tap ve Menh De Danh TO 73

C H A P T E R 8 A d jective Clauses M fn h De Tinh TO 75

1 Introduction : American Indian Gidi Thieu : Cac Tin Hieu Bang Khoi cua 75

2 Grammar : Adjective Clauses Ngrt Phap : Menh De Tinh TO 76

A Identifying Adjective Clauses Nhan Dang Menh De Tinh TO 76

B Omission of the Relative Pronoun Su li/0c Bo Dai TO Quan He 77

C Prepositions that Come Before Gidi TO Dtfng Tri/dc Menh De Tinh TO 78Adjective Clauses

D Reduced Adjective Clauses Menh Dd Tinh TO Gian Li/oc 79

4 1'xercises on Adjective Clauses Bai Tap ve Menh De Tinh TO 81

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 3

C H A P T E R 9 A d verb Clauses M Jn h D«! Trang Tif 83

1 Introduction : Distant Galaxies Gidi Thieu : CAc Ngan HA Xa XAm 83

2 Grammar : Adverb Clauses NgCJ PhAp : Menh De Trang Ti/ 84

A Adverb Clause Markers C3c Ti/ B^t Dau Menh De Trang Ti/ 84

B Reduced Adverb Clauses M^nh De Trang Ti/ Gian LJOc 86

4 Exercises on Adverb Clauses Bai Ta p Ve Menh De Trang Ti/ 89

C H A P T E R 10 Prepositional Phrases Cum Gidi Tfr 91

1 Introduction : Land Art Gidi Thieu : Nghe Thuat Tao Hinh Dua

Theo Dja Hinh

91

2 Grammar : Prepositional Phrases Nguf PhAp : Cym Gidi Ti/ 92

4 Exercises on Prepositional Phrases BAi Ta p Ve Cgm Gidi Ti/ 95

C H A P T E R 11 Com paratives and Superlatives So Sanh TuOng Doi Va So Sanh

Tuyet Doi

97

1 Introduction : Violins Gidi Thieu : VT cam 97

2 Grammar : Comparatives and Ngtf Phap : So SAnh Ttfong Doi vA 98

A The Comparative and Superlative So Sanh Ttfong Doi va So SAnh Tuyet 98

B The Comparative and Superlative So Sanh Ttfong Doi vA So SAnh Tuyet 100

C Other Forms of the Comparative Cac Dang So Sanh Ttfong Doi Khac 101

4 Exercises on Comparatives and Bai Tap Ve So SAnh Ttfong Doi vA So Sanh 102

C H A P T E R 12 Conjunctions Lien Tif 104

1 Introduction : The Soya Bean's Gidi Thieu : CAc L/ng Dung Trong Cong 104

C H A P T E R 13 Para llel Structure Cau True Dong Dang 111

1 Introduction : Vitam in C Gidi Thieu : Vitamin C 111

2 Grammar : Parallel Structure MgCr PhAp : Cau true Dong Dang 112

4 Exercises on Parallel Structure BAi Tap Ve Cau True Dong Dang 115

C H A P T E R 14 W ord O rder Trat Ttf Ti/ 117

4 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

2 Grammar : Word Order

1 Introduction : Benjamin Franklin

2 Grammar : Word Forms

4 Exercises on Word Forms

Ngtf PhiSp : Trat Ti/ Ti/

DSo NgufCac ti/ kh^c dtfdc dao trong bai thi TOEFLTrong Bai Thi TOEFL

Bai Tap ve D3o Ngtf

Much/Many/Few/LittleCac ti/ thtfdng gay nham Ian khac

Bai Tap Thtfc HAnh 4

Bai Tap Thtfc Hanh 5

118118

120

121

122

124124125125126127128129

130 132132133133134135136136137138

139 139

141

142145149152156160

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 5

Structure and Written Expression

P h in (Cau True va Loi Trong Van Viet) cua bai thi T O E F L

Phiin 2 cua bai thi T O E F L kiem tra stf hieu biet cua ban v£ ngtf phap ti^ng Anh Phan nay dtfdc chia thanh 2 dang vdi 2 loai cau hoi khac nhau

A Dang cau true (cau hoi 1-15) : ki£m tra cach hoan chinh cSu

B Dang 16i trong van viet (cau 16-40) : phat hien ra lSi trong ttfng cau

So cau hoi trong 2 dang Cau True va loi trong van viet nhtf sau :

Bai thi ngiin Bai thi dai

• Ngon ngtf : Ph5n 2 kiem tra loai van viet chu.in Ngon ngtf trong ph.in nay d dang trinh trong hem ngon ngtf trong phan Nghe Hieu Se kh6ng co nhtfng dang viet t it (thi du there's) hoac thanh ngtf

• Chu d£ : Cac chu d£ trong phan 2 la mang tinh chat hoc thu.it : khoa hoc ttf nhien (thidn van hoc, dia chat), khoa hoc xa hoi (nhan loai hoc, dinh dtfdng), nghe thuat (am nhac, hoi hoa) Nhtfng khong nha't thiet ban phai biet ve cac linh vtfc tren mdi tra ldi dtfoe cac cau hoi

Trong p h in 2 co mpt s p lidn hd vd van hoa M y va Canada Nhtfng ban khong can phai

co kien thtfc ve chung Ban chi c3n tap trung vao cau true cau la du; vi cho du ban biet ho3c khong biet ve cac net van hoa do thi cung khong anh htfdng dd'n diem thi

• Cac diem ngtf phap : Co the bai thi co rat nhieu diem ngtf phap, nhtfng co mot so diem rat thtfctng xuyen xuat hien M oi chtfttng trong cuon sach nay se tap trung vao 1 diem ngtf phap cu the xuat hien trong bai thi T O E FL

Chien thuat

Co 2 cach tra ldi cac cau hoi :

1 Phan tich ngtf phap cua 1 cau : Trong phan Cau true ban hay phan tich c3u de tim ra dung thanh phan con thieu Con trong phan loi trong thanh ngtf viet, hay phan tich ngtf phap de phat hien ra loi sai 6 1 trong 4 p h in gach dtfdi

2 Stf dung trtfc giac : M pt so hoc vien "cam thay" 1 cau tra ldi nao do la dung

Htfdng dan ve Phan 2 :

• H ay lam quen trtfdc vdi cac htfdng dan cua 2 ph5n de trong phong thi ban khdi mat thdi gian doc cac htfdng d5n do va cac cau mau

• Tra ldi tat ca cac cau : Dtfng bo trong bat ki 1 cau nao cho du ban khong biet cach tra Icti

vi ban se khong bi trtf diem vdi cac cau tra ldi sai Ban nen chon trtfdc 1 mau tu ruo do (trong 4 mau ttf A, B, C, D) de tra ldi tat ca cac cau ma ban khong biet lam, Mac suat dung

se cao hctn

• Stf dung thdi gian hop ly : Cho du ban cho rin g 1 cau nao do la de, van doc het ca 4

p h in tra ldi; neu khong, co the ban se lam sai vi bat can Dtfng mat thi gid su\ nghi \0

6 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

cau ban khdng bicft lam Danh dau cau do dd cuoi gid co thd se lam sau Roi sang cau khac ngay Khdng n£n danh qua 30 giiiy cho mdi cau.

Huttng dan phan Cau true : cau 1-15

I’han nay co 15 cau chiia hoan chinh Chd dd trefng dai dien cho phan con thieu Dtfdi mdi cau do la 4 phan tra ldi A, B, C, D 1 trong 4 ph.in do se lam cho cau trcV nen hoan chinh

ca v& y lan ngtf phap

□ Trtfdc tien hay doc qua 4 ph3n tra ldi

• Neu cac ph5n do ng3n, ban se hinh dung duoc la se phai tim cai gi khi doc cau chtfa hoan chinh

• Neu cac phan do dai, hay doc cau chifa hoan chinh trtfdc Coi xem cau do co bao nhieu menh de, cac menh de do co du chu ngtf va dong ttf chtfa Coi xem c.in phai

co lidn ttf dd noi cac menh de do khong Rdi hay xem 4 phan tra ldi Neu v3n chtfa quye't dinh dtfoc phan tra ldi nao la dung, hay loai bdt td'i da cac phan tra ldi ban cho la sai, roi doan chon trong cac phan con lai

□ I’hai doc ca 4 phan tra ldi

Dtfng bao gid quye't dinh chon 1 phan tra ldi nao dd trtfdc khi doc ca 4 phan Vi 1 sd' phan tra ldi cd the ttfcfng ttf vdi nhau nen neu khdng doc ca 4, ban se chon sai

vi bat can

□ Rap phSn tra ldi ban chon vao cau chiia hoan chinh cho s5n, rdi doc kl cau do sau Neu cau dd nghe cd ve khdng dung, ban cd the da chon sai Neu khdng the xac dinh phan tra ldi nao la dung, hay doan chon, va lam tiep cau sau Sau khi lam het du cac cau, neu con dif thdi gian, ban se coi lai cac cau dd sau

□ May de y cac didu sau khi ban rap mot phan tra ldi vao cau chi/a hoan chinh cho s3n :

• Phan rap vao cd the cd 1 ttf hoac cum ttf khdng can thiet

• Ph<in rap vao \ hn chua hoan chinh dUdc cau.

• Phan rap vao sai ngtf phap Trong trtfdng hop nay, loai bo phan tra ldi dd va xet

3 phan tra ldi con lai

□ Can than vd thdi gian : Dtfng bo qua nhi(§u thdi gian cho mot cau nao dd vi ban cd the

se khdng con du thdi gian de lam cac cau con lai; cu the la dtfng bo qua 30 giay cho 1 cau H ay thirdng xuyen de y den thdi gian lam bai

Hi/dng d in phan loi trong van viet : Cau 16-30

Phan nay cd 25 cau M di cau cd 4 ttf hoac cum ttf dtfdc gach dtfdi ky hieu A, B, C va D Ban phai nhan ra ttf hoac cum ttf sai

• Doc nhanh ca cau Khdng nen chi doc 4 phan gach dtfdi Ban than ttf hoac cum ttf gach dtfdi cd the la dung nhifng lai la sai khi nhm trong cau dd

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 7

• L6i ch ic ch in n im d 1 trong 4 phan gach dtfdri, n&n dCfng tim 16i 6 cac p h in con lai trong cau Cac p h in con lai trong cau chi d£ giup ban co cd sd dd' tim ra I6i cr 1 trong 4 p h in gach dudi.

• Neu khong tim ra 16i, hay hoi ttfdng lai cac loai 16i phd bidn nhat thtfcmg gap trong bai thi T O E F L (xem bang sau) va coi xem 1 trong cac p h in gach dtfdi co thuoc v£ cac loai 16i tren khong

• Neu v in chtfa tim ra 16i, hay loai bdt cac p h in co ve dung r6i doan chon trong cac p h in con lai

Most Common Erro rs in W ritten Expression * Cac loi hay g|p nhat trong phan Van viet Erro r Category Frequency

Loai loi Ti If xuat hi$n

* Based on Bruce Rogers's analysis of 20 different exams that test takers were allowed to keep after Disclosed Test Admission

8 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

SECTIOM A

T y p e s of Structure and

Written E xp ression Questions

Cac loai cau hoi ve cau true va loi

trong van viet

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 9

CH A PTER 1 Nouns

D an h tCf

1 Introduction : The Brain Gidi thieu : Bp nao

The brain can s to reJO O

trillion pieces_af

information

in each second the brain

receives more than 100

million nerve m essages from

the body

The brain loses 1,000

cells per day which are

not replaced, and yet

memories are

maintained

The brain cannot feel

•Vpain If a surgeon

operates on the brain,

the patient feels no pain

During the first six

months of a baby’s life,

its brain doubles m size

The human brain weighs aoout 3.5 pounds

The left side of the bram controls the right side of the body, the right side of the brain controls the left side

of the body

If you are right-hardeo you have a strong left bram you are left-handed you have a strong right bram

The bram weighs one-fiftieth as much as the body, but uses one-fourth (25 percent) of the body s oxygen

E X E R C IS E 1

Nouns are tested on the T O E F L Test

Complete the sentences with nouns

1 The brain stores 100 trillion pieces of

2 Men's brains are heavier thane*

3 The brain uses one-quarter, o r

4 The left brain controls math _

5 The right brain controls color, _

6 The human brain weighs about 3.5 _

7 The brain cannot fe e l _

8 The brain receives more than 1 0 0

The left brain controls math, language ana logic The right brain controls art, color, and rrius<

Danh tti la mpt chu diem kiem tra Irony bai thi T O E F L

Hoan chinh cac can sau vdi danh tu

• v -“ 1 ' 'brains

of the body's oxygen

, and _

messages from the body

10 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

E X E R C IS E 2

From the reading work out whether these

statements are true or false Check T for

true and F for false

Dila vao bai doc hay xem cac cau sau la sai hay dung Danh dau / vao T cho cau dung

va F cho cau sai.

1 The weight of the brain depends on intelligence

2 A jazz musician has a dominant jight br?>n

3 A left handed person has a dominant len brain

4 When you play a game of chess, you use the left side of your brain

5 Your lost brain cells are always replaced

6 The brain feels pain when you have a headache

Nouns can be classified into two groups :

count nouns, which c.in be counted and

which take an s, and noncount nouns,

which cannot be counted nnd which

usually do not take an s

Nguf phap : Danh ti/ so it va so nhieu

Danh 10/ co the cli/Qc phan thAnh hai nhom : danh ti/ dem di/oc, them -s 0 so nhieu va danh ti( khong dem di/Oc, khong them -s cf

so nhieu

Look for a noncount noun that is

pluralizod whore it g en e ra lly should

not be

Hay phat hien ra danh ti/ khong dem di/Oc lai 0 dang so nhieu khi dang ra no phai IA so it

Look at the following table Hay xem bang sau :

Singular Plural

some cells

a lot of cells many cellsNoncount noun information

some information

a lot of information much information

Count nouns

1 Take a/an or one in the singular.

2 Usually take a final s/es in the plural.

Danh tif dem chtac

Di vdi a/an hoac one d so it

Tlu/dng them duoi s/es a so nhieu.

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 1 1

Noncount nouns

1 Do not take a/an in the singular

2 Do not generally have a plural form

Some count nouns are irregular and do

not take an s in the plural Here are some

common irregular count nouns :

Noncount nouns cannot be counted

because they come in a mass or in an

uncountable form Nouns such as blood,

music, and cxcitcment cannot be counted

T h e following is a short list of some

noncount nouns :

A Quantifiers

A quantifier is a word that indicates an

amount or quantity

1 Some quantifiers are used only w ith

plural count nouns

both many a few several

They arc controlled by several nerves

W r have feu'cr cells as we get older.

2 Some quantifiers are used only with

singular count nouns

Danh tif khdng d&m dU 0 c

Khong di vdi a/an d so it.

Thtfdng khong co d^ng so nhieu

Mot so danh ttf dem dtfoc Id bat quy tJc vA

kh6ng them duoi -s khi d so nhieu Day U mot so danh ttf dem di/Qc bat qui t^c thtfdng

g^P :

Danh ttf khong dem dtfoc thi khong the dem

vi chung d dang mot khoi hodc dang khong

the dem dtfOc Nhtfng danh ttf nhtf blood,

music vd excitement thi khong the dem

Sau day Id danh sach mot so danh ttf khong dem dtfoc :

Ti/ dinh lU0ngTtf dinh Itfong la ttf chi khoi Itfong hoac so ItfOng

Mot so ttf dinh Itfong chi dupe dung vdi

danh ttf dem difoc d so nhieu

Food : rice, sugar, fruit, milk, bread, butter, cheese

Fluids : blood, water, oil, coffee, tea, gasoline

Raw materials : wood, paper, glass, iron, silver, wool

Gases : oxygen, nitrogen, air, pollution, steam

General : furniture, mail, money, traffic, equipment

Groups : jewelry, machinery, luggage, clothing, cash

Languages : English, Chinese, Japanese, Spanish

Academic subjects : chemistry, mathematics, psychology

Abstract things : education, health, intelligence, beauty, knowledge, sleep, hope, music, time

12 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

another each every

3 Some quantifiers are used only w ith Mpt so ttf djnh li/png ch! di/pc dung vdi

If your brain gets less oxygen than it needs, you could become unconscious.

4 Some quantifiers are used with both Mpt so tif djnh Itfpng dtfoc dung vdi ca danh plural count nouns and noncount ttf dem dtfoc Ian khong dem dtfoc.nouns

Brain cells use up a lot of energy.

E X E R C IS E 3

Correct the errors in noun forms in the Site cac loi ve dang danh tU trong cac cau

1 Intelligence is the ability to use thought and knowledges to understand things and solve problems

2 Hormones help adjust the mixture of sugar, salt, and waters in your body

3 Psycho/oyy, meaning the study of the mind and how it works, comes from a Greek word meaning lifes or soul

4 Brain cells use up a lot of energy, so they need a constant supply of oxygens

5 Each hemisphere of the brain receives informations about the opposite side of the visual field

6 Although millions of brain neurons are active at any one time, they do not use much electric powers?'

7 Light^ entering the eye forms an image on 130 million tiny light cells

8 Most animal'are not able to rely on learning and memory

Look for com pound nouns in w h ich

both nouns are pluralized instead

of just the second noun

Hay li/u y den cac danh tCr kep ma trong

do ca hai danh ti/ deu dtfoc viet a so nhieu, thay vi chi co so nhieu 6 danh ti/ thtf hai

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 13

Compound nouns are two nouns that are

used together to make one word or idea

The first noun acts as an adjective to the

second noun and usually does not take

s The second noun can be plural

Compound nouns may also be used w ith

number expressions

Danh til k£p Id hai danh li/ dUOc dung vdi nhau de tao thdnh rrvjt ti/ hoac mot y Danh ti/ dlu c6 chiic ndng n h j tinh ti/ bo nghia cho danh ti/ thi/ hai vd thildng khong thorn duoi -s Danh ti/ thuf hai co the dung a so

B e w a re of com pound nouns w ith

num bers, w h ere the com pound

noun used a s a n adjective m ay be

in the plural form !

Hay li/u y den cac danh ti/ kep di/oc dung vdi con so, cd chi/c ndng tinh ti/ nhi/ng

Ihi diroc viet d so nhieu !

The brain uses as much power as a tcn-watt lightbulb (noun used as an adjective

danh ti/ cd chufc ndng tinh tif)

The brain uses as much power as a light bulb of ten watts, (noun used as a noun

danh ti/ cd chuft ndng danh ti/)

He recited a 16,000-page book from memory, (noun used as an adjective danh ti/ cd

chi/c ndng tinh ti/)

He recited a book of 16,000 pages from memory, (noun used as a noun danh ti/ cd

chi/c ndng danh ti/)

W h e n you see nouns involving

num bers such as hundred,

thousand, or million, m ake sure that

th ey are not in the plural form w h en

th ey follow num bers

Cac danh ti/ chi so : hundred, thousand,

hay million luon dugc dung d so it khi

chung di kern cac con so (vi du : 2 7, i

Numbers such as hundred, thousand, Cac con so hundred, thousand million va million, and trillion are plural when there trillion di/oc dimg a so nhieu khi trtfdc dd

are no numbers before them khong cd con so khac (nhi/ 2, 3 ? The brain receives 100 million messages a second.

The brain stores trillions of messages.

E X E R C IS E 4

Correct the errors in the following sentences Siia loi trong cac cau sau.

1 People s braids, weigh more now than they did 100 yea£ ago

14 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

2 Nerved impulses can travel at speeds of up to 488 feet per second

3 The brain contains between 10 trillion^ and 100 trillion^ neurons

4 Each neuron is linked by synapse^ to thousand of other neurons

5 Nerv^S endings below the skin s surface pick up sensations of cold heat, and touch

6 There are three to four million^ pain receptors in the skin

7 A three year- old child s brain is two-thirc^ the size it will finally be

8 The brain uses 25 percent^ of the blood s oxygen

3 On the T O E F L Test Trong bai thi TOEFL

Nouns ore tested in the W ritten Danh ti/ Id mQt chu diem kiem tra Irong Expression section of the exam Check for phan loi Irong VAn Viet ciia bai thi Nhan the following types of errors w ith nouns ra cac loai loi ve danh ti/ sau day

1 A noncount noun may be pluralized MQt danh tC/ khong dem duoc lai dl/0c dung

The correct answer is (D); information is a noncount noun and cannot be plural.

A plural noun may be used when the Mot danh ti/ so nhieu lai di/0c dung a noi

verb or phrase requires a singular doi hoi danh tif so it.noun

cx ■1’ach part 0f the brains controls a separate part nf the body

The best answer is (B); a singular noun brain must be used with "part of the."

A singular noun may be used when Mot danh ti/ so it lai di/Qc diing vdi dong

The correct answer is (A); a plural noun brains must be used because the

verb arc is plural.

In compound nouns where two nouns Trong cac danh ti/ kep, ca hai danh ti/ lai are used together, both nouns may ck/or dung a so nhieu thay vi chi diing so

be pluralized instead of just the nhieu vdi danh ti/ thi'/ hai

second noun

H & H T O E F L G R A M M A R - 15

cx : Brains cells die at the rate of 100,000 per day by age 60 anc) they are not

replaced like other body cells

DThe correct answer is (A); the correct form is brain cclls.

5 In compound nouns involving Trong cac danh ti/ kep co con so vA si/ do numbers and measurements, the li/dng, danh ti( kep co chi/c nAng tinh ti/lai compound noun used as an adjective di/oc diing d so nhieu.

may be in the plural form

ex Man s three-pounds brain js the most complex and orderly arrangement 0f

matter in the universe

DThe best answer is (B); when a compound noun is used as an adjective, it is singular

Therefore the correct answer is three-pound.

6 W hen noun phrases involving a Khi cAc con so hundred, thou^nd hoac

number such as hundred, thousand, or million lai di/oc diing d s6 nhieu khi theo million follow another number, the sau mot con so kh^c (ch^ng han 2, 5 9, .) plural form may be used

cx : The brain loses fifty thousands neurons a day an(j yet maintains its

4 Exercises on Nouns Bai tap ve danh tC/

Directions : From the four underlined words Nhan ra phan sai trong 4 phan gach dtfji

or phrases (A) (B), (C) or (D) identify the ky hi?u A, B, C, hoac D

one that is not correct

1 The potato was the staple of Ireland, and when the crop failed in 1840 there was

.i Although sugar cane and sugar beet look very different, the sugars that is refined from

c h a p te r 2 Pronouns

Dai tu*

1 Introduction : Penguins Gidi thieu : Chim canh cut

There are eighteen different kinds of penguins, and they all live south of the equator The largest are the emperor penguins, which live in Antarctica Thev lav their eggs about fifty miles from the coast There the penguins have

nothing to make a nest out of, but the eggs cannot be laid directlv on the ice,

or thev would freeze The emperor penguins have to take care ot their eggs in

a special way

The female produces one egg As soon as she lays her egg, the male

penguin rolls it on top of his feet A special fold of skin on the bottom of his stomach comes down over the egg to protect it from the cold For two months the male penguins stand together to protect themselves from the cold with their eggs on their teet Thev cannot move or eat

The female goes to find food as soon as she lavs her egg Finally, after two months she returns and takes the egg from the male The male penguin, which now has had no tood for two months, returns to the sea

rttter the egg is hatched, the female and the male take turns carrying the babv penguin on their feet W hen the weather gets cold, the bnbv is covered b\ the told ot skin, which keeps it warm

E X E R C IS E 1

Pronouns are tested on the T O E F L Test

Answer the following questions using a

pronoun

1 Where do the emperor penguins live 0

2 How manv eggs does the female emperor produce at a time

3 What does the male emperor penguin use to protect the egg from the cold '

4 Why do the male emperor penguins stand together 1

5 Where do the males put their eggs when thev stand together 7

Dai tU Ij mot chu uicm kxn: tra :ronc 'mi th: TO EFL

Tra ldi cac can hoi >au Ju n e J j : ttf

1 8 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M AR

6 Where does the female go 7

7 When does she return ?

8 What does the male penguin do after she returns ?

E X E R C IS E 2

From the reading work out whether these

statements are true or false Check T for

true and F for false

Cdn ci? vao bai doc, cac cau sau dung hay sai Danh dau / vao T cho cau dung va F cho cau sai.

5 The (old of skin is used only to keep the egg warm T F

6 Only the female takes care of the penguin chick T F

8 Emperor penguins lay their eggs very near the sea T F

2 Grammar : Pronouns

There are five forms of pronouns in

Hnglish subject pronouns, object

pronouns, possessive pronouns, reflexive

pronouns, and relative pronouns

Possessive adjectives w ill also be included

in this chapter, although they are not

pronouns

NgO phap : Dai ti/

Co 5 d<jng dcii tif trong tieng Anh : d<ji (if chu ngtf, dai ttf tiic ttf, dai ttf sci htfu, dai ti/ phan than, va dai ttf quan h<? Chifong nay ciing noi den cac tinh ur so hCfu, du chung khong phai la dai ttf

It is im portant to kn o w the five

forms of pronouns and the

possessive ad jectives that are often

confused w ill them E rro rs m ay

include the use of one type or form

ol pronoun in place of another

Can phai phan biet S dang cua dai ttf vdi tinh ttf so htfu ma chung ta hay Ian Ion vdi nhau Loi thtfcfng la do dung nham chung vdi nhau

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 19

A Subject Pronouns Cac d$i ti/ chu ngO

The subject pronoun is used Dai ttf chu ngtf dtfOc dung

1 W hen it is the subject of a verb Khi la chu ngtf cua dong ttf

2 W hen the subjects of the two clauses Khi so sanh hai chu ngtf cua hai menh de are compared

They are more protected against the cold than we (are).

3 After the verb to be Sau dong ttf to be.

It is he with the egg.

She is not as tired as he (is).

E X E R C IS E 3

Circle the correct pronoun Khoanh tron dai ti/ thich hap.

1 It is she/her who goes to find food

2 He/Him has the responsibility of incubating the egg

3 She/Her lays one egg

4 John is stronger than I/me

5 He/Him and his father are both great explorers

6 Are you sure that they/them are here ?

B Object Pronouns Dai ttf tuc ti/

The object pronoun is used

1 W hen it is the direct object of a verb

She gives him the egg.

2 After prepositions.

When she returns, she takes over the

But when the prepostion introduces a new

clause, the subject pronoun must be used

because the pronoun is now the subject

of the new clause

He leai’cs after she returns.

Dai ttf tuc ttf dtfoc dungKhi la tuc ttf trtfc tiep cua dong ttf

Sau gidi ttf

egg from him.

Nhi/ng khi gidi ttf dtfng dau mot menh de mdi thi phai dung dai tu chu ngtf vi trong menh de nay dai ttf la chu ngtf

20 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

3 When the objects of two clauses are Khi tuc tC/ cua hai m^nh de dtfoc so sanh

It is easier for them than us.

E X E R C I S E 4

Correct the pronoun errors in the following Hay siia cac loi ve dai til trong cac cau sau

sentences where necessary nc'u thay can thict.

1 He helps she take care of the baby penguin

2 She lays her egg and then leaves

3 They feed them until they can swim

4 It is not easy for they to survive under such conditions

5 It is harder for him than for she

6 He goes to the sea after she returns

C Possessive Adjectives Tfnh tif sd hCifu

The possessive adjective is used Tinh ttf sd htfu di/pc dung

1 To modify a noun and show De bo nghia mpt danh ttf va chi stf so htfu ownership

They lay their eggs about fifty miles from the coast.

2 To refer to parts of the body De noi den cac b<j phan cua co the

The male penguin rolls the egg on top of his feet.

3 To modify a gerund De bo nghia danh dong ttf

W r arc surprised bv their nesting in such harsh conditions.

E X E R C IS E 5

Complete the sentences with the correct Dimg dai til thich hap de dicn vao cac cau

1 She lays egg

2 He has a special fold of skin on the bottom o f stomach

3 They take care o f young in a special way

4 It is protected from the cold b y father

5 They keep the eggs on feet

6 The male penguin looks forward t o coming back from the sea

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 2 1

D P o s s e s s iv e Pro n o u n s D$i tCi sd hQu

The possessive pronoun is used Dai ttf SO htfu di/pc (lung

1 To replace .1 possessive adjective and De thay cho mpt tinh ti( so huu cung mot

She takes her turn, and he takes his (his turn).

2 After the verb to he Sau dpng ttf to be.

The egg is hers.

3 After the preposition of when it means Sau gidi ttf of khi 110 nghia la 'mot trong

It is a habit of theirs.

4 To replace the second possessive De thay cho linh ttf so htfu thtf hai <ung adjective and noun when they are danh ttf khi chung dtfpt so sanh vdi nhau being compared

Their life seems more difficult than ours.

3 Seven nations claim that Antarctica is their/theirs

4 The researcher in the picture is a friend of ours/us

5 His research was good but her/hers is better

6 Studying penguins is a hobby of mine/my

E Reflexive Pronouns Dai ti/ phan than

himself/herself/ itself themselvesThe reflexive pronoun is used

1 To emphasize the subject noun or

pronoun it refers to and to emphasize

the fact that the sub|ect did the action

alone

He takes care of the egg himself.

CV : He himself takes care of the c^g

Dai ttf phan than di/pc dung

De nhan manh danh ttf hoac dai til chu ngtf

ma no noi den va de nhan manh sd \ic(

la chu ngtf do da thtfc hien hanh dong moi

mi nh

22 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

2 As the object of a verb when the NhU tuc ti/ cua dong ti/ khi chu ngtf va tuc subject and object are the same ti/ la mpt.

They stand together to protect themselves from the cold.

3 As the object of the preposition by NhU tuc ti/cua gidi ti/"by" khi chii ngtf thi/c when the subject did the action alone hi?n hanh dong mpt minh

The penguin chick is unable to get food by itself.

E X E R C IS E 7

Complete the sentences with the correct Dung dai tit phan than thich hop de dien

1 Penguins push , along the ice using their flippers

2 To p r o t e c t i .> from the cold, the penguin has a layer of fat under its feathers.

3 The female lays her egg and walks back to the sea b y -

4 During the two months the male penguin cannot feed

5 The male penguin & x v ■ ■ incubates the egg

6 Since humans do not have the insulation that penguins do, we cannot protect

'7ty, from such temperatures without special clothing

F Relative Pronouns Dai tif quan he

The relative pronouns in English are U'ho, Cac d<ii ti/ quan he trong tieng Anh la w h o ,

w h o m , w h o se , w h ic h , and that w h o m , w h o s e , w h ic h va that.

Whom refers to people and household

animals It is used in the object position

in formal written English or with U'ho

plus a preposition in spoken English

Whose refers to people, animals, and

things It shows possession

W hich refers to things, collective nouns,

and animals

That refers to people, animals, and things.

Who lhay cho ngi/Oi va c^c con vat trong

nha

Whom thay cho ngtfdi va cac con vat trong

nha No di/pc diing d vi trf tuc ti/ trong van viet trinh trong hoac thay bang w h o cimg mpt gidi ti/ trong van noi

Whose thay cho ngudi, con vat va do vat

E X E R C IS E 8

Correct relative pronoun errors where Siia cac loi ve dai ti/ quan he trong cac cau

necessary in the following sentences sau neu thay can thiet

1 There are eighteen different kinds of penguins whom live south of the equator

2 The biologist which went to the South Pole is studying emperor penguins

3 Emperor penguins survive winds who blow at speeds of up to ninety-five miles an hour in winter

4 Emperor penguins, whose nesting ground is fifty miles inland from the coast, have a special way of incubating their eggs

5 Emperor penguins, who are the largest among penguins, do not make nests

6 The United States has sent researchers to Antarctica which are making expenments

to measure the energy expended by emperor penguins

3 On the TOEFL Test Trong bai thi TOEFL

Pronouns are tested in the W ritten Dai ti/ la mpt chu diem kiem tra trong phan Expression section of the exam Check for loi trong Van Viet cua b^i thi TOEFL Hay the following types of errors with kiem tra cac loai loi lien quan den dai ti/

1 The incorrect pronoun form or type Dung sai dang ho^c loai dai ttf- Dai 10/ so may be used The possessive pronoun htfu (hers) co the di/oc dung thay vi tinh ti/ (hers) may be used instead of the so hufu (her)

possessive adjective (her)

to be protected from the cold

DThe best answer is (C); the possessive form its must be used, not the object

instead of the subject pronoun they.

2 The pronoun may not agree with the Dai ti/ khong phu hop vdi danh tu ma no

24 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

cx '■ Sometimes penguins slide on their stomachs, pushing itsclf with

their flippers

D

The correct answer is (C) The noun penguins is plural; therefore, the reflexive

pronoun referring to penguins must also be plural The correct answer is

The best answer is (B); the relative pronoun who refers to people In this

sentence, the referent is glands, therefore, either that or which should be used.

3 Pronouns that are not necessary may C'ac d<ji tif di/pc them vao mo! cach khong

The male Adelie penguin which may not leave the nest unfj| his mate

returns

The correct answer is (B); the relative pronoun which is not necessary in this

sentence because there is only one verb, leave,

cx : Under the feathers ;s a layer of fat it protects the penguin from the

cold

The best answer is (C); the pronoun it is not necessary.

4 Exercises on Pronouns Bai tap ve dai ti/

Directions : From the four underlined words Xac dinh phan sai trong 4 phan gach duiri

or phrases (A) (B), (C), or (D), identify the ky hieu A, B, C Iwac D

one that is not correct

1 The penguin chicks cannot go into the water to get themselves own food until

3 The narwhal is the only animal in the world that has a tusk on onh, one side

c h a p te r 3 Parts of a Sentence

Cac thanh phan cua cau

1 Introduction : Phillis Gidi thieu : Phillis Wheatley

Wheatley

Phillis W heatley w'as kidnapped from Africa at the age of eight She was brought to Boston in 1761, a sickly child only able to speak Senegalese At the age of thirteen she wrote her first poem In 1773 her first book of poems was published, the second volume of poetry published by a woman in America

At the Boston slave market, Phillis was purchased by John Wheatley, a tailor whose wife, impressed by the child's aptitude, taught her to speak, read, and write Hnglish In a few years Phillis had also learned geography, history, andl.atin and had developed a liking for classical poets such as Horace and Virgil Her first poem, a translation from the l.atin of Ovid, so amazed the literary circles in Boston that they had it published In 1768 she wrote T o the King s Most Excellent Health," and in 1772 she composed a poem to her mistress, who was so moved that she freed Phillis and sent her to Kngland to regain her health

W ith the London publication of her book, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, her fame spread on both sides of the Atlantic, and she became a

celebrity

E X E R C IS E 1

The various parts that make up a sentence Bai thi TO EFL kiem tra cac thanh phan khac

are tested on the T O E F L Test Underline nhau tao thanh mpt can Gach ditcn chu ngi't

the subject and circle the verb in the following ra khoanh Iron dong tit trong cac cau sau

sentences

1 At the Boston slave market Phillis was)purchased by John Wheatley

2 In a few years, Phillis had learned geography, history, and Latin

3 Her mistress, Mrs Wheatley, was impressed by the child's aptitude

4 At the age of thirteen, she wrote her first poem

5 In 1773 her first book of poems was published

6 With the London publication of her book, her fame spread on both sides of the Atlantic

H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R - 27

Trong mpt so cau Jong tu phu hep vci chu nguf; trong mpt so cau khac thi khdng Viet

C cho cau dung vd N C cho cau sai.

E X E R C IS E 2

In some sentences the verb agrees with the

subject; in some sentences the verb does not

agree with the subject Write C for correct

and N C for not correct

1 Phillis Wheatley was kidnapped from Africa

2 History, geography, and Latin was the subjects she learned

3 Classical poets such as Horace and Virgil were Phillis s favontes

4 Phillis was purchased by Mr Wheatley, whose wife were impressed by her and taught her to speak English

5 The literary circles in Boston were impressed by her poem

6 On both sides of the Atlantic her poetry was famous

2 Grammar : Parts of a

Sentence

The clause has a subject and a verb,

can stand independently or alone

1 A simple sentence contains a single

clause

She wrote a book

2 A compound sentence contains two

independent clauses joined bv a

conjunction (such as and or but)

At age thirteen she wrote her first poem

independent clause

in 1773

NgO phap : Cac thanh phan cua cau

It Mpt nx'nh de c p mot chu ngtf \a mot dong

ti/ No cp the diing doc lap mot minh

Cau don chtfa mpt menh de.

Cau kep chtfa hai menh de doc lap cK/oc

noi boi mot lien ttf (nhu and hoac hut).

and

conjunction

she wrote her first book

A complex sentence contains an

independent (main) clause and a

dependent (subordinate) clause The

subordinate clause may be a noun

clause, an adverb clause, or an

adjective clause

Main clause Subordinate clause

independent clause

Cau phtfc chtfa 1 menh de doc lap menh

de chinh) va mot menh de phu thuoc Menh

de phg thupc co the la menh de danh ttf menh de trang ttf hoac menh de tinh ttf

Noun clause (that, what, how, ) Adverb clause (because, although, if ) Adjective clause (who, which, where >

28 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

Her mistress realized Mot Phillis was talented.

noun clause She tvrote a poem for her mistress, w^ ° was verV impressed

adjective clause She went to England because she had health problems.

adverb clause

The three types of subordinate clauses

are dealt with in Chapters 7, 8, and 9

A Subject and Verb

A clause has a subject and a verb Some

verbs (action verbs) take an object

She wrote a book

The Verb

The verb may be a single word (wrote in

the previous example) or a verb phrase

with one or more auxiliary verbs and a

main verb (would have written) The verb

may be in active form (wrote) or passive

form (was written) See Chapter 4, on

verbs

The Subject

A subject may consist of one or more

nouns or a phrase :

Noun : Phillis wrote her first poem at

Phrase : The first black woman poet

Ba lo^i m£nh de phu dupe trinh bay trong cac chtfong 7, 8 vA 9

Chu ngQ va dpng ti/

Mpt menh de c 6 mot chu nguf va mpt dong ttf Mpt s p dpng ti/ (dpng ti/ hanh dpng) c 6 mpt tuc ttf

Dpng ttf c6 the 1^ mpt ttf (nhu wrote) hoac

mpt cgm dpng ttf c p mpt hpac hon mpt trp dong ttf cung mpt dpng ttf chinh (would have written) Dpng ttf c p the d the chu

dpng (wrote) hp<Sc b| dpng (was written)

Hay dpc chtfdng 4 ve dpng ttf

Chu ngtf co the chtfa mpt hoac hon mpt danh ttf hoac mpt cpm ttf :

the age of thirteen.

in America produced her first book in 2 773.

The subject may take various forms : Chu ngtf co the co nhieu hinh thtfc

W riting was her talent.

W riting poetry was her talent.

H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R - 29

An infinitive : Nguven the :

To u ritc requires special talent.

An infinitive phrase : C um nguyen the

To write fHictry in Latin requires special talent

There is onlv one subject in a clause Chi co mot chu ngtf trong mot nx-nh de

1 Be aw are that on the test, the Hay phat hien loai loi -chu ngtf hi Iriing

i subject m ay be repeated I<ip trong mot menh de

Th is is an error

Correct : Phillis Wheatley :erote poetry books.

Frror Phillis Wheatley she wrote poetry hooks.

B Subject and Verb Agreement

The sub|ect and verb must agree in person

: presents difficulty to some learn ers

i ol En g lish since there are some

subjects that take singu lar verbs

and others that take plural verbs

Mol so ngtfdi hoc lieng -\nh thiiong gap klio khAn vdi stf phu hop gufa < hu ngtf

\a (long lif vi <6 mol so ( hu ngu ill <*i dong iu so il va mol so kha< di .01 dong lif so nhieu

Subjects Taking a Singular Verb

1 Subiects with the following

prepositional phrases take a singular

Antony her works is To the King s Most Fxcellent Health

When the words below are used as khi ( ac ttf sail dtfoi dung lam • tui ngtf subjects thev take a singular verb chung di \di (long lif so 11

some plus singular noun e\cr\

3 W hen it introduces a sentence, it takes Khi it dufng dau mot cau thi no di vdi dong

It was her poems that amazed everyone.

1 W hen subjects are joined by and or Khi cac chu ngtf dtfoc noi bdi and hoac both and, the verb is plural both and thi dpng ttf so d so nhieu Both her mother and father were proud.

2 The words several, both, many, and few Cac ttf several, both, manyva lew luon luon

always take a plural verb di vdi dpng ttf so nhieu

M any were amazed by her talent.

Subjects Taking Either a Singular or a Cac c/u) ngCt di vdi dong Ur so nhieu hoac

1 /I number of takes a plural verb, but A number ofi\\ vdi dpng ttf so nhieu, nhtfng the number of takes a singular verb the number of di vdi dong ttf so it.

A number of people were at the reading.

The number of people at the banquet was amazing.

2 The words below take a singular or ( ac ttf sau di vdi dpng Itf so it hoac so nhieu plural verb depending on the noun tuy vao danh Itf thoo sau chung :

that follows them :

All of her poems were good.

All of her work was good.

3 When subjects are joined by either, or,

neither nor, or not only , bill also, the

verb is singular or plural depending

on the subject nearest to it

Not only her master but also Iter i

Not only her mistress rut also the

Khi cac chu ngtf dtfoc noi bdi either or neither nor, hoac not only but also, dong

ttf la so nhieu hay so it tuy vao chu ngtf gan

no hon

?ss was proiui of her.

\ry circlcs were amazed by her talent

E X E R C IS E 3

Choose the option (A), (B) (C) or (D) that

best completes the sentence

1 During the w a r _ wrote a poem

for General Washington who

complimented her on her "style and

manner."

(A) Phillis Wheatley was

(B) it was Phillis Wheatley

Chon dung phan A, 13, C hoac D de hoan clu'nh cac cau sau.

(C) Phillis Wheatley(D) Phillis Wheatley she

2 was initially by horse or foot

in the colonial period(A) It was land travel(B) Land travel

H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R - 3 I

(C) That land travel

(D) Because land travel

In 1736, the number of poor people in

Boston receiving public assistance

, Jupiter Hannon, was the

first American black to publish his own

(C) The poet and Baptist preacher of

Long Island he was

(D) The poet and he was a Baptist

preacher of Long Island

Outstanding for his talent as an essayist inventor, mathematician, and astrologer

in the 1770s _ who alsopublished a popular almanac

(A) were Benjamin Banneker(B) it was Benjamin Banneker(C) was Benjamin Banneker(D) Benjamin BannekerDuring the eighteenth century, communication within and between cities _ at first

(A) were difficult(B) they were difficult(C) difficult

w ith it or there B e a w a re of the

constructions that follow these

subjects In the Stru ctu re section

parts of a sen ten ce including it and

there m ay be om itted.

Mot so cau hoac menh de diJOf bat dau vdi it hoac there Hay can than \i- < au true theo sau chu ngtf do Trong phan hai thi Cau true, co the co mot so cau ma cac thanh phan cua cau co it va there

lai bi bo di

A sentence or clause may begin with the Mot cau hoac menh de cd the bat dau bang

1 It is used as subject followed by the Dung lam chu ngCt di trifdc dong tir to he :

verb to be :

It was in 1761 that she came to Boston (It + to be + that )

information is related to an adjective : quan den mpt tinh Id :

It was important to be free (It + to be + adjective + infinitive)

32 - H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R

3 It is used is a subject when it is used

with a time phrase :

It took her a few years to learn English

There shows that something or someone

exists at a special time or place In this

use, the word there follows this

construction :

there + to be + subject

There are many hooks about Phillis

There were not many famous women

Dung lam chu ngtf khi di vdi mot cum tif thdi gian :

It + take + time phrase + infinitive)

TO there cho thay IA mot cai gi do hoac

mpt ngtfdi nAo do ton t«ji trpng mpt thdi gian

eg the ndo d6 hoac d mpt noi eg the nap

dp Trong c^ch dgng n^y tC/ there di vdi cau

tnic :

heat Icy today, poets in the 1770s.

E X E R C IS E 4

Circle the letter of the word that best

completes the sentence

1 not a single hard-surfaced

road during the entire colonial period

aside from city streets

(A) It was

(B) There was

(C) It

(D) There were

2 in 1776 that the Declaration

of Independence was signed

(A) It was

(B) There was

(C) There

(D) It

3 more than 300.000 people

in Philadelphia by the end of the colonial

period, making it the largest city in the

4 In the eighteenth century, _not many women who had access to formal education in the colonies.(A) there were

(B) it was(C) were(D) were there

5 After the Revolution, although some advances were made in education,

a slow process

(A) they were(B) it(C) it was(D) there was

3 On the T O E F L Test

Parts of a sentence are tested in the

Structure section, where anv part of the

sentence may be missing The subject, the

verb, or both may be missing

Trong bai thi TOEFL Cac thanh phan cua cau co the la mot chu diem kiem tra Irong phan Cau true, khi do cau duoc xet den se bi thieu mot phan - cd (he la chu ngCf, dong ttf, hoac ca hai

H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R - 33

ex : Postal service _ almost nonexistent in the colonies.

The best answer is (B); (A ) is incorrect because that is needed only to

connect a relative clause to an independent clause, and in this case there

is only one clause (C) is incorrect because it repeats the subject (D ) is incorrect because the -ing form cannot be the main verb of a clause

cx : _ twenty-two colonial newspapers by 1775.

(C) Were about (D ) There were about

The correct answer is (D); (A ) is incorrect because it lacks a verb (B) is incorrect because there is no subject (C) is incorrect because it has thewrong word order

4 Exercises on Parts of a

Sentence

Directions : From the four words or phrases

(A) (B), (C), or (D) choose the one that best

completes the sentence

television tubes, and other devices

^(A) Phosphors are used

(B) It is phosphors

(C) To use phosphors

(D) Using phosphors

2 The tips of some undersea mountains

_ islands in the middle of the

3 of fish jawless fish,

cartilaginous fish, and bony fish

(A) It is three types

(B) There are three types

(C) Three types

(D) Three types are

Bai tap ve c&c phan cua cau

Chon phan dung trong 4 phan ky liicu A

B, C, hoac D de hoan chinh cac cau sau

4 to stop yourself from blinkinexcept for a short period of time(A) Impossible it

(B) Impossible(C) It impossible(D) It is impossible

5 the sitka spruce a hundreiyears to grow eleven inches

(A) It takes(B) To take(C) By taking(D) That takes

6 today was developed by theSwiss scientist Horace de Sassure arounc 1773

(A) Mountaineering it as we know(B) Mountaineering as «.e know it(C) We know mountaineering is(D) We know there is mouruaineennQ

34 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

7 of the surface of the Earth is

covered by water

(A) Three-quarters is nearly

(B) There is nearly three quarters

(C) It is nearly three-quarters

> (D) Nearly three-quarters

8 By the mid-eighteenth century

_ so many new immigrants

entering North America from Europe that

the original colonies in the Northeast

9 not until the end of the

seventeenth century that scientists began

to stress the importance of experiment

as a way of gaining knowledge

(A) There was

11 Seismic prospecting _ used

to map out rock structures below the ground

(A) widely(B) are widely

* (C) is widely(D) it is widely

12 in space, a rocket has to bepowerful enough to break out of the pull of the Earth s gravity

(A) To travel(B) It is travel(C) That travel(D) Travel

H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R - 35

It was not until 1875, when archeologists discovered the ruins of the Olympic Stadium in Greece, that interest in the Games was renewed Baron Pierre de Coubertin,

a French scholar and educator, proposed that the Games should be revived as an international competition to encourage both sport and world peace

The first modem O lym pic Games were held in Athens in 1896 Like their classical predecessors, the athletes were men only; women were admitted to the Games in 1900 Since that time, the Games have been held at four-year intervals as in ancient Greece However, since de Coubertin's dream of world peace has not been realized, the two World W ars prevented those of 1916, 1940, and 1944 from being held

The Olym pic Games have been confined to amateur athletes despite a few recent exceptions There arc pressures on the O lym pic authorities to admit other professionals

to the Games Such a step would damage the entire concept of the Olympics The following words appear on the scoreboard at every Olym pic opening : T h e most important thing is not to w in but to take part." In contrast, the aim of every professional

is to win

E X E R C IS E 1

Verb forms are tested on the T O E F L Test Hinh thilc ciia dong tit la mp/ chu diem kic'm

tra trong bai thi TOEFL.

Complete the sentences with the correct Dung dong tit trong ngoac cho diing

form of the verb in parentheses

1 The word "olympic" (com e) _ from Olympia in Greece

2 In A D 394, a Roman emperor (abolish) _ the Olympic Games

3 In 1875 archeologists (discover) _ the ruins of the Olympic Stadium inGreece

4 The French educator Pierre de Coubertin (propose) _ that the Games berevived

5 Since 1896 the Olympic Games (be held) _ every four years with someexceptions

36 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

6 In the Olympic Games of 1896 the athletes (be)

7 Women (be admitted) _ in 1900

men only

E X E R C IS E 2

Correct the verb tenses in the following Sila loi vc thi trong cac cau sau nc'u thay

sentences where necessary can thiet.

1 The Olympics have taken place every four years between 776 B.C and A D 394

2 Women started to participate in the Games in 1900

3 From 1896 to the present, the Olympic Games were held every four years

4 With a few recent exceptions, professional athletes do not take part in the Olympic Games

5 With this international competition Pierre de Coubertin has wanted to encourage both sport and world peace

6 In 1916, 1940, and 1944 the Olympic Games have not taken place

2 Grammar : Verbs Nguf phap : Dong trt

Verbs arc tested in both the Structure and Phan Cau true va loi trong Van viet deu cothe Written Expression sections of the cac cau hoi ve dpng tif

exam

It is im portant to : Dieu quan trong la phai :

1 Recognize the verb in a sen ten ce Nhan ra dpng t£/ trong cau (dpng ti/ la tif(the verb is the action) W o rd s chi hAnh dpng) Nhulng til trong giongthat look like verbs such as dpng ti/ nhu danh dong tif, nguyen thegerunds in fin itives, and

p articip les are not verbs

va phan ti/ deu khong phai la dpng ti/

2 C h eck if the verb agrees w ith Coi xem dpng tC/ co phu hpp vdi chu ngufthe subject (see C h a p te r 3) khong

3 C h eck if the tense of the verb Coi xem thi cua dong ti/ co dung khong

is correct T h e tim e w ord s and Cac ti/ chi thdi gian va v3n canh cd thethe context w ill h elp you do this giiip ban

The following tables review verb tenses: Cac bang sau giup on ve thi cua dong ti/ :

H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R - 37

Usage Exam ples

Present Continuous Tense

1 An activity that is in progress at the moment

Mol hanh dong dang dien ra luc noi

M ary is watching TV' nght now

2 A general activ ity that takes place this week,

this month, or this year

Mot hanh dong hinh thtfdng xay ra tuan nay,

thang nay hoac nAm nay

I'm training for the Olympics

3 Future arrangements

Si/ dat ol U/cJng lai

I'm going to Sweden next winter

Sim ple Present Tense

1 A habitual action

Mot hanh dong mang tinh thoi quen

1 run every morning

2 A general fact

Mot thi/c !«'• pho hien

The sun rises in the east

3 Future timetables

Thdi gian hieu 6 ti/ong lai

The ticket office opens at 9:0()

Sim p le Past Tense

1. An action that began and ended at a specific

time in the past

Mot hanh dong da b<M dau va cham dirt 6 mot

thdi diem cu the trong qua khd

W e won a gold medal last year

2 An action that occurred over a period of time

and was completed in the past

Mot hanh dong xay ra Irong mol khoang thdi gian

va da cham duft trong qua khif

She skated for fifteen vears

3 An activity that took place regularly in the

Mot hanh dong hi ng^l ngang

1 was watching the O lvm pics on

TV, when he walked in

38 - H & H T O EFL G R A M M A R

Usage Exam ples

2 A repented or continuous state in the past

Mol trang thai lap di Mp lai hoac lien tpc Irong

qua khi'r

I was making many new friends

at the Olympic Village

Future Tense (going to)

1 Expressing a prior plan

Dien dal mpt ke hoach da dmh In/de

Tien doan mpt viec co nhieu kha nAng xay ra

Irong ti/ong lai

W e are going to win I know it

Future Tense (w ill)

1 Predicting something that is likely to happen

in the future

Tien doan mol vi(>c co nhieu kha n^ng xay ra

trong ti/cmg lai

You w ill w in the race, it

1 know

2 Expressing willingness to do something

Di£n dal sif sAn sang lam gl do

I w ill go w ith you if you like

3 Making a decision at the time of speaking

Di/a ra mot quyet djnh vao thdi gian dang

noi ( huyen

I w ill call you in a few then

minutes

Future Continuous Tense

An action that w ill be continuing at a particular

time in the future

Mpt hanh dpng se dang dien tien d mpt thdi diem

cu the Irong tifong lai

This time next week I training for the race

w ill be

Present Perfect Tense

1 An action that happened at an unspecified time

in the past

Mot hanh dong xav ra d mot thdi diem khong

diip( neu den trong qua khif

I have seen him on television

2 An action that has happened recently

Mot hanh dpng vifa mdi dien ra

She has just gone out

H & H T O E FL G R A M M A R - 39