Bài tập giới từ và các vấn đền có liên quan tới giới từ

– Giới từ cũng có thể là một cụm từ như: in spite of, on account of, in front of, for the sake of….. Chức năng của giới từ: Giới từ kết hợp với danh từ hoặc đại từ để tạo thành một cụm

Định nghĩa, vị trí và chức năng của giới từ

1 Định nghĩa:

– Giới từ là từ dùng để nối danh từ hay đại từ với từ đứng trước nó

2 Vị trí:

– Giới từ thường đặt trước danh từ hoặc đại từ

Ví dụ: She went to school at the age of six

He usually visits me on Sundays

– Giới từ cũng có thể đứng sau động từ (trừ sau “but” và “except”) và động

từ phải để ở dạng V-ing

Ví dụ: They succeeded in escaping

– Trong những trường hợp dưới đây (dùng đại từ quan hệ), giới từ có thể đặt trước đại từ hoặc đặt ở cuối câu:

To whom were you talking to?

Who were you talking to?

The people with whom I was travelling

The people I was travelling with

– Giới từ có thể là một từ riêng lẻ như: at, after, before, during, until, in, on,to,by,

– Giới từ cũng có thể là một cụm từ như: in spite of, on account of, in front

of, for the sake of…

Chú ý: lược bỏ “to” và “for” trước tân ngữ gián tiếp So sánh 2 câu dưới

đây

I gave the book to Tom

I gave Tom the book

→ Tân ngữ gián tiếp có thể đặt trước và giới từ “to” bị lược bỏ

→ Chúng ta có thể sử dụng cấu trúc này với các động từ sau: bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pay, promise, send, show, sing, take…

I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map

They sent $5 to Mr Smith = They sent Mr Smith $5

→ Tương tự, chúng ta cũng có thể lược bỏ “for” Cấu trúc này có thể được

sử dụng với các động từ sau: build, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave,make, order…

I’ll get a drink for you = I’ll get you a drink

I bought a book for James = I bought James a book

3 Chức năng của giới từ: Giới từ kết hợp với danh từ (hoặc đại từ) để

tạo thành một cụm từ Cụm từ đó có thể là:

– Ngữ trạng từ (bổ nghĩa cho một động từ):

I looked through the window

She spoke in a low voice

He will go there on Friday

– Ngữ tính từ (bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ):

The house with the big garden is Mr Nam’s.

I don’t like the sound of a jet engine

Chú ý: Cần phân biệt hai chức năng này Cùng một cụm từ, có thể ở

trường hợp này là ngữ trạng từ, ở trường hợp khác lại là ngữ tính từ

Ví dụ: He usually does his morning exercises in the open air

(trạng ngữ, bổ nghĩa cho động từ “does”)

Exercises in the open air are healthy

(tính ngữ, bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “exercises”)

Một số từ có thể vừa dùng làm giới từ, vừa dùng làm phó từ: in, up, on, down, along, through… Cần phân biệt chức năng của các từ đó trong từng câu

He put the book on the table (giới từ)

Put your coat on (phó từ)

Lan is in the garden (phó từ)

I opened the door and he came in (phó từ)

A Phân loại giới từ

– Giới từ chỉ thời gian: at, on, by, before, in, for, during…

Ví dụ:

The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00

We arrived on the morning of the sixth

By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books

Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot

Most people work from 9 to 5

Bake it for two hours

– Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below…

Ví dụ:

They arrived in Spain

You can do this sort of work at home

She put the letter under her pillow

We camped beside a lake

– Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of…

The streets are lighted by mistakes

Thank you very much for your help

He trembled from fear

He died of tuberculosis many years ago

– Giới từ chỉ mục đích: for, to, at…

What do you want the paper for?

I’ve sent a letter to you

– Giới từ chỉ thể cách: by, with, …

We can learn English by listening to the radio

She cut the bread with a sharp knife

– Giới từ chỉ phương tiện: by, in…

He goes to school by bus.

She goes to work in her own car

– Giới từ chỉ sự tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below…

They live below us

Tom is in front of Mary

My house is next to a cinema

B Nghĩa của một số giới từ thông dụng

About

1 về: This is a story about elephants

2 khoảng: He is about ten years old

Above

1 trên, cao hơn: The plane flew above the clouds

2 phía trên: There is a heading above each diagram

Across

1 từ bên này sang bên kia (qua): We walked across the field

2 phía bên kia: There is a store across the street

After

1 sau, sau khi: after ten o'clock; after lunch

2 đứng sau: Q comes after P in the alphabet

3 theo sau: The dog ran after the cat

Against

1 chống lại, làm trái: Theft is against the law

2 giáp, tiếp xúc, dựa vào: I leaned my bicycle against the wall

1 vòng quanh: We walked around the block

2 vây quanh, bao quanh: There is a fence around the garden

3 khắp: I looked around the house for the keys

4 quay sang một hướng khác: We turned around and went back home

5 khoảng: He is around six feet tall

At

1 một địa điểm cụ thể: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park

2 một điểm thời gian: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas

3 một hoàn cảnh: at peace; at war; at rest

4 một hoạt động: at work; at school; at play

5 hướng tới, hướng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone

Before

1 trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas

2 đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet

1 đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother

2 muộn: I am behind in my work

3 nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea?

Below

1 bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level

2 phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text

2 Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day

3 trong một nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people

Beyond

1 trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon

2 vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations

But

1 trừ: I have read all but the last chapter

Note: But thường được sử dụng như một liên từ hơn như một giới từ

By

1 gần: a house by the sea

2 vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house

3 trước: Try to finish the work by next week

4 theo một đơn vị nào đó: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight

5 bằng, bởi: travel by plane; written by him

1 xuống phía dưới: The ball rolled down the hill

2 cuối: He lives down the street

During

1 suốt một khoảng thời gian: She works during the day

2 một thời điểm nào đó trong một khoảng thời gian: An accident occurred during the night

Except

1 ngoại trừ: I have visited everyone except him

For

1 trong khoảng thời gian: We walked for two hours.

2 khoảng cách: I walked for five kilometers

3 mục đích: I bought this jacket for you

4 tới đâu đó: She left for New York

5 tán thành, ủng hộ: We are for the proposal

6 so với: The boy is clever for his age

From

1 từ một nơi nào đó: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico

2 bắt đầu từ một thời gian nào đó: from now on; from yesterday until today

3 từ một lượng nào đó: From 20 to 30 people were present

4 nguyên nhân: He suffers from nervousness

5 nguồn (từ ai đó): I first heard the story from you

In

1 ở một nơi nào đó: in London; in Europe

2 trong một địa điểm: in the room; in the building

3 vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992

4 trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định: I will return in an hour

5 bằng: write in pencil; speak in English

6 tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret

7 thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy

8 mặc: the boy in the blue shirt

9 về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil

Inside

1 bên trong: They are inside the house

Into

1 vào bên trong We stepped into the room

2 thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man

Like

1 giống: That looks like him

2 như thể: It looks like rain

Near

1 gần: near the school; near the ocean

Of

1 vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road

2 sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music

3 một phần của một nhóm: one of us; a member of the team

4 đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow

Off

1 Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass

2 At some distance from: There are islands off the coast

On

1 trên (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall

2 ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June

3 con đường xác định: on South Street

4 về: a book on engineering

5 một trạng thái hoặc tình trạng: on strike; on fire; on holiday

6 nhờ, bằng: live on a pension; shown on television

Opposite

1 đối diện: The library is opposite the fire station

Out of

1 ra khỏi: She went out of the room

2 trong số: We won two games out of three

4 chất liệu: The bridge is made out of steel

5 ra khỏi: out of control; out of danger

Outside

1 bên ngoài: outside the house

2 ngoài giới hạn, khả năng: outside my experience

Over

1 cao hơn, trên: There are cupboards over the sink

2 bao phủ: We spread an extra blanket over the bed

3 qua: I jumped over a puddle

4 nhiều hơn: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour

5 trong khoảng: I saw him several times over the past week

6 bằng: We made plans over the telephone

Past

1 vượt qua: I walked past the house

2 sau (thời gian): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two

With

1 cùng với: He came with her; I have my keys with me

2 có, chứa: Here is a book with a map of the island

3 bằng, sử dụng: I repaired the shoes with glue

4 cách thức: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty

5 bởi vì: We were paralyzed with fear

Within

1 trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer

Without

1 không có: Do not leave without your coat; without money

Danh từ đi với giới từ

• Noun + for…

A cheque for (a sum of money):

- They sent me a cheque for £75

A demand for/a need for… :

- The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand for its product

A reason for…:

- The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay

• Noun + of…

An advantage/ a disadvantage of…:

- The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like

Nhưng chúng ta thường nói: “there is an advantage in doing something”There are many advantages in living alone

A cause of…:

- Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was

A photograph/ a picture/ a map/ a plan/ a drawing of…:

- She showed me some photographs of her family

• Noun + in…

An increase/ a decrease/ a rise/ a fall in …:

- there has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently

• Noun + to…

Damage to…:

- The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car

An invitation to…(a party, a wedding):

- Did you get an invitation to the party?

A solution to (a problem)/ a key to (a door)/ an answer to (a question)/ a reply to (a letter)/ a reaction to….:

- Do you think we’ll find the solution to the problem?

- I was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion

An attitude to (towards) …:

- His attitude to his job is very negative

• Noun + with…/between…

A relationship/a connection/contact with…:

- Do you have a good relationship with your parents?

- The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery.Nhưng: a relationship/a connection/a difference between two things or people

- There are some differences between British and American English

Bài tập 1: Hoàn thành câu thứ hai sao cho nó cùng nghĩa với câu thứ

nhất

1 What caused the explosion? What was the cause ……… ?

2 We’re trying to solve the problem We’re trying to find a

6 I don’t think that a new road is necessary I don’t think there is any need…………

7 The number of people without jobs fell last month Last one there was a fall ………

8 Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more There is no

1 On the wall there were some pictures and a………the world

2 Thank you for the……… your party next week

3 Since she left home two years ago, she has had little

……….her family

4 I can’t open this door Have you got a………the other door?

5 The ……….the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown

6 I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a

……….my letter

7 The two companies are completely independent There is

no……….them

8 Jane showed me some old……… the city as it looked 100 years

9 Carol has decided to give up her job I don’t know

her……….doing this

10 It wasn’t a bad accident The……… the car wasn’t serious

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Bài 1:

1 What caused the explosion? What was the cause of the explosion?

2 We’re trying to solve the problem We’re trying to find a solution to the problem

3 Sue gets on well with her brother Sue has a good relationship with her brother

4 Prices have gone up a lot There has been a big increase in prices

5 I don’t know how to answer your question I can’t think of an answer to your question

6 I don’t think that a new road is necessary I don’t think there is any need

of a new road

7 The number of people without jobs fell last month Last month there was

a fall in the number of people without jobs

8 Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more There is no demand

for shoes.

9 In what way is your job different from mine? What is the difference between your job and mine?

Bài 2:

1 On the wall there were some pictures and a map of the world

2 Thank you for the invitation to your party next week

3 Since she left home two years ago, she has had little contact with her family

4 I can’t open this door Have you got a key to the other door?

5 The cause of the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown

6 I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a reply to my letter

7 The two companies are completely independent There is no connectionbetween them

8 Jane showed me some old pictures of the city as it looked 100 years

9 Carol has decided to give up her job I don’t know her reason for doing this

10 It wasn’t a bad accident The damage of the car wasn’t serious

Giới từ đi với danh từ

• At/on/in (chỉ thời gian) + noun

At : (for the time of day)

At 5 o’clock, at midnight, at lunch time, at sunset, at night, at the weekend,

at weekends, at the moment, at present, at the same time, at Christmas…

On (for days and dates)

On Friday(s), on 29 June 1987, on Christmas day, on my birthday…

In (for longer periods)

In October, in 1986, in the 19th century, in winter, in the past, in the 1970s,

in future…

Chú ý: Chúng ta nói “in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the

evening(s)” nhưng chúng ta nói “on Friday morning(s), on Sunday

afternoon(s)…”

• At/on/in (chỉ địa điểm) + noun

+ in: ở trong Ví dụ: in a room, in a building, in a garden, in a country, in a line, in a picture, in the sky, in the world, in a book/newspaper, in bed…+ on: ở trên Ví dụ: on the floor, on the chair, on the beach, on the wall, on the ceiling, on a farm, on a map, on the menu, on the way to……

+ at: ở Ví dụ: at the bus stop, at the window, at home, at university, at a party,at the station, at the airport …

Ví dụ: There’s no one in the room

When I go to the cinema, I prefer to sit in the front row

Who is that man standing at the bus stop?

Write your name at the top of the page

I sat on the beach

There is a label on the bottle

corner of the room

- At the corner of the street

Ví dụ: There is a public telephone at the corner of the street

- In the front/in the

back of a car

Ví dụ:

I was sitting in the

back (of a car)

I was standing at the back, so I couldn’t see very well

- On the front/on the back of a letter/piece of paper…

Write your name

on the back of thisenvelope

- At the end (of

something): thời

gian khi cái gì kết

thúc

I’m going away at

the end of June

At the end of the

concert, there was

great applause

- In the end = finallyJim couldn’t decide where to go for his holidays In the end,

he didn’t go anywhere

The bus was very

full There were

too many people

on it

- In a car/ in a taxi(chúng ta dùng “in”

cho “car” và “taxi”)George arrived in a taxi

- By bus/by car/by bicycle (bằng phương tiện gì)

I go to school by bus

• On/at/in + noun (other uses)

On holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on a cruise…

- Tom’s away at the moment He’s on holiday in France

- Did you go to Germany on business or on holiday?

Bạn cũng có thể nói “go to a place for a holiday”

On television/on the radio:

- I didn’t watch the news on television, but I heard it on the radio

On the phone/ telephone:

- I’ve never met her but I’ve spoken to her on the phone

On fire: đang cháy

- Look! That car is on fire

On purpose: cố ý

- I’m sorry I didn’t do it on purpose

On the whole: nhìn chung

- Sometimes I have problems at work but on the whole I enjoy my job

On strike: đình công

- There are no trains today The railway workers are on strike

In the rain/in the shade/ in the sun/ in the dark/ in bad weather

- We sat in the shade It was too hot to sit in the sun

In ink/in pencil: (but “with the pencil”)

- When you do the exam, you’re not allowed to write in pencil

- I write the letter with a pencil

In cash (but “by cheque/by credit card”)

- I paid the bill in cash

In (my) opinion: theo ý tôi

- In my opinion,the film wasn’t very good

At risk: bị đe dọa, bị nguy hiểm

- Birds are at risk of being injured or orphaned

Bài tập: Điền giới từ thích hợp vào mỗi chỗ trống sau.

1 It’s difficult to contact Sarah because she is not……… the phone

2 I feel lazy this evening Is there anything worth watching……… TV?

3 Can you turn the light, please? I don’t want to sit………the dark

4 I wouldn’t like to go…………a cruise I think I’d get bored

5 I mustn’t eat too much I’m supposed to be ………….a diet

6 Ann thought the restaurant was OK, but ……….my opinion, it wasn’t very good

7 I won’t be here next week I’ll be……… holiday

8 I didn’t see you ……… the party on Saturday Where were you?

9 Shall we travel ………….your car or mine?

10 We stayed ………….a very nice hotel when we were

………….Amsterdam

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