Tham Tam Vy ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd i 3/16/09 12:33:52 PM Tham Tam Vy ENGLISH GRAMMAR DRILLS Mark Lester New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto 0071598111_lester_title.indd 1 3/12/09 4:57:05 PM (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd iii 3/16/09 12:33:53 PM Tham Tam Vy Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-170190-7 MHID: 0-07-170190-7 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-159811-8, MHID: 0-07-159811-1. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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Tham Tam Vy v Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii PART 1 Noun Phrases 1 Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 3 Articles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 4 Post-Noun Modifi ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 Pronouns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 6 Gerunds and Infi nitives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 7 Noun Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 PART 2 Verb Phrases 8 Basic Verb Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 9 Verb Tenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129 10 Simple Verb Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 11 Multiple Verb Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167 12 Adverbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .192 PART 3 Sentences 13 Questions and Negatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215 14 The Passive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 15 Indirect Quotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 16 Final Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295 (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd v 3/16/09 12:33:53 PM vii Preface This book focuses on the grammatical problems that prevent speakers at your level from achiev- ing a native-like command of English grammar. While the book covers most areas of English grammar, it has a heavy concentration on those aspects of grammar that have proven to be the greatest obstacles for intermediate and advanced nonnative speakers. The book has an unusual format. Most topics are broken into small mini-units, most of them no more than a page or two. Each of these mini-units is supported by an exercise cover- ing just the material in that mini-unit. The explanations help you understand the material, but it is the exercises that enable you to gain active control over it. All of the exercises have complete answers in the back of the book. It is very important for you to work through these exercises. There is a world of difference between the passive knowledge gained by reading the explanations and the active command gained by writing out the exercises. English Grammar Drills is organized into three parts: Part 1 covers noun phrases, the fi rst of the two fundamental building blocks of English grammar. Noun phrases function as the subjects of sentences, the objects or complements of verbs, and the objects of prepositions. Part 2 explores verb phrases, the second of the two fundamental building blocks of English grammar. Verb phrases contain three components: the verb, the complement, and the optional adverbs. Part 3 examines sentences. The main topics are how to form and use active and passive sentences, how to form questions and negatives, and how to change direct quotations to indirect quotations. Each chapter is self-contained. Unlike a conventional textbook, you do not need to start on page 1. You may begin with whatever topic you would like to gain more active control over. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd vii 3/16/09 12:33:53 PM Tham Tam Vy Noun Phrases PART 1 (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 1 3/16/09 12:33:53 PM This page intentionally left blank 3 1 Nouns Proper and common nouns There are two basic types of nouns in English: proper nouns and common nouns. Proper nouns are the names of specifi c individuals, places, and things; common nouns are the names of classes of persons, places, and things. For example, Ruth Ginsburg, Texa s, and Microsoft Corporation are proper nouns. Woman, state, and company are common nouns. The most obvious distinction between proper nouns and common nouns is that proper nouns are capitalized. Compare the proper nouns and correspond- ing common nouns in the following list: Proper noun Common noun Gregory House doctor Florence Nightingale nurse Mayo Clinic hospital Mississippi river Atlanta city Washington Post newspaper The Tempest play Exercise 1.1 The following pairs of nouns contain one uncapitalized proper noun and a related common noun. Put the two nouns in the correct columns as in the list above and capitalize the proper noun. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 3 3/16/09 12:33:53 PM 4 Noun Phrases Proper noun Common noun movie, star wars Star Wars movie 1. hamlet, play 2. neighborhood, soho 3. car, ford 4. ocean, atlantic 5. everest, mountain 6. actor, harrison ford 7. dixie, song 8. ship, titanic 9. hotel, the ritz 10. planet, mercury From this point on, we will focus only on common nouns. Count and noncount nouns Common nouns are divided into two groups: count and noncount. Count means that we can make the noun plural and use number words with the noun. Using the noun dog, for example, we can make the noun plural: The dogs are in the park. We can also use number words with dogs: one dog, two dogs, three dogs, and so on. Most nouns that refer to concrete objects are count nouns. However, nouns that refer to abstractions and nouns that are used to label things that occur in undifferentiated masses (as opposed to individual persons, places, or things) are often non- count nouns. The term noncount means that we cannot count these nouns with number words or make them plural. For example, the abstract noun luck cannot be counted: we cannot say X one luck, X two lucks, X three lucks. Also we cannot use the noun as a plural. For example: *X They have had really bad lucks over the last few years. * roughout the book, X signi es an incorrect choice or answer. (i-viiiB,001-328B) whl bk.indd 4 3/16/09 12:33:53 PM [...]... shade-shades /g/ bug-bugs; rag-rags; flag-flags, pig-pigs; hog-hogs /v/ wave-waves; hive-hives; love-loves; live-lives; cove-coves /l/ girl-girls; pill-pills; wheel-wheels; role-roles; rule-rules /m/ ham-hams; farm-farms; room-rooms; flame-flames; home-homes /n/ hen-hens; teen-teens; moon-moons; loan-loans; tune-tunes; throne-thrones /ŋ/ ring-rings; thing-things; throng-throngs; rung-rungs; song-songs Since all... spelled -s Here are examples of all the consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /p/ cap-caps; cop-cops; snap-snaps; shape-shapes; hope-hopes /t/ hat-hats; boat-boats; beast-beasts; fate-fates; rebate-rebates 6 Noun Phrases /k/ back-backs; leak-leaks; trick-tricks; bike-bikes; lake-lakes /f/ cliff-cliffs; cough-coughs; laugh-laughs; cuff-cuffs; sniff-sniffs /θ/ path-paths; lath-laths; monolith-monoliths,... rash-rashes; McIntosh-McIntoshes; bush-bushes /č/ (spelled -ch or -tch) watch-watches; switch-switches; bunch-bunches /ǰ/ (spelled -ge or -dge) rage-rages; page-pages; dodge-dodges /z/ buzz-buzzes; phase-phases; blaze-blazes; nose-noses; cruise-cruises Exercise 1.3 All of the nouns in the following list form their plural in the regular way with a single sibilant sound spelled -s (pronounced /s/ or... spelled -es (Of course, if the singular already ends in a silent e, we would add just an -s as in horse-horses, or else we would have crazy spellings like X horse-es.) Here are examples of the most common consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /s/ (often spelled -ce) glass-glasses; bus-buses; face-faces; prince-princes; rinse-rinses; fox-foxes /š/ (often spelled -sh) wish-wishes; rash-rashes;... bath-baths 2 If the noun ends in a voiced consonant sound (except a sibilant) or any vowel (all vowels in English are voiced), then the plural is formed with the voiced sibilant /z/, which is also spelled -s Here are examples of all the consonant sounds that this rule applies to: /b/ lab-labs; web-webs; blob-blobs; globe-globes; tube-tubes /d/ bed-beds; fluid-fluids; flood-floods; code-codes; shade-shades... better way to think of plural and possessive -s is given below There are three types of -s endings: Plural only -s Possessive only - s Plural possessive -s’ The - s tells us is that whatever noun the - s is attached to is now possessive If - s is attached to a singular noun (as is usually the case), then that noun has become a singular possessive noun If - s is attached to an irregular plural noun,... the comparative and superlative forms change the -y to -i This change is a general spelling rule that we also saw in forming the plural of nouns that end in -y—for example, lady-ladies, history-histories, story-stories 2 Adjectives that are derived from verbs ending in -ing or -ed form their comparative and superlative with more and most For example: -ING Base amusing charming discouraging tempting... in English, this rule also governs the plural of all words ending in a vowel sound For example: sea-seas; zoo-zoos; cow-cows; bee-bees; show-shows; tree-trees Words ending in the letter y are little more complicated When the singular form of a word ends in a consonant ϩ the letter y (that is, when the letter y represents a vowel sound), we form the regular plural by changing the y to i and adding -es... after the -s to indicate that a noun is both plural and possessive did not become standard until the beginning of the nineteenth century So today we have a three-way distinction between the three -s forms: the plural -s, the singular possessive - s, and the plural possessive -s’ For example: Plural: Singular possessive: Plural possessive: friends friend’s friends’ While it is correct to call -s’ the... that is two, three, and even four syllables Over time, English speakers tended to forget about historical origin and instead associated the -er and -est endings with short adjectives and more and most with long adjectives As a result, nearly all adjectives of one syllable use -er and -est and adjectives of three or more syllables use more and most Two-syllable adjectives pose a problem because they can . shade-shades /g/ bug-bugs; rag-rags; fl ag-fl ags, pig-pigs; hog-hogs /v/ wave-waves; hive-hives; love-loves; live-lives; cove-coves /l/ girl-girls; pill-pills; wheel-wheels; role-roles; rule-rules /m/. rule-rules /m/ ham-hams; farm-farms; room-rooms; fl ame-fl ames; home-homes /n/ hen-hens; teen-teens; moon-moons; loan-loans; tune-tunes; throne-thrones /ŋ/ ring-rings; thing-things; throng-throngs; rung-rungs;. publisher. 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