Đề cương ơn tập học kỳ II – Mơn Tiếng Anh 8 – ( chỉ lưu hành nội bộ) REVISION OF THE SECOND-TERM EXAMINATION (8 th form) 2009 – 2010 1. Past Simple Tense (Thì quá khứ đơn) - Use : Diễn tả hành động xảy ra và kết thúc tại một thời điểm xác đònh ở quá khứ - Form: + S + V -ed(regular) / V 2 ( column irregular) + ………… Ex : - He arrived here yesterday. - S + didn’t + V + …………………. - She didn’t go to school yesterday. ? Did + S + V + …………………… ? - Did you clean this table? - Note: Thì quá khứ đơn thường được dùng với các cum từ chỉ thời gian xác đònh ở quá khứ : last week / month / year . . ., a week / 3 days / 5 months . . . , yesterday, yesterday morning / evening, In+ năm, from 2000 to2005 - Cách đọc các đông từ ở quá khứ đơn với “ ED”: + “ ED”: được đọc là /t/ khi những động từ nguyên mẫu có t ừ tận cùng là gh, k, p, ss, ch, sh. Ex : laughed , asked , helped , watch , pushed , dressed , …………… + “ ED”: đươcï đọc là /id/ khi những động từ nguyên mẫu có âm tận cùng là /d/ và /t/ Ex : needed , wanted , waited , …… + “ ED”: đươcï đọc là /d/ khi những động từ nguyên mẫu có âm tận cùng là các âm còn lại Ex : enjoyed , saved , filled ,………. 2. Present perfect tense( Thì hiện tại hoàn thành ) - Use :- Dùng để miêu tả một hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng kết quả còn lưu đến hiện tại - Dùng để miêu tả một hành động vừa mới xảy ra ( ta dùng với JUST) - Dùng để miêu tả một hành động được hoàn tất sớm hơn sự mong đợi (ta dùng với ALREADY) Ex: I have already finished this work. - Dùng để miêu tả một hành động từ trước đến giờ chưa hề hoặc không hề xảy ra ( ta dùng với EVER –NEVER) . Ex: Have you ever been to Hue? I have never gone. - Dùng để miêu tả một hành động đã xảy ratrong quá khứ tính đến nay đã xảy ra được bao lâu (FOR) hoặc đã xảy ra từ lúc nào (Since) * For : Chỉ thời gian kéo dài bao lâu. Ex: You have studied English for 4 years. * Since: thời gian bắt đầu từ lúc nào Ex: She has studied English since 2003. 3. Commands, requests and advice in reported speech * Commands in reported speech: Câu mệnh lệnh ở lời nói gián tiếp ( Don’t ) + V + O / A S + told / ordered . . . + O + ( not ) + infinitive + O / A Ex: “Turn off the light before going top bed,” my mother said to me. → My mother told me to turn of the light before going top bed. Ex: “Don’t play with matches,” the mother said. → The mother warned her child not to play with matches. * Requests in reported speech: Câu yêu cầu ở lời nói gián tiếp Please + (don’t ) + V + O / A hoặc ( Don’t ) + V + O / A , please Teacher: Tề Xốn Dinh An High School 1 Đề cương ơn tập học kỳ II – Mơn Tiếng Anh 8 – ( chỉ lưu hành nội bộ) S + asked / begged . . . + O + ( not ) + infinitive + O / A Ex: Please turn on the light. → He asked me to turn on the light. Ex: Please don’t make a noise here. → They asked us not to make a noise there. * Advice in reported speech: Lời khuyên ơ lời nói gián tiếp . Lời khuyên có cấu trúc: - S + should / ought to / had better + V + O / A. - Why don’t + you + V + O / A ? - If I were + O , I’d (not ) + V + O / A . → S + advised + O + ( not ) infinitive + O/A. Ex: “ You’d better work hard for exam,” Tom said to his brother. → Tom advised his brother to study hard for the exam. “If I were you,I’d not do such a thing,”Mai said to Lan. → Mai advised Lan not to do such a thing. 4. Adjectives followed by an infinitive or a clause. (Tính từ được theo sau bởi một động từ nguyên mẫu hay một mệnh đề.) 1.Tính từ chỉ cảm giác thường được theo sau bởi một cụm động từ nguyên mẫu (infinitive phrase). S + be + adjective + (not) infinitive phrase. Ex .: I’m glad to meet you again. He was surprised to get me letter. Một số tính từ khác như : sure, certain, right, careful, lucky, wrong, … được theo sau bởi một cụm động từ nguyên mẫu. Ex . : He’s certain to win the game. Be careful not to dirty the picture. 2.Một số tính từ có thể được theo sau bởi một mệnh đề danh từ (a noun clause). Ex: I’m glad ( that ) you can make it. 5 . The passive form (voice) Form: BE + V 3 /V-ed (past participle) Cấu trúc của câu bò động Subject + be = past participle + by + object This tree was planted by my grand father S be pp O Cách đổi câu chủ động sang câu bò động: Active : S V O Passive : S V(3) by + O (be + pp) Ex: They sell jeans all over the world. => Jeans are sold all over the world. Note: - Khi chủ ngữ câu chủ động là: THEY, PEOPLE, SOMEONE, NO ONE, ANYONE thì khi đổi sang câu bò động không có By agent . Nhưng khi danh từ làm chủ ngữ bắt buộc phải có agent - Với động từ đặc biệt (modal verbs): CAN, MUST, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, WILL,. . . ta phải thêm BE trước khi chuyển động từ chính sang dạng PAST PARTICIPLE. S + modal verb + be + V-ed / V 3 (past participle) Ex : You must do this exercise carefully. => This exercise must be done carefully. 6. Would / Do you mind Teacher: Tề Xốn Dinh An High School 2 Đề cương ơn tập học kỳ II – Mơn Tiếng Anh 8 – ( chỉ lưu hành nội bộ) * Would / Do you + mind + . . . + ? diễn tả lời yêu cầu lòch sự . - Would you mind + V-ing ( gerund) ? Ex:Would you mind telling me the result of the exam. - Would / Do you mind if + I + V . . .? diễn tả yêu cầu được làm điều gì Ex: Would you mind if I opened the window? Do you mind if I open the window? 7. Past progressive ( Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn ) - Form : WAS / WERE + Present pasticiple ( V-ing ) - Use: - diễn tả sự kiện xảy ra ở một thời điểm cụ thể ( giờ ) trong quá khứ Ex: What were you doing at 2 p.m. yesterday? - diễn tả một sự kiện đang diễn tiến bất chợt một sự kiện khác xảy đến ở quá khứ. Ex: Last night when I was doing homework, the electricity went out. - diễn tả hai hay nhiều sự kiện xảy ra cùng một lúc song song ở quá khứ Ex: Last Friday as I was swimming at the pool, my father was visiting the City Museum. * Note: Thì ù khứ tiếp diễn thường dùng với WHEN,WHILE hay AS để chỉ sự kiện đang diễn tiến. * ALWAYS with the past progressive: always dùng với thì tiếp diễn để diễn tả sự kiện thường xuyên xảy ra với sự không hài lòng hay than phiền (Ex: He was always coming to work late.) 8. Reported speech ( lời nói trần thuật) là câu thuật lại một cách gián tiếp lời nói của người khác. Để chuyển từ trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp chúng ta phải: * Một số thay đổi về thì (Tense change) :- Nếu động từ thường thuật (reporting verb) của câu ở thì quá khứ thì phải lùi động từ chính về quá khứ một bậc khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp (direct speech) sang lời nói gián tiếp (indirect / reported speech) theo quy tắc sau : Speaker’s words Reported statement Speaker’s words Reported statement will / shall → would / should present simple → past simple am / is / are going to → was / were going to present continuous → past continuous past continuous → past perfect continuous must → had to present perfect → past perfect past simple → past perfect can → could Ex: Direct speech: “I’ll talk to Hoa.”said he. → Reported speech: He said he would talk to Hoa main verb reporting verb - Nếu động từ tường thuật ở thì hiện tại thì thì của động từ chính được giữ nguyên khi chuyển lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp.Trạng từ chỉ nơi chốn,thời gian và đại từ chỉ đònh được giữ nguyên. Ex: Direct speech : “I’m arriving at about 6.00.”says Brenda. Reported speech : Brenda says she’s arriving at about 6.00. Note: - Có thể dùng hoặc không dùng “that” sau động từ tường thuật. Ví dụ : He said (that) he wasn’t going. - says / say to + O → tells / tell = O said to + O → told + O Exï : He told (said to) Helen (that) he didn’t like coffee. - Một số động từ không thay đổi khi chuyển sang lời nói gián tiếp. Teacher: Tề Xốn Dinh An High School 3 Đề cương ơn tập học kỳ II – Mơn Tiếng Anh 8 – ( chỉ lưu hành nội bộ) Would → would, could → could, might → might, should → should, ought to → ought to * Một số chuyển đổi khác (Some other changes) : Khi chuyển từ lời nói trực tiếp sang gián tiếp mà động từ tường thuật ở thì quá khứ thì các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn và đại từ chỉ đònh được chuyển đổi theo quy tắc sau : Speaker’s words statement Reported today / tonight that day / that night tomorrow the next day / the following day yesterday the day before /the previous day ago / now before / then next/ on Monday the next/ following Monday last Monday the previous Monday / the Monday before the day after tomorrow in two days’ time / two days later this / these that / those here there Ex: Direct speech : “ I’m leaving here tomorrow,” said Mary Reported speech : Mary said (that) she was leaving there the next day. 9.Reported questions (câu hỏi trần thuật)không có cùng trật tự từ (trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ)như câu hỏi trực tiếp.Trợ động từ “do,does,did”và dấu hỏi không xuất hiện trong câu. - Yes – No questions : thường được mở đầu bằng các động từ như “ ask, inquire, wonder,….” Và ta dùng “if” hay “whether” trong lời nói trần thuật và theo sau các động từ mở đầu . Ex: “ Do you see new friend?” he said → He asked if you saw new friends. - Wh –questions : Thường được bắt đầu bằng các động từ “ask, wonder,want to know . . .”và theo sau là các nghi vấn từ : who,which,whom,what,. . . Ex: “ Who is going for a walk?” he asked them. → He asked them who was going for a walk. EXERCISE: Part A . A. Grammar and Vocabulary I. Choose the best option to complete the following sentences. 1.We must be there 7.15 and 8.15.( at/before/between/after) 2. I ……… in DaLat for six years.( live/ had lived / to live / have lived) 3. She told me you this present.( giving/to give/gave/given) 4. Nam is fond ……… listening to pop music. ( of/ at/ on / in) 5. London is capital in Europe.( large/larger/most large/ the largest) 6. She hasn't finished the letter ( already/ yet/ just / never) 7. She hasn’t met him ………. ( yet/ yes/ ready / already) 8. Lan is studying hard pass the final exam.( for/ in order to/ so to/ as to) 9. Ba loves ……… soccer. ( play/ played/ playing/ plays) 10. He said he for a company.( worked/ works/ is working/ has working) 11. You should ………….us the truth. ( tell/told/ telling/ to tell) 12. Hoa … a shower at 8 o’clock last night. ( taken/ was taking/ took/ was taken) 13. Liz is very in the water-fetching contest.( interest/ interested/ interesting/ interests) 14. Would you mind………… a photo. ( take/ took/ has taken/ taking) Teacher: Tề Xốn Dinh An High School 4 Đề cương ôn tập học kỳ II – Môn Tiếng Anh 8 – ( chỉ lưu hành nội bộ) 15. Tom ___ his hand when he was cooking dinner. (burnt / was burning / has burnt / burn) 16. Would you mind if …………….your bike?( borrow/ borrowing/ borrowed/ to borrow) 17. They usually send ______ to their friends and relatives at Christmas. (Christmas cards / Christmas carols / Christmas trees / Christmas Eve) 18. Ian ______ in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London. (lived / has lived / was living / has been living) 19. The Pyramid of Cheops in Egypt is one of the seven ______ of the world. (landmarks / historical places / ancient structures / wonders) 20.We……………………dinner when the phone rang. (had /are having /have had /were having) II. Đọc đoạn văn sau,và làm các bài tập bên dưới RECYCLING Recycling is the collection, processing, and reuse of materials that would otherwise be thrown away. Materials ranging from precious metals to broken glass, from old newspapers to plastic spoons, can be recycled. The recycling process reclaims the original material and uses it in new products. In general, using recycled materials to make new products cost less and requires less energy than using new materials. Recycling can also reduce pollution, either by reducing the demand for high-pollution alternatives or minimizing the amount of pollution produced during the manufacturing process. Recycling decreases the amount of land needed for trash dumps by reducing the volume of discarded waste. Questions a. What does recycling mean? b. What can be recycled? c. Does using the recycled materials to make new products cost much? d. Which requires more energy, using recycled materials or using new materials? ZIPPER The zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers? Zippers are very common, so we forget that they are wonderful. They are very strong, but they open and close very easily. They come in many colors and sizes. Whitcomb L. Judson invented the zipper in 1893. He was an engineer in Chicago. He called the zipper a slide fastener. However, it didn’t stay closed very well. This was embarrassing, and people didn’t buy many of them. Then Dr. Gideon Sundback from Sweden solved this problem. Dr. Sundback put the hooks on the strips of cloth. The cloth holds all the hooks in place. They don’t come apart very easily. This solved the problem of the first zipper. Questions a. Why do we forget that zippers are wonderful? b. Was the zipper invented by Dr. Gideon Sundback in 1893? c. What did Whitcomb L. Judson call the zipper? d. Who made the zippers better? Chaing Mai Chaing Mai is a city inThai Land that has a wonderful night market.In the evening,the main street is lined with small stands and shops that sell almost anything you can imagine.Some stands sell jewelry or clothing, others sell traditional Thai crafts and still others sell fresh fruit and species .It is easy to spend and entire evening just looking at everything.If you decide to buy something,you will not be disappointed.The prices are very reasonable .There are a lot of wonderful attractions in Chiang Mai,but the night market is a favorite for many people. Trả lời các câu hỏi sau 1.where is Chiang Mai? 2.what is Chiang Mai famous for? 3.what can you buy in some stands in Chaing Mai? Teacher: Tề Xốn Dinh An High School 5 Đề cương ôn tập học kỳ II – Môn Tiếng Anh 8 – ( chỉ lưu hành nội bộ) 4.Are the prices expensive? 5.Are there a lot of wonderful attractions in Chaing Mai? THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA In the country of China, there is a wall that is 1,500 miles long. It is called the Great Wall of China. It winds uphill and down, through villages and mountains. Every inch of this 1,500 miles wall was made by hand. The Great Wal of China was made many, many years ago. The people of China made it to keep out their enemies. There are watch towers all along the way. The wall is made of brick and earth. It is high and wide on top. People can walk along the top as if it were a road. It is said that it took ten years to build one part of this wall. No other defense line has ever been made as long as the Great Wall of China. • Questions: a. How long is the Great Wall?→…………………………………… b. How long ago was the Great Wall built?→……………………………………………………………… c. Are there watch tower all along the way?→……………………………………………………………………… d. What is the wall made of?→……………………………………………………………… III. Use the given words to make meaningful sentences. 1. They / play / tennis / 10.30 yesterday morning. 2. We / learn / English / for nearly three years. 3. I / surprised / see / Mai / the party / last night. 4. The / celebration / will / hold / tomorrow. 5. The / flight / hasn’t / departed / to / Ha Noi / yet. 6. I / am / having / with / my / computer / problem. 7. since/ 1998/ soccer/ has/ he/ played/ for/ this team. 8. I/ learnt/ have/ for/9 months/ Japan. 9. Do/ you /mind/ if/ close/ I/ the window? 10.Next / week/birthday/ Nhung’s fifteenth/ is /it. IV. Rewrite the sentences. 1. Someone will translate this letter into Vietnamese. →This letter 2. Is it all right if I take a photograph?→Would you mind ? 3.The teacher said :” Don't talk in class, students” (reported speech)………………………………………. 4.Miss Jackson said: “ Can you give Tim this dictionary?”→Miss Jackson asked 5.My mother said to me: “ Turn down the television, please.”=> My mother asked me …………………… 6.Mai said: “ I like drinking orange juice”→ Mai said that………………………………………………… 7.I asked her, “ Do you enjoy your English class?→ I asked her……………………………………… 8.Could you move your car, please?→ Do you mind…………………………………………………… 9.Could you give me some information please?→Would you mind…………………………………………… 10.Mary took that book from the desk.→That book………………………………………………… 11.The messenger has left a box of flowers for you.→A box……………………………………………………… 12.Nhi said: “I am going to visit Hoi An now”->Nhi said that…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13. Bell invented the telephone in 1867 >The telephone.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 14. May I ask you a question?-> Would you mind if…………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 15. Many people speak English in the world English ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 16. Clement Clark Moore wrote the poem in 1832. The poem………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ☻CHÚ Ý: CHỈ LƯU HÀNH NỘI BỘ - CẤM SAO CHÉP Teacher: Tề Xốn Dinh An High School 6 . materials? ZIPPER The zipper is a wonderful invention. How did people ever live without zippers? Zippers are very common, so we forget that they are wonderful. They are very strong, but they open and close. zipper. Questions a. Why do we forget that zippers are wonderful? b. Was the zipper invented by Dr. Gideon Sundback in 1893? c. What did Whitcomb L. Judson call the zipper? d. Who made the zippers. high and wide on top. People can walk along the top as if it were a road. It is said that it took ten years to build one part of this wall. No other defense line has ever been made as long as the