Tãm t¾t kiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n vÒ tiÕng Anh 1. After special expressions of location: - On the beach were five beach umbrellas. Expr. of loc. V S - Nowhere did he see her. Expr. of loc. first V S - First came a police car, then came an ambulance. - He saw her nowhere. After special negatives (NO, NOT, and NEVER) and almost negative (HARDLY, RARELY, SCARCELY, NOT ONLY, NOT UNTIL, NOT ONCE, AT NO TIME, BY NO MEANS, BARELY, SELDOM, NO SOONER,etc.) expressions. - Never had I seen such a beautiful sight. Negative first V S 4 After the special expressions SO and NEITHER : - So happy was she that she danced around the room. - I liked coffee, and so did Nam . V S . In conditional sentences that do not begin with IF : - With IF : - If he had met you, he would have talked to you. S V - Without IF : - Had he met you, he would have talked to you. first V S . We can use IF with many different structures. Here are the most common: 1.1. Open present or future conditionals : IF + present simple + will + infinitive - If he asks me, I’ll help him. ( Perhaps he will ask me) VI. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES 1.2. Unreal present or future conditionals: IF + past simple + would + infinitive - If he asked me I would help him ( But he won’t ask me, or he probably won’t ) 1.3. Unreal past conditionals IF + past perfect + would have + past participle - If he had asked me I would have helped him ( But he didn’t ask me ) 1.4. General conditionals: IF + present simple + present simple - If he asks me, I always help him. ( = Whenever he asks me … ) - If we heat metal, it expands. The Passive is formed by BE + ED (past participle). In a passive sentence the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive sentence. Active : - Columbus discovered America. Passive : - America was discovered by Columbus. N.B. Only transitive verbs (that is, verbs that take an object) are used in the passive. + The passive is used when it is more convenient or important to stress the thing done than who performed it, or when the person who did the action is not known. Active: - The thief stole my wallet. Passive : - My wallet was stolen. (more usual) PRACTICE 1. The students will receive the results tomorrow. 2. The teacher has seen the student. 3. The postman had already delivered the letters. 4. Lighting hit many tall buildings. 5. The students are going to hold a meeting. 6. Nam is writing the report. 7. They will discuss the matter at their next meeting. 8. The police caught the thief. SENTENCE BUILDING / WRITING MODEL 1: TOO + ADJ + (for smb)+ to-INFINITIVE à … - SO + ADJ + THAT … . … - SUCH (A/AN) ADJ + N + THAt . Example : - The box is too heavy for a child to carry. - The box is so heavy that the child can’t carry it. - It is such a heavy box that the child can’t carry it. MODEL 2: TOO + ADJ + … to – INFINITIVE à NOT + ADJ + ENOUGH + (for smb) + to – INFINITIVE Example : - He is too young to understand the problem. - He is not old enough to understand the problem. - The ceiling is too high for her to reach . - The ceiling is not low enough for her to reach. - She is not tall enough to reach the ceiling. MODEL 3: ADJ + ENOUGH + (for…)+ to – INFINITIVE à … SO + ADJ + THAT … … … SUCH (A/AN) ADJ + N + THAT …. Example : - This question is easy enough for us to answer. 2 - This question is so easy that we can answer it. - It is such an easy question that we can answer it. MODEL 4 : … SO + ADJ + THAT … … … SUCH (A/AN) ADJ + N + THAT …. à TOO + ADJ + FOR … to - INFINITIVE ADJ + ENOUGH + FOR … to - INFINITIVE Example : a. - This coat is so small that she can’t wear it. - This coat is too small for her to wear. b. - It was such an interesting film that we watched it many times. The film was interesting enough for us to watch many times. MODEL 5 : … SO + ADJ + THAT à SUCH (A/AN/ ADJ ) + N + THAT Example : a. - The film was so good that I saw it three times. - It was such a good film that I saw it three times. b. - It is such a poor book that nobody reads it. - The book is so poor that nobody reads it. MODEL 6 : … TO - INFINITIVE + BE + ADJ à - IT + BE + ADJ + TO - INFINITIVE - IT + BE + ADJ + GERUND - HOW + ADJ + (IT + BE ) + TO - INFINITIVE Example : - To sit here with you is nice. - It is nice to sit here with you. - It is nice sitting here with you. - How nice (it is ) to sit here with you. MODEL 7 : … TO - INFINITIVE + BE + ADJ/ NOUN à S + V (think,find, )+ IT + ADJ/N + TO - INFINITIVE Example : a) – To speak English naturally must be hard. - I find it hard to speak English naturally. b) – To be punctual is a good thing. - I think it a good thing to be punctual. b) – It’s necessary to practise English every day. - I think it necessary to practise English every day. MODEL 9 : S + HAVE/ HAS NOT + VERB (PP2) à …. FIRST TIME + S + HAVE/HAS + V (PP2) ) – I haven’t seen that film before - It is the first time I have seen that film. b) – I have never read this book before. 3 - It ‘s the first time I have read this book. MODEL 10 : S +HAVE/HAS + NOT + V (P2) ……. SINCE /FOR à - S + LAST + V (PAST) …. - The last time + S + V(past)…. Example : a) – It has not rained here for a fortnight. - It last rained here a fortnight ago. - The last time it rained here was a fortnight ago. MODEL 11 : S + VERB (PAST) ……………. AGO à S + HAVE/HAS been + V-ing + SINCE / FOR (The Present Perfect Continuous Tense) Example : He started working for this factory a year ago. - He has been working for this factory for a year. - He has been working for this factory since last year/ a year ago. MODEL 12 : * SUBJ + VERB + Time à IT TAKES/TOOK (+ OBJ) + TIME + TO - INFINITIVE Example : a) – She finished her exercises in 20 minutes. - It took her 20 minutes to finish her exercises. b) – I drive to my office in half an hour. - It takes me half an hour to drive to my office. MODEL 13 : PASSIVE FORM * SUBJ + VERB + OBJ à S + BE + V (pp) ……. + (BY …….) Example : a) – No one has discussed that question . - That question has not been discussed before. b) – The University is going to open a new course. - A new course is going to be opened (by the University). MODEL 14 : SO } } AS } NOT + + ADJ/ADV + AS à MORE ADJ/ADV + ER ADJ/ADV THAN THAN Example : 4 a) –Susan isn’t as good at history as Jane. - Jane is better at history than Susan. b) –Stone isn’t as hard as iron - Iron is harder than stone + VERB + NOT + S + v + noT … EITHER à NEITHER ……. NOR ……… Example : a) - My husband doesn’t drink a lot. He doesn’t smoke a lot either. - My husband neither drink nor smoke a lot. b) - I don’t like tea. I don’t like coffee either. - I like neither tea nor coffee. MODEL 16 : * WHY DON’T YOU + VERB + …. ? à S + SUGGESTED THAT … (SHOULD) + V … Example : – “Why don’t you complain to the company, T©m ?, said Lan. - Lan suggested that T©m (should) complain to the company. MODEL 17 : * WH- QUESTIONS à INDIRECT QUESTION à S + ASKED + (OBJ) + QUESTION WORD + S + V Example : a) – T©m asked me “ What is her name?” - T©m asked me what her name was. a) – “ Why don’t you close the door, Nam?” said T©m. - T©m asked Nam why he didn’t close the door. MODEL 18 : * ADJ à VERB • It isn’t necessary to finish work today. • You don’t have to finish work today. • You don’t need to finish work today. MODEL 19 : * VERB à NOUN • Music interests her greatly. • She has a great interest in music. • ( She is very/greatly interested in music). MODEL 20 : because } because of } as } + Clause à } NOUN / GERUND Since } due to } Example : a) Because she behaves well, everybody loves her. - Because of her good behaviour, everybody loves her. b) As he has behaved badly, he must be punished. 5 - Because of his bad behaviour, he must be punished. c) Since I can’t read Spanish, I have to read English. - Because of my inability to read Spanish, I have to read English. MODEL 21 : * S + Had + NO SOONER+ PP2 + OBJ + Than . }… à NO SOONER+HAD + S + PP2 + OBJ + Than * S + Had + hardly+ PP2 + when } à hardly +HAD + S + PP2 + OBJ + + when Example : a) We had no sooner reached home than it started to rain -No sooner had we reached home than it started to rain. b) They had hardly finished their test when the bell rang. - Hardly had they finished their test when the bell rang. MODEL 22 : * WHEN + S1 + past cont. + S2 + SIMPLE PAST * S1 + SIMPLE PAST + WHEN + s2 + past cont. * WHILE + S1 + past Example : a) When he was crossing the street, a car hit him. -A car hit him when he was crossing the street. b) While the coach was running they were sleeping. - They were sleeping while the coach was running. cont. + S2 PAST CONT. * S1 + past cont. + WHILE + S2 PAST CONT. Example : a) When he was crossing the street, a car hit him. -A car hit him when he was crossing the street. b) While the coach was running they were sleeping. - They were sleeping while the coach was running. Example : a) When he was crossing the street, a car hit him. -A car hit him when he was crossing the street. b) While the coach was running they were sleeping. - They were sleeping while the coach was running. MODEL 23 : * S + WISH(ES) + S + SIMPLE PAST ( Present ) * S + WISH(ES) + S + PAST perfect ( Past ) Example : a) I wish I were a woman. - ( I am not a woman ). b) We wish we had been at the party. - ( We were not at the party ). MODEL 24 : * S + + V - adv . }… à S + V - ADJ + noun * S + + V - adv . }… à S + V + with -noun a) - He speaks English well. 6 - He speaks good English. b) - She speaks English fluently. - She speaks English with fluency. MODEL 25 : * S . }…+ have – something DONE - Somebody repaired her motorcycle for her. - She had her motorcycle repaired last week. - Somebody cut his hair for him yesterday. - He had his hair cut yesterday 7 . Tãm t¾t kiÕn thøc c¬ b¶n vÒ tiÕng Anh 1. After special expressions of location: - On the beach were five beach