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TEST FOR GAP FILLING Read the following passages and choose the word (A, B, C or D) that best fits the blank space. PASSAGE 1 As a young girl, Oseola McCarty dreamed of becoming a nurse. However, her family duty stood as a(n)…………. (1.1) to educational goals. McCarty left school after …………… (1.2) the sixth. Since her family was done of washerwomen, McCarty followed………… (1.3) their footsteps. She …………. (1.4) other people’s clothes for over seventy years. Due to … …… (1.5) work and saving habits, McCarty, a washerwoman,………… (1.6) a great deal of money. She made a …………… (1.7) of $150,000 – a larger portion of her life…………. (1.8) to the University of Southern Mississippi to help ………. (1.9) students. She was 88 years old and had never married. She did not have any children. She did not own a car. From this simple and ……… (1.10) life, she was able to impress the world with a significant ………… (1.11) act. Though she was unable to complete her own education, it was her………. (1.12) that her gift would make …………. (1.13) possible for many others in …………. (1.14) need to do so. Now, with McCarty’s support, specially African American students have an opportunity to fulfill their……… (1.15) of a college education. 1.1. A. solution B. problem C. obstacle D. difficulty 1.2. A. completing B. able C. obstacle D. complete 1.3. A. with B. in C. on D. complete 1.4. A. cleaned B. made C. cleared D. done 1.5. A. bad B. horrible C. nice D. good 1.6. A. accomplished B. loaned C. paid D. accumulated 1.7. A. money B. donation C. profit D. living 1.8. A. money B. savings C. possible D. need 1.9. A. needy B. need C. have D. do 1.10. A. frugal B. mean C. generous D. selfish 1.11. A. helpful B. charitable C. useful D. remarkable 1.12. A. generosity B. experience C. responsibility D. intention 1.13. A. it B. them C. her D. us 1.14. A. economical B. financial C. healthy D. fashionable 1.15. A. dreams B. mean C. life D. dream PASSAGE 2 George Smith is 40 years old. He has worked in a factory (2.1)…… 30 years. One day he is told that a new machine has been installed which does his job (2.2)……… He is no longer needed. So he has to leave his job – he is made (2.3)…………. George has done his (2.4)……… to look for a new job but he keeps getting the same answer – “No (2.5)…….”. There are no job suitable suitable (2.6)……….him within reasonable travelling distance of his home. At his local Jobcentre he is given a piece of paper to (2.7)…… to the Unemployment Benefit Office. There he is given a card which tells him the day and time each fortnight he must “sign on”. This means he signs a register stating that he is (2.8)…… His unemployment benefit is sent to him by post every week that he signs on. He (2.9)……….the cheque at a post office or bank. If his unemployment benefit is not enough to live (2.10)………, George can go to the (2.11)…… some weeks of unemployment, the Jobcentre tells George about a possible vacancy. The only problem is that if George gets the job, he will have to move to another part of Britain. He is writing to (2.12)……… house but first he has to go for (2.13)………….with his prospective employer. It costs money to travel and to move house. George sees some pamphlets in his Jobcenter. They give him information about help him interview expenses. He also reads about grants and allowances (2.14)…… if he does have to move to another part of the country. George is (2.15)……… the job at the interview, but he may not be able to take it because the cost of housing in the area is too high. 2.1. A. in B. for C. by D. on 2.2. A. automatically B. mechanically C. systematically D. methodically 2.3. A. unsatisfactory B. incoveinient C. disqualified D. redundant 2.4. A. ability B. best C. capacity D. most 2.5. A. places B. need C. work D. vacancy 2.6. A. for B. to C. with D. by 2.7. A. carry B. take C. bring D. hold 2.8. A. broke B. poor C. unemployed D. homeless 2.9. A. cashes B. sends C. receives D. exchange 2.10. A. with B. in C. for D. on 2.11. A. In B. Within C. For D. After 2.12. A. change B. move C. leave D. sell 2.13. A. meeting B. an interview C. a discussion D. a conference 2.14. A. available B. ready C. free D. essay 2.15. A. presented B. offered C. donated D. granted PASSAGE 3 Elizabeth Blackwell was born in England in 1821, and (3.1)…………… to New York City when she was ten years old. One day she decided that she wanted to become a doctor. That was nearly (3.2)……… for a woman in the middle of the nineteenth century. After writing many letters seeking (3.3)…………. to medical schools, she was finally accepted by a doctor in Philadelphia. So she determined, that she taught school and gave music lessons to earn money for her (3.4)………. . In 1849, after (3.5)……… from medical school, she decided to further her education in Paris. She wanted to be a surgeon, but a serious eye infection forced her to (3.6)……………… the idea. (3.7)………………… returning to the United States, she founf it difficult to start her own practice because she was a woman. By 1857 Elizabeth and her sister, also a doctor, along with another female doctor, managed to open a new hospital, the first for woman and children. (3.8)…………. Being the first female physician and (3.9)………………… her own hospiatal, she also (3.10)……………the first medical school for women. 3.1. A. emigrated B. escaped C. exported D. checked in 3.2. A. unable B. incapable C. impossible D. illegal 3.3. A. admission B. acceptance C. entry D.entrance 3.4. A. charge B. incentive C. bonus D. tuition 3.5. A. completion B. conclusion C. graduation D. progression 3.6. A. recede B. abandon C. discharge D. sack 3.7. A. At B. upon C. In D. By 3.8. A. Besides B. Except C. Apart D. Out of 3.9. A. finding B. introducing C. setting D. founding 3.10. A. accomplished B. established C. completed D. furnished PASSAGE 4 SAVING ENERGY IN THE OFFICE The amount of energy consumed – and wasted – in commercial (4.1)…………….in New Zealand is increasing all the time. The (4.2)…………… in numbers of items of electronic office (4.3)…………threatens to reach its maximum in New Zealand’s main business centers in the next ten years. Office staff leave equipment (4.4)……… on unnecessarily for (4.5)……………of reasons. They include fear of (4.6)………….the machine, (4.7)……….of knowledge of the actual cost of running the machine, and just plain laziness. (4.8)……… to control the (4.9)………… usage of office equipment is wasteful, and can (4.10)……… to costs far higher than most managers, (4.11)……… . The Energy Efficiency & (4.12)………… Authority (EECA) is introducing twofold program aimed at (4.13)………… the $ 50m which is wasted every (4.14)…………. in New Zealand’s offices. Office machines in New Zealand consume 370 GWh of energy per year, or about 1% of the country’s (4.15)…………electricity consumption. 4.1. A. house B. home C. buildings D. building 4.2. A. result B. count C. progress D. growth 4.3. A. equipment B. remained C. stayed D. driven 4.4. A. switched B. remained C. stayed D. driven 4.5. A. numbers B. number C. a number D. an number 4.6. A. spoiling B. hurting C. damaging D. offending 4.7. A. want B. need C. gap D. lack 4.8. A. Neglect B. Failure C. Prevention D. Loss 4.9. A. energy B. solar C. energetic D. gap 4.10. A. lead B. come C. take D. keep 4.11. A. explain B. realize C. decide D. produce 4.12. A. Contract B. Convert C. Conservation D. Conference 4.13. A. saving B. sparing C. remove D. Controlling 4.14. A. years B. year C. centuries D. hours 4.15. A. all B. whole C. same D. total PASSAGE 5 When I was sixteen I (5.1)…………….school and went to work in a butcher’s shop. The manager was a young man, only a few years older (5.2)………………….me, and he was very ambitious, also, he was a bit dishonest. When customers asked (5.3)……………….the best steak he would see them poor-quality beef. He used to do this to young housewives, who if the meat (5.4)………………tough, blamed themselves for not cooking it properly. Sometimes, he did not give the (5.5)………… change and the customers did not justice. One day, just before Christmas, we decided to close early because we (5.6)……… sold all our meat, except for one small turkey. As I was (5.7)…………….to lock the door, a woman rushed in and said that she really had (5.8)………… have a ten-pound turkey. The manager said he (5.9)………… get another one and went to the back of the shop with the turkey. I knew we did not have (5.10)…………more, so I followed him to see (5.11)……………he was going to do. He pulled and stretched the turkey to (5.12)………… it looks bigger and then went back (5.13)…………………said, “Here (5.14)……………are, madam. Here is the bigger one.” “Yes, “she said”, “but not (5.15)…………… bigger. I will take both of them”. 5.1. A. leave B. had left C. left D. was leaving 5.2. A. then B. than C. more D. much 5.3. A. for B. in C. with D. on 5.4. A. was B. be C. are D. is 5.5. A. incorrect B. correct C. wrong D. corrected 5.6. A. having B. have C. had D. are 5.7. A. go B. on C. gone D. going 5.8. A. to B. in C. had D. with 5.9. A. will B. would C. won’t D. shouldn’t 5.10. A. some B. several C. much D. any 5.11. A. that B. what C. why C. which 5.12. A. have made B. had made C. make D. made 5.13. A. then B. and C. much D. but 5.14. A. they B. he C. we D. she 5.15. A. much B. more C. many D. several PASSAGE 6 Face-to-face conversation is two-way process: You speak to me, I reply to you and so on. Two-way (6.1)……………….depends on having a coding system that is understood by both (6.2)……………and receiver, and an agreed convention about (6.3)……………… the beginning and end of the (6.4)……………… . In speech, the coding (6.5)…………….is the language like English or Spanish; the convention that one person speaks (6.6)……………….a time may seem too obvious to (6.7)………………. . In fact, the (6.8)……………….that people use in conversations and meetings are often non-verbal. (6.9)…………… example, lowering the pitch of the voice may mean the end of the sentence; a sharp intake of breath may signal the desire to (6.10)…………………, catching the chairman’s (6.11)……………may indicate the desire to speak in a formal setting like a (6.12)………………… , a clenched fist may indicate anger. When these (6.13)……………signals (6.14)……………….not impossible, for formal signals may be (6.15)………………. 6.1. A. say B. exchange C. correspondence D. communication 6.2. A. teacher B. transmitter C. messenger D. sender 6.3. A. signing B. symbolizing C. signaling D. showing 6.4. A. message B. topic C. idea D. theme 6.5. A. sign B. systems C. system D. signal 6.6. A. at B. on C. in D. from 6.7. A. judge B. mention C. recognize D. notice 6.8. A. signals B. symptoms C. symbols D. signs 6.9. A. in B. at C. for D. on 6.10. A. interpret B. interfere C. interrupt D. intercept 6.11. A. elbow B. eye C. shoulder D. hand 6.12. A. chat B. debate C. broadcast D. lecture 6.13. A. visual B. auditory C. verbal D. sensory 6.14. A. is B. was C. are D. am 6.15. A. needed B. need C. needs D. needing PASSAGE 7 Why do people like to chew gum? Some people say (7.1)…………like the taste (7.2)………say they can think better if they chew gum. Some people chew it when they have some boring work to (7.3)……… Other chew gum when they are nervous. Gum is a (7.4)…………of things. For many years gum (7.5)……… made gum from chicle. Chicle is sa natural gum from a tree in Mexico and Central America. Now companies use plastic and rubber (7.6)…… …from petroleum (7.7)…………….of chicle. Gum must be soft (7.8)………………you can chew it. A softener keeps it (7.9)…………. . The gum company makes the softener from vegetables oil. A sweetener makes the gum sweet. The sweetener is usually sugar. Then the company (7.10)…….the flavor. Thomas Adams made the first gum from chicle (7.11)………… 1836. (7.12)……., chewing gum was not new. The Greeks chewed gum from a tree (7.13)……………20 years ago. Mayan Indians in Mexico chewed chicle. Indians in the Northeastern United States taught Europeans to chew gum from a tree there. People first made bubble gum in 1928. Children like to (7.14)…………bubble with bubble gum. Some university students do (7.15)……………. . 7.1. A. they B. it C. them D. their 7.2. A. the other B. others C. the others D. other 7.3. A. make B. get C. do D. carry 7.4. A. mixture B. roll C. fix D. connection 7.5. A. company B. companies C. factory D. factories 7.6. A. make B. made C. makes D. to make 7.7. A. aside B. apart C. inside D. instead 7.8. A. so that B. then C. for D. that 7.9. A. tough B. softness C. thick D. soft 7.10. A. puts B. places C. adds D. fits 7.11. A. on B. in C. since D. from 7.12. A. however B. more C. but D. though 7.13. A. more B. over C. above D. than 7.14. A. turn B. set C. pass D. blow 7.15. A. so B. too C. then D. same PASSAGE 8 If you are an environmentalist, plastic is a word you tend (8.1)………….say with a sneer or snarl. It has (8.2)…………a symbol of our wasteful, throw-away society. But there seems little (8.3)……………it is here to say, and the (8.4)……… is, of course, that plastics have brought enormous (8.5)…………., even environmental ones. It is not really the plastics themselves that are the environmental evil – it’s the way society chooses to use abuse them. Almost all the 50 or so different kinds of modern plastics are made (8.6)………….oil, gas, or coal-non-renewable natural (8.7)…………… We (8.8)……………….well over three million tons of the stuff in Britain each year and, sooner or later, most of it is thrown away. A high (8.9)……….of our annual consumption is in the (8.10)……………of packing, and this (8.11)……………….about seven per cent by weight, of our domestic (8.12)………… Almost all of it could (8.13)………….recycled, but very little of it is, though the plastic recycling (8.14)………….is growing fast. The plastics themselves are extremely energy-rich. They have a higher caloric value than coal and one method of “recovery” strongly favored by the plastic manufacturers is the (8.15)………of waste plastic into fuel. 8.1. A. at B. on C. with D. to 8.2. A. became B. become C. becomes D. to become 8.3. A. doubt B. evidence C. concern D. likelihood 8.4. A. truths B. trued C. true D. truth 8.5. A. pleasures B. benefits C. savings D. profits 8.6. A. from B. in C. of D. by 8.7. A. processes B. products C. fuels D. resources 8.8. A. remove B. consume C. change D. import 8.9. A. proportion B. portion C. amount D. rate 8.10. A. away B. form C. kind D. type 8.11. A. takes B. makes C. carries D. constitutes 8.12. A. goods B. refuse C. rubble D. requirement 8.13. A. was B. are C. be D. is 8.14. A. industry B. manufacture C. factory D. plant 8.15. A. melting B. replacement C. conversion D. change PASSAGE 9 The traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write, or the ability to use language to read, write, listen, and speak. In modern contexts, the word refers to reading and writing at a level (9.1)………….for communication, or at a level that lets one understand and communicate ideas in a literate society, so as to take (9.2)………… in that society. The United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) gas drafted the following definition: “Literacy is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials (9.3)……………… with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning to enable an individual to achieve his or her goals, to develop his, or her (9.4)………………and potential, and to participate fully in the wider society.” Many policy analysts consider literacy rates a crucial measure of a region’s human capital. This claim is made on the (9.5)……………that literate people can be trained less expensively than illiterate people, generally have a higher socio-economic (9.6)………………… and enjoy better health and employment prospects. Policy makers also argue that literacy increases job opportunities and access to higher education. In Kerala, India, for example, female and child mortality rates declined (9.7)…………… in the 1960s, when girls who were educated in the education reforms after 1948 began to raise families. Recent researchers, (9.8)……………… , argue that correlations such as, the one listed above may have more to do with the effects of schooling rather than literacy in general. Regardless, the (9.9)…………….of educational systems worldwide includes a basic (9.10)……………around communication through test and print, which is the foundation of most definitions of literacy. 9.1. A. adaptable B. suitable C. adequate D. important 9.2. A. comfort B. control C. part D. honor 9.3. A. associated B. worked C. appropriated D. related 9.4. A. ability B. knowledge C. performance D. behavior 9.5. A. foundation B. ways C. grounds D. basics 9.6. A. condition B. request C. state D. status 9.7. A. dramatically B. extremely C. actually D. accurately 9.8. A. additionally B. however C. therefore D. consequently 9.9. A. focus B. demand C. majority D. main 9.10. A. content B. concept C. contact D. context PASSAGE 10 In the United States and Canada, it was very important to (10.1)………… a person directly in the eyes when you are having a conversation (10.2)…………….him or her. If you look down or to the side when the (10.3)………….person is talking, that person will think that you are not interested in (10.4)………………he or she is saying. This, (10.5)…………… , is not polite. If you look down or to the side when you are talking, it might (10.6)…………….that you are not honest. However, people who are speaking will sometimes look away for (10.7)…… seconds when they are thinking or (10.8)……………….to find the right word. But they always turn immediately (10.9)…………… to look the listener directly in the eyes. These social “rules” are (10.10)………… for two men, two women, a man and a woman, or an adult and a child. 10.1. A. talk B. notice C. get D. look 10.2. A. with B. to C. for D. about 10.3. A. others B. another C. one D. other 10.4. A. which B. what C. that D. where 10.5. A. yet B. in addition C. of course D. although 10.6. A. become B. come C. seem D. turn 10.7. A. a little B. a few C. little D. few 10.8. A. trying B. looking C. achieving D. managing 10.9. A. up B. back C. down D. over 10.10. A. like B. the same C. likely D.such as . From this simple and ……… (1.10) life, she was able to impress the world with a significant ………… (1 .11) act. Though she was unable to complete her own education, it was her………. (1.12) that her gift. possible D. need 1.9. A. needy B. need C. have D. do 1.10. A. frugal B. mean C. generous D. selfish 1 .11. A. helpful B. charitable C. useful D. remarkable 1.12. A. generosity B. experience C. responsibility. office or bank. If his unemployment benefit is not enough to live (2.10)………, George can go to the (2 .11) …… some weeks of unemployment, the Jobcentre tells George about a possible vacancy. The only