SU" NGHIEP VA TU' TU-QNG HO CHI MINH CHU TICH HO CHI MINH VOfI CHIEN DICH VIET BAC THU - DONG 1947 TSLE VAN THAI* j3di tim nhin chiin luge, ngay td khi C'Cach mang Thing Tim thinh cdng, Chd tich Hi Chi Minh di chi thi cho ding chi Pli?m Vin Ding va mdt si cin bd khic d l?i Tan Trio mgt thdi gian di chi dao vi6c cung ci khu cin cd dia. Cuii thing 10- 1946, Ngudi cd ding chi Nguyin Luong Bing trd l?i Viit Bic chuin bi cin cd dia khing chien. Dii cing tic d$c biit dirge thinh l|p, do ding chi Trin Ding Ninh phy trich, cd nhiim vy nghien cdu cic vi tri dit ca quan, cung vdi cic ban nginh liin quan to chdc di chuyin cic ca quan vi kho ting, xi nghiip len Vipt Bic. Cic huyin Chg Din (Bic K?n), Chiem Hoi, Son Duong (Tuyin Quang), Dinh Hoa, Dai TQ (Thii Nguyin) dugc chgn lim An toin khu (ATK). Dgt ting di chuyin lin cin cd Vi$t Bic diin ra tu cudi thing 11-1946 din thing 2- 1947. Hing van tin may mdc, nguySn vat liiu, gao, muii, vii dugc v|in chuyin vi cac khu an toan. Hing chye v^n nhin dan, cin l)g, chien si td cac hudng tap trung ISn Viit Bic trong tr|t ty, bi m$t. Diu thing 3-1947, cic CO quan linh d^o Idling chiin lin lugt lin Viit Bic. Ngiy 4-3-1947, Chu tich Hi * Vi?n Ljch sd quin su Vi?t Nam Chi Minh len cin cu Viet Bic. Tai day, Ngudi cdng Trung uong Dang vi Chinh phu lanh dao ca nudc khing chiin ching thyc dan Phip xim lypc. Tu day, cin cd dia Viet Bic trd thinh "Thu dd khang chien". Trong nim 1947, Chu tich Hi Chi Minh viit tic pham Doi song mai va tic pham Sira doi loi lam viec, nhim giii quyet nhQng van de co bin ve xiy dung con ngudi mdi, cugc song mdi, nang cao sdc chiin diu cda Ding, ddng viSn tiim lye cda dit nudc, phit huy tinh uru viet cda chl dp mdi di giinh thing Igi trong khang chiin Theo doi sat tinh hinh, am muu dich, Ngudi nhic nhd can bp, chiin si, nliin din trong khu cin cd dia luin chu y giQ bi mat, chuin bi sin sing chu ding khang chiin. Ngay 19-8-1947, Ngudi viit thu gdi ding bao Khu I'. Trong thu, Ngudi cin din: "Hiin bay gid Khu I chua phai la mit tran chinh. Nhung dii vdi bpn thuc dan hung dc, nay mai Khu I lit cd thi trd nen mit tran chinh. Vi viy, chiing ta phii luin luin chuan bi sin sang. Chung ta cin phai lam nhQng vi|c sau niy: a) Da doan kit phii doan kit thim. Khip noi phai ti chuc Hgi lien hiip quic din. b) Tap luyin dan quin, ty ve, du kich. Giup dd bi dii. TAP CHi L]CH sir BANG - S6 3/2012 13 su NGHIEP VA TU' TURING H6 CHi MINH c) Ra sdc ting gia sin xuat, lim cho nhiiu Ida, nhiiu sin, nhiiu ngi. Nuii nhiiu gia sue. d) Phit triin binh dan hgc vy. Gidp dd ding bag tan cu. GiQ gin bi mit e) Cic cin tii quan sy, chinh tri, hanh chinh vi chuyin mdn thi phai lim diing bin chQ: Cin, kiim. Hem, chinh". Trong thu gdi ding bao cic tinh Vidt Bic, ngiy 2-9-1947, Ngudi nhin manh vi d'i, vai trd cua cin cu dia Viit Bic: "Vi^t Bic phii trd tlianh cin cu cua khing chiin Cich menh di do Viit Bic ma thinh cdng, thi khing chiin ciing do Viit Bic mi thing Igi"^- Ngiy 12-9-1947, Chu tich Hi Chi Minh chu toa phien hgp Hgi ddng Chinh phu bin ke hoach dl phdng cuic tien cdng mua Ddng cua giic vi vin di tuy£n duong cing tr^ng quan nhan. Ngiy 15-9-1947, Thudng vy Trung ucmg Ding ra Chi thi "Bola ndi gi - ta phdi lam gi?". vach tran am mim den toi cua thyc din Phip vi khing dinh lai l^p trudng kien quyet khing chien cua ta. Ban chi thi nhic nhd quan dan ca nudc phii tich eye chuin b) dl ddi phd vdi cuic tiln cing Thu - Ding cua giic. Chip hinh chi thi cua Thudng vy Trung uong Ding, cic dia phucmg diy manh them mpt budc cing tic chuin bi chiin diu. Cic Khu dy I, X, XII vi cic tinh uy tren dia ban cin cd dia Vi$t Bic phi biin chi thj cua Ding, bin biin phip thyc iiiin. Cdng tic phi hoai, cin dich dugc tien hinh khan trucmg. Ca quan, xudng miy, kho tang chuyen vi noi an toan. Din quan ty v? khin trucmg luyfn tap, tuin tra canh gae, kilm soat chit ch{ nhiing nod xung yiu. Bi dgi hoan chfah tran dia, triin khai dgi hinh chiin dau, trang bi thim vu kM. Nhiiu kinh nghiim & chiin dugc phi biin din tdng chien i Khip noi xuit hifn khau hiiu quyit tam chiin diu "pha tan cudc tiin cing miu Ddng cua giac Phip". Sing ngay 7-10-1947, quin Phip nhiy du xuing thi "a Bic Kan, bua vay, liinj syc truy tim co quan linh d^o khang chiSn. Ddng thdi vdi cugc do hi dudng khong, quan Phip md nhQng cugc hinh quan dudng bg dinh len Viit Bic. Chu tich HJ Chi Minh keu ggi bg dpi, din quin du kich vi ddng bao ci nudc ra sdc chign diu tieu diit dich. Ngudi vjch ro im muu cua gijc li dinh ao at, chdp nhoang, bit thinh linh, dung each "set dinh ngang tai" lim cho ta hoang mang trd tay khdng kip. Y dinh ciia chung li hpi quan d Bic Kan tao thanh mit cai d hpc liy Viet Bic, rii cyp d l?i, khip chat vdng vay, tu ngoai danh vao, til trong dinh ra, nhay du xuing nhOng noi nghi cd CO quan cda Trung uang Ding va Chinh phd ta di lung bit, phi cho dugc diu nio cuic khing chiin. Sau do, chiing se binh dinh cic khu vyc khac va lap chinh phu bu nhin. Ngudi nhin manh: dich manh vl cic gpng kim. Chung tt quyit tam chiin diu be giy gpng kim thi cii i cyp xuing vi se rach^ Ngiy 11-10, Ngudi chd tri cugc hgp Dang doin Chinh phu bin vi viec ddi phd vdi cuic tiin cing TAP CHi UCH Sir BANG - S(5 3/2012 su NGHIEP VA TU TUdNG H6 CHi MINH cua 'quin Phap va van de di chuyin co quan chinh phu. Sau khi biit rd thim ki hoach tien cdng Viit Bic cua djch", ta cing chd dgng dii phd. Ngiy 15-10, Chu tich Hi Chi Minh chuyin vl d va lim viec tai xi Lien Minh, huyin Vd Nhai. Cung ngiy, Thudng vu Trtmg uong Dang ra Chi thi "Phdi phd tan cugc tdn cong mua Dong cua gigc Phdp". Chi til) nh^ dinh ring, cuic tin cdng cda djch khing chdng td chung manh mi trai l^i, td ra chdng yiu. Cuic tin cdng nay "chi o ^t luc dau". Dich dan quan ra cang mdng, cang la dip tot cho ta danh chung d mien xudi. Ke dich ddng quan d nai xa, cing dl cho ta bao vay chit dudng tiip ti vi "dinh chung mpt cich rat cd Igi trong khi chung v^ ding"^. Phuang hudng hinh ding cy thi cda quan va din ta li: phii kien quyit chiin diu giam chin djch t{ii nhQng cin cd ma chung vda chiem, tri$t de lim vudn khdng, nhi trong chung quanh noi dich chiim, cit diit sy liin lac gida cic cd diim cua dich, khdng cho chdng tiep tl vi tiip ling cho nhau. Qui trinh chidn diu phai giQ gin chu lye cua ta, nhung cdng phii nh?y bin, nhim nhflng chi yiu cua dich mi "dinh nhiing trin vang dgi, nhiing tran tiiu diit Bit dich chuyin sang thi phdng thd"'. Chi thi niu rd: "Cuic tiin cing cua dich lin niy phii lam cho cin bg ta chQa dugc binh chu quan cho ring dich khing dim tiin cong tio b^o, chua dim dinh Viet Bic, khing dim nhiy du hay do bp xa cin cd. Nd l?i thuc giyc cac cip chi huy mau nh^ ra quy luat chien tranh Nd chi rd cho cin bg chi dao cic cip cua phong trao ta nh^n rd: mudn thing dich, phii doan dung muu ke cua dich va phii giQ bi mat muu ke cua minh"' Chip hinh chi thi cda Thudng vy Trung uong Dang, trong qui trinh chi dao cuic phan cong dich, Bg Tdng chi huy lien tiep dilu dgng, bi tri luc lupng theo yiu ciu tic chiin 30 dai dpi dgc lap, 18 tiiu doan tap tnmg cua cic Khu I, X dugc thinh lap nhanh chdng lam nong cit md ring chiin tranh du kich. Vua tic chiin, cdc dai dii die Isip vda diu dit dan quan tu ve boat dgng. Cac tieu doan tap trung ca ddng tieu diit cic vi tri va danh dich tren dudng giao thing. Nhan dan hing hii tham gia khing chiin, thyc hiin vudn khdng, nha trdng, ung hg va phdi hgp vdi lye lugng vu trang dinh dich. Quin Phip di den dau cung bi dinh. Cang vio siu cin cd dia Viet Bic, cic binh doin tiin cing cda thyc din Phap cing bi chia cit. Theo ddi sit sao mpi diin biin tren chiin trudng Viet Bic, nhan ro tim quan trgng cua doan kit, ky luat, thing suit minh lenh tic cliiin trong quan ddi, Ngudi cin din can bg, chiin si: "Doin kit, ky luit, lam cho bg dpi m?nli, doan thi manh, Mpt minh linh gi trin xuing, cua Bi Quic phdng hay Bd Tdng chi huy diu phai din khu, din cic trung doan, cac doan thi va phii xuing tdi t?n ngudi dii viin. Niu minh lenh din khu roi mic nghSn khing xuing dudi nQa tuc la khu khing theo ky luit Bi dpi s8 kem sue TAP CHi LICH sir BANG - Sd 3/2012 su NGHIEP VA TU TUIJNG H6 CHl MINH manh. Minh lenh cung nhu ddng miu chay tu tim ra din diu, cac tu cW. Niu chay din tay mi mic nghen thi tay bai. Tay bji ngudi sg yiu di. Cic ddng chi cung biet thdi gian li quy. Dyng binh thing bai nhiiu luc quyit dinh trong nim, mudi phdt. Vay cac ding chi phii lam sao cho nhiing menh lenh d trSn xuing dugc nhanh ching va thi hinh chu dio"^. Ngudi viet thu gdi ding bao va chiin si Khu X', neu ro uu diim va thilu sdt: "Mat trin sdng Ld, V$ quoc quan, din quin du kich vi ddng bio rit hing hii cho nen thu dupc mpt it nhiiu chiin cdng ve vang. Trii lai, nhiing mit trin khic nhu Lio Cai, Yin Bii thi con k^ia Do khing phii vi ding bio k^m hing hai hoic la chi€n si k^m dung cim. Nhimg vi ta ki hoach ti chdc, tuyen truyen, van ding chua dugc day du, chu dio. vl mit din v$n thi khu ta cdn xao nhing Phii lim the nao cho cuic thing trin v6 vang d sdng Ld sg la budc diu cho nhiiu cuic thing tr?n khic. Phii lim cho Khu X thinh khu kieu miu vi mgi mit"'°. Nhim dpng vien tinh thin chiin diu cua quin din ta vi phd biin kinh nghi$m tic chiin, tiln len giinh nhimg thing Igi mdi trong cuic khing chiin chdng thyc dan Phap xam luge, cuii nim 1947, Chu tich Hd Chi Minh viit tic phim Viet Bdc anh dUng, ky ten Tan Sinh. Ngudi khii quit bin nhin td quyit dinh thing Igi cda quan vi dan ta trong Thu - Ding 1947 la: Sy linh dao sing suit cua Ding, Chinh phd, sy dilu kWln khdn khio cua Bg Qudc phdng va Bg Ting chi huy, sy dung cam cda tudng si Ve quic quan, dan quan du Hch va sy hang hii cili toan thl ding bao. Phin tich sy clii dac chiin luge sing sudt cua ta, Ngudi viit Ngay luc bit diu khing chiin ta di chij truong trudng ky khdng chiin di danh tar muu mi "dinh mau, thing mau" cua th\rc dan. Cang ngay "chdng ta cing thiy nhQnj y dinh tren li sang sudt, nhat la trong cug< dich tiln cing vao Viet Bic, chdng ta canj thiy rd nhu thi"". Nhung thyc din Phi[ chua bi dinh quy hoan toin, cuic khinj cliiin s6 cdn gay go hon nQa. Ho Chi Mini nhic nhd: "chiing ta chd ty kiiu ty dai, ch( chd quan, chd khinh dich. Chung ta phi' luin ludn chuan bi, can than dd phdng,;! Phii sda chQa nhung khuyet diim vi ci ging phit triin cac uu dilm"'^. D6 li chii Ithoi de di tdi thing Igi mdi. Ngiy 19-12-1947, Chd tich Hi Chi Minh ra Idi k€u ggi ding bao ca nudc, ting kit mit nim Toin quic khing chiin. Ngudi khing dinh: khang chiin it phai gay go, cue khi, nhung ta nhit dinh se gianh dugc thing Igi. Qua mot nam khdng chiin toin quic "luc lupng ta ngiy cing thSm mjmh, nhu sudi mdi chiy, nhu Ida mcri nhdm, chi cd tiin. Idling cd thoii"", con luc lupng cda dich "nhu mit trdi vio liic hoing hdn, hdng hach lim nhung di gin til nghi" . Cung ddng ngay nay, bi thit bji nang tren chiin trudng, dai bp phin quan Phap nit khdi Viit Bic. Dem 22-12-1947, tai thi xi Tuyin Quang, quan dan ta to chiic frgng thi li mdng chiin thing. (Xem tiip trang 8) TAP CHi LICH Sir BANG - SO 3/2012 NHUNG VAN D£ CHUNG Vfe UCH SCf BANG tiip ddi sing chinh tri - xa hii, cic nhan vit Hch su, yiu ciu ngudi nghien ciiu, bien soan phai dugc "chuin hoa" vi chuyen mdn, nghiep vy, phuong phip luan va phim ciiit chinh tri. Tiip tyc Cling ci td chdc bd miy lim cing tic nghien cdu, bien soan Lich sd Ding tu dia phuong din Trung uang, vdi CO ciu ti chdc bp miy hoan chinh cung cic CO chi, dieu kiin hoat ding tuang dng; ngang tim vdi chuc ning, nhiim vy CO quan chuyen min nginh lich sd Ding d cic cip. Thdi ky cich mang mdi dang dat ra yiu ciu ngiy cang cao, ddi hii Nginh Lich sd Ding cd sy dii mdi m^nh mS, khic phuc sy cham tre tren mit sd mit, dii mdi phuong phap, nang cao chit lugng, md rgng pham vi va ning lye hoat ding. Lim trdn chdc ning, nhiem vy cda minh, Nginh Lich su Ding ddng gdp ngiy cing hiiu qua vio ning cao tim tri tui oda Ding, xiy dung Ding trong s^ch, viing manh, dip ung yeu ciu nhiim vy linh d^o sy nghiep cich mang trong thdi ky mdi. CHU nCHHd CHf MINH VAl CHI^N DjCH n|T BUC THU - BfiNG 1947 (Tiep theo trang 16) Cliien thing cda quan vi dan ta trong chiin dich Via Bic Thu - Ding 1947 la cliiin tiling cd y nghia chiin luge vi quin su, diinh tri va tinh thin. Chiin thing di b3t ngudn td nhiiu nlian ti, trudc hit la sy lanh dao tii tinh va sang t?o cua eo quan lanh d?o khang cliiin toin quic, do Chu tich Hi CM Minh ddng diu. Cin cd dia Viit Bic dupc xiy dyng vi cdng ci, tinh uu viit cua chi^ mdi dugc piiat huy, "long y6u nude eua ^M bio, nh|p vdi iiinh the hiem trd cda ndi si^ thinh mit lye lugng vo ^eh, nd di dinh tan cuic tin cing cua thyc dan"'^ tao di chi nhdng thing igi tiep theo trong cuic khii^ chiin ching thyc dan Phip xim lupc. 1. Chi thl si 15-CT/rW, ngay 28-8-2002 cua Ban Bi thu Ve t&ng cuang va nang cao chdt luong nghien ctru. bien sogn lich sir Dang Cong sdn Viet Nam 2. Quyil djnh s6 100 - QD/TW, ngiy 22-10- 2007 cua Ban Chip hanh Trung uong Vi chirc ndng, nhiem vv. to chuc bo may ciia Hoc vien Chinh tri- Hanh chinit quoc gia Ho Chi Minh. 1. Khu 1 trong khang chien ch6ng Phdp g6m ^ tinh: Cao Bang, Bic Kan, Thai Nguyen, Phuc Y&l' 2. 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. H6 Chi Minh Toim tap, CTQG, H, 2000, T. 5, tr. 207, 224, 322, 341, 368,314,314,366 3. BO Qu6c phong - Vi?n Ljch sijr quSn s^r Vi^ Nam: Su nghiep, tu tuong qudn s\r H6 Chi Minh, QDND, H, 2002, tr. 438 4. QuSn ta bin roi may bay chd bp tham mini chiin dich cua Phap di thj sit mat trjn ngiy 9-10 t«ii Cao Bang, thu tai li?u. Ngiy 13-10, Bp T6ng tham muu da co Irong tay bin ke ho^ich tiln c6ng Vi?t Bac ciia Phap 5. 6, 7. Van kien qudn su ciia Dang 194S-I9S0, QDND, H, 1976, T. 2, a. 245, 246,252-253 9. Khu X ttong khang chiin ching Phip g4m: Lao Cai, Yen Bai, Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Phil Thp, VTnh Yen. TAP CHi UCH Sil BANG - S6 3/2012 . ky mdi. CHU nCHHd CHf MINH VAl CHI^N DjCH n|T BUC THU - BfiNG 1947 (Tiep theo trang 16) Cliien thing cda quan vi dan ta trong chiin dich Via Bic Thu - Ding 1947 la cliiin tiling. ty, bi m$t. Diu thing 3-1 947, cic CO quan linh d^o Idling chiin lin lugt lin Viit Bic. Ngiy 4-3 -1 947, Chu tich Hi * Vi?n Ljch sd quin su Vi?t Nam Chi Minh len cin cu Viet Bic khang chiin. Ngay 1 9-8 -1 947, Ngudi viit thu gdi ding bao Khu I'. Trong thu, Ngudi cin din: "Hiin bay gid Khu I chua phai la mit tran chinh. Nhung dii vdi bpn thuc dan hung dc, nay