Một số động từ sau đây được theo sau bởi To inf.. * Lưu ý: + Động từ với * có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc V-ing + Động từ với ** có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặ
Trang 1A Infinitive with to / To- infinitive:
a Một số động từ sau đây được theo sau bởi To inf.
decide (quyết định)
hope (hy vọng)
manage (cố gắng, xoay sở)
promise (hứa)
seem (dường như)
start * (bắt đầu)
begin* (bắt đầu)
hate* (ghét) + (O) + To-inf
ask (hỏi, yêu cầu) + (O)
expect (mong đợi) + (O)
help**(giúp đỡ) + (O)
intend (dự định) + (O)
wish (ước, muốn) + (O)
allow (cho phép) + O
Example:
- We decided to make a trip to Dalak.
- She wants to have a cup of tea.
- My cousin wanted me to take her to the supermarket.
- My grandparents often advise me to study hard.
* Lưu ý: + Động từ với * có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc V-ing
+ Động từ với ** có thể được theo sau bằng To infinitive hoặc Infinitive without to
b To-infinitive có thể được dùng sau một số tính từ chỉ những phản ứng, và cảm giác của con người.
delighted (vui)
lovely (đáng yêu)
pleased (vui, hài lòng)
anxious (bồn chồn, lo lắng)
sorry (lấy làm tiếc)
Example: I’m glad to come to your party today.
c To-infinitive có thể được dùng để nói về mục đích, hoặc ý định làm việc gì đó:
Trang 2Example: She learns English to find a good job
d To-infinitive còn được dùng trong các cấu trúc sau:
- TOO + adj + (for someone) + to inf
- adj + ENOUGH + to inf
Example: - The tea is too hot (for me) to drink.
- He’s strong enough to lift this stone.
e To-infinitive cũng được dùng trong mẫu câu với chủ từ giả “It”:
It is (not) impossible + for someone + to -inf
easyimportantnecessaryusual
Example: It’s impossible for him to find a job now.
f Chúng ta có thể sử dụng to infinitive sau một số danh từ hoặc đại từ như là một thành phần bổ nghĩa cho các danh từ hoặc đại từ đó để thay thế cho một mệnh đề quan hệ.
Example: I have a lot of work to do.
= I have a lot of work which I have to do.
g Những đại từ bất định như something, anything, nothing và những từ tương tự thường được theo sau bởi “ for + O + to inf”
Example: There’s nothing for the cats to eat.
B Infinitive without to / VBI (verbs bare inf)
a Sau động từ let và make là một tân ngữ và một cụm VBI
let ( để), make (bắt, buộc) + O + VBI
Example: - The film made me cry.
- Let me go!
b Infinitive without to / VBI còn được dùng sau những động từ sau: see, watch, hear, smell, feel.Example: - I feel the earth move.
- We watched Liverpool and Manchester play on TV last night (xem hết trận đấu)
* Lưu ý: Sau các động từ see, watch, hear ta dùng VBI khi hành động được chúng ta thấy (see), xem
(watch), nghe (hear)
Practice:
Complete each of the following sentences with to-inf and/or inf without to:
1 I’ve decided (buy)…… a new apartment
2 What time do you expect (arrive) …… in Chicago?
3 That T-shirt makes you (look) …… younger
4 Let me (post) …… that letter for you
5 It’s important for students (do) ……their homework
6 I promise you your order will (send) …… today
7 She went to the post office (buy) …… some stamps
8 He isn’t tall enough (reach) …… the top sheft
9 We listened (sing) …… a song
10 I heard her (shout) …… at the children
11 It’s too cold for us (go) …… swimming today
12 It takes 5 hours (fly) …… from Los Angerles to Honolulu
13 I saw her (across) …… the road
Trang 314 They have a lot of homework (do) ……
15 John is easy (please) ……
16 I’m sorry ( have troubled) ……you
17 It’s late I think we had better (go) …… home
18 We can (leave) …… soon
19 Don’t let the children (annoy) …… you
20 We want (stay) …… home tonight
21 My father allowed me (use) ………… the camera
22 People use their money (buy) …… and (sell) …… things
23 She asked us (sit)… down and went (make) … some coffee
24 Tim is too young (join) ………… the army
25 The movie was very sad It made me (cry) …………
26 Would you like (come) ………… to dinner on Friday?
27 It took us three hours (get) ………… here
28 I’d rather (go) …… (shop) …… than anything else
29 I wonder if you’d be kind enough (help) ………… me
30 The robbers forced the manager (open) ………… the safe
Ex: He met her yesterday.
He lived in Hanoi from 1990 to 2000.
They didn’t meet each other last night.
Cách nh ậ n bi ế t: yesterday, ago, last + time , in + year , from… to
2 Past continuous
Khẳng định: S + were / was + V-ing …….
Phủ định : S + were / was + not + V-ing ……
Nghi vấn : Were / Was + S + V-ing ……?
Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ
Ex: What were you doing at 8.00 last night ? I was watching television
When I got home , the children were crying and the dog was barking
Diễn tả hành động bị gián đoạn
Ex: While I was having a bath, the phone rang
He was making some coffee when we arrived
Trang 4 Diễn tả hai hành động đang diễn ra cùng một lúc.
Ex: I was learning my lesson while my parents were watching TV at 8.30 last night.
While he was playing football, we were listening to music.
Cách nh ậ n bi ế t:
At that moment ( vào lúc đó)
At that time ( vào lúc đó)
At this time yesterday ( vào lúc này hôm qua)
At this time last night ( vào lúc này tối hôm qua)
At 4 (5, 6 …) o'clock yesterday (vào lúc 4 (5, 6…) giờ hôm qua.)
All day yesterday ( suốt ngày hôm qua)
3 Past perfect
Khẳng định : S + had + V3 / V-ed …
Phủ định : S + had + not + V3 / V-ed …
Nghi vấn : Had + S + V3 / V-ed … ?
Diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước một hành động khác hoặc thời điểm khác trong quá khứ
Cách nh ậ n bi ế t: before, after, by the time, when, as soon as.
Ex: My parents had already eaten by the time I got home.
Until yesterday , I had never heard about it
Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple, past perfect and past progressive:
1 He said he (join) …… the army in 1985
2 Bill (have) …….breskfast when I stopped at this house
3 When I went back to the shop, they (sell) …… the book I wanted
4 Hoe many countries they (visit) … by March last year
5 When he (come) …… home, I (talk) …… to my mother on the phone
6 While I (lie) …… in bed last night, I (hear) …… a strange noise in front of the door
7 It (rain) …… heavily when I (sleep) …… yesterday afternoon
8 While Mrs Smith (plant) …… flowers in the garden, Mr Smith (change) …… the oil in his car
9 When we (arrive) …… at the airport, they (wait) …… for us there
10 He (do) …… a lot of jobs before he (work) …… in this company
11 Yesterday while I (look) …… at my computer screen, I (start) …… feel a little dizzy, so I (take) … a break
12 Susan (send) …… a letter to her university after she (receive) …… her scholarship check
13 Tom (meet) …… Mary in 1986 and they have been good friends since then
14 After they (visit) …… Paris, they (go) …… to Manchester
15 George (work) …… at the university 45 years before he (retire) ……
16 After Tom (wash) …… his clothes, he (begin) …… to study
17 When John and I (got) …… to the theatre, the movie (start) ……
18 Before I could say anything, they (admit) …… their mistakes
19 I (hit) …… my thumb while I (use) …… the hammer Ouch! That (hurt) ……
While I (read) …… books in the living room last night, I (hear) …… a strange noise in the kitchen I (go)
…… to the kitchen, (turn) …… on the lights I (hold) …… my break and (listen) …… carefully I (realise) that a mouse (chew) …… on something under the cupboard
Trang 51 The vase broke when it (move) to the other room.
2 When I entered his room, I saw him ( sleep ) in a chair
3 If only I ( have ) money with me, I ( lend ) you some
4 why are you under the table? You (look) for something?
5 David (wash) his hands He just (repair) the TV set
6 The radio (play) since 7 a.m I wish someone would turn it off
7 "Where is Jane?" "Down stairs sir" "She (greet) the guests
8 Mr Brown just ( finish) reading the letter when the telephone on his desk ( ring)
9 Those students who ( fail) the exam are going to take another one held in August
10 Hurry up or you ( be) late for class
11 Hurry up or our favourite TV programme ( be) over long before we ( reach) home
12 I ( not have ) much time for entertainment these days
13 Look! A man ( run) after the bus He wants to catch it
14 We don’t want to ( pay ) low wages
15 Two robbers ( put) in prison escaped yesterday
16 It is 2 years since I ( last give) presents on Christmasday
17 Nothing ( do) about this problem for months
18 There (be) no guests at all since I left
19 I am sorry about the noise last night We (have) a party
20 In a few minutes’time, When the clock (strike) six, I (wait) here for three hours
21 She (sleep) for 10 hours! You must wake her
22 She (have) a headache for several hours
23 I (watch) a cartoon movie on TV when you called last night
24 Mr Hai is having his car (wash) at the moment
25 Where's Tom? He said he (be) here at 4 pm
26 If I (drink) so much coffee, I wouldn’t be able to sleep
27 Nothing ( do) about this problem for months
28 I'm looking forward to (take) a vacation
29 I'm hungry because I( have) breakfast or lunch
30 I'd rather you (do) the test well
31 I distinctly remember (pay) him I gave him two dollars
32 Look at those black clouds It (rain)
33 What you ( do ) after you ( go ) home yesterday?
34 Before leaving home in the morning, she (tell) her mother she (work) in the factory that afternoon
35 I realised that someone ( steal ) my wallet when I ( feel ) his hand in my pocket
36 She (be) here but she (go) down with flu
37 Bill (have) breakfast when I (stop) at his house this morning
38 Yesterday I ( walk ) along the street when I ( realize ) a man with a black beard, whom I ( see ) three times already, ( follow ) me
39 What do you think the children ( do ) when we get home
40 Our house ( destroy ) in the storm last night
41 The police ( look ) for the painting now
42 You ( find ) the wallet which you lost yet?
Trang 643 Spring ( be ) the time when many kinds of flowers blossom.
44 He ( not, phone) his girlfriend every day
45 I would like ( fax ) this document to my office in Hanoi
46 Before the postage stamp ( invent ), it was difficult to send a letter to another country
47 You ( meet ) Henry tomorrow
48 Laura ( paint ) a picture at 6:00 yesterday morning
49 I ( pick ) you up when you ( arrive ) at the airport at 9 o’clock tomorrow
-Gerund
1 Gerund làm chủ ngữ:
Eg: Learning E is interesting
Cách dùng này tương đương với cấu trúc: It is + adj + to – inf
Eg: Learning E is interesting = It is interesting to learn E
2 Gerund đứng sau giới từ:
* Adj + giới từ + gerund:
- Nervous / worry + about
- Good/ bad / clever / skilled / … + at
- Sorry / responsible + for
- Prevent s.o from
- Thank s.o for
- Spend money/time on
- Accuse s.o of (buộc tội)
Eg.Thank you for helping me
* N + prep + gerund:
- Have difficulty in: sự khĩ khăn
- There is no point in: k đáng/ chẳng đáng
3 Gerund as a O:
admit thừa nhận , advise khuyên bảo
allow cho phép, avoid tránh né, tránh xa
complete hoàn thành, consider cân nhắc, xem xét
continue tiếp tục, can’t help không thể không
can’t stand không thể chịu được
Trang 7delay hoãn lại
discuss thảo luận
encourage khuyến khích
finish hoàn thành, kết thúc
keep (on) cứ , cứ tiếp tục
mention đề cập đến , nói về
postpone trì hoãn
practise luyện tập , thực hành
recommend đề nghị
resent giận , oán giận
resist cưỡng lại , chống lại
Eg.-It starts to rain
-It starts raining
5 V + to – inf/gerund: thay đổi nghĩa
+ to – inf: quên/nhớ trước 1 hành động khác
+ gerund: quên nhớ sau 1 hành động khác
Eg: I remember seeing that film
You remember to post the letter for me
- Regret
+ to – inf: lấy làm tiếc sắp làm điều gì
+ gerund: ân hận một điều gì đã (khơng) làm
Eg: I regret to say that your not accepted for the job
I regret buying the secondhand car
Trang 8
-VERB FORMS
Give the correct form of verbs in brackets.
1 Many young people are fond of (play) football and other kinds of sports
2 They couldn’t help (laugh) when they heard the little boy singing a love song
3 Your house needs(redecorate)
4 I remember (allow)them to play in my garden
5 Did you accuse Nam of (break) a plate? Well, I saw him (knock) it off the table with his elbow
6 We found it very difficult (work) with Gamma
7 I can’t read when I am traveling It makes me(feel) sick
8 I need (know) what’s in the letter Why don’t you let me (read) it?
9 I suggest (suggest) some more mathematical puzzles
10 We regret (inform) you that we cannot approve your suggestion
11 The driver stopped (have) a coffee because he felt sleepy
12 You had better (stay) at home until you feel better
13 I remember (hear) my mother said the grass in the garden needed (cut)
14 Peter sometimes help his sister (do) homework
15 I would rather (stay) at home than (go) out with you
16 I would rather you (drive)
17 My father wanted me (become) a pilot
18 Please wait a minute My boss is busy (write) something
19 My teacher doesn’t allow us (talk) while he is explaining the lesson
20 We have plenty of time We needn’t (hurry)
21 I promised (be) on time I mustn’t (be) late
22 Mary and I are looking forward to (see) you
23 I’m sure that he knows how (use) this new machine
24 I don’t like (watch) T.V I’d like (come) to her house this everning
25 She is trying (not fall) in love again
26 Students stop (make) noises when the teacher came in
27 Did you remember (phone) Ann? – Oh no I completely forgot it
28 They tried (put) out the fire then but it took them nearly a house
29 Those shirts need (iron) but you don’t need (iron) them now
30 I really regret (hurt) your feeling when I ask you such a silly question
31 He’ll try (not make) the same mistake again
32 Someone must have taken my bag I clearly remember (leave) it by the window and now it has gone
33 They stopped (take) 5’ break
34 Don’t forget (give) her the message when you see her
35 You should try (wear) any shirts you want to buy
36 Every hour he stops work (smoke) a cigarettes
37 I regret (tell) you that you have failed the exam
38 I can’t go on (work) here any more I want a different job
39 When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper She looked up and said hello to me , and then went on (read) her newspaper
40 Jim went on (have) another two sandwiches after he had had a pizza I don’t think he’ll have a stomach ache soon
Trang 9
-PASSIVE INFINITIVE AND GERUND
Eg: Being treated unfairly made her decide to quit the job
* Làm tân ngữ sau 1 số động từ như: like, hate, mind …
Eg: I don’t like being laughed at
* Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ:
Eg: She is afraid of being beaten
Compare:
ACTIVE GERUND
1 Instead of selecting a applicants, he went out for a coffee
2 The teacher is keen on including the new students in the school activities
3 Kate enjoys phoning Jane
PASSIVE GERUND
1 Instead of being selected a applicants, he went out for a coffee
2 The teacher is keen on being included the new students in the school activities
3 Kate enjoys being phoned Jane
1.Presentation:
A Passive gerund:
Example:
- I don’t enjoy being laughed at by other people
- Instead of being accused, he was set free
- She ought to be told about it
- I didn’t expect to be invited to his party
a Form: TO BE + PP
b Usage: Pasive to-infinitive can come in the same pattern as the active forms, for example after some verbs (expect, hope, want, ect) or some adjectives (happy, delighted, glad, easy, etc.)
Trang 10Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:
1 It is easy (fool) ………… by his lies
2 Martha doesn’t like to have her picture taken She avoids (photograph) ………
3 I appreciate (invite) ………… to your home
4 Let’s not risk (catch) ……… in a traffic jam
5 The government tried to stop the book (publish) …………
6 (search) ……… by customs officers is unpleasant
7 There’s a lot of work (do)………
8 The new students hope (include) … in many of the school’s social activities
9 When the police first questioned him, he denied (involve) ………… in the robbery
10 I remember (take) ……… to the zoo when I was a child
11 We managed to climbed over the wall without (see) ……
12 Isabel expected (admit) ……… to the university, but she wasn’t
13 The tin opener seems (design) … for left-handed people
14 Many reliable methods of storing information tended (forget) ………… When the computers arrived
15 She resented (ask) ………to make tea for everyone at the meeting
16 Let’s leave early We can’t risk (hold up) …………in heavy traffic during rush hour
a Form: gerund = V-ing
b Usage: The gerund often acts like a verb and a noun at the same time It can be used:
- as the subject of a sentence
Eg: Playing tennis is not expensive in England
- as complement of a verb
Eg: What I have to do now is writing a letter to her
- as an object of a preposition
Trang 11Eg: She’s afraid of living alone.
- after certain verbs such as enjoy, miss, finish, avoid, etc.
Eg: I enjoy listening to jazz
B Present participle:
a Form: Present participle = V-ing
b Usage: The present participle indicates action, more like a verb or an adjective It can be used:
- as a verb in the continuous tense form
Eg: She’s cooking dinner.
- as an adjective
Eg: It’s an interesting story
- to replace a relative clause
Eg: The man (who is) standing next to the door is my father
- to replace subject + verb in the main or subordinate clauses
Eg: Entering the room, I saw him
- after some verbs like catch, find, leave, etc + someone
Eg: I caught him climbing the fence
Don’t leave her waiting outside in the rain
- after some verbs such as waste, spend, go, be busy, ect
Eg: You waste too much time copying the Lessonagain
It’s very hot today Let’s go swimming
- after some verbs of perception such as see, hear, watch, smell,
feel, observe, notice, etc
Eg: I heard him coming into the hall
2.Practice:
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct verb form (gerund, present participle, infinitive):
1 We will go (camp) ………… in BaDen mountain this summer vacation
2 That’s such an (amuse) ……… story that I can’t put it down
3 (take) ……… the umbrella with him, he went out in the heavy rain
4 I have to work hard these days I am always busy (do) ……… my home work
5 Would you like to go (fish) ……… with me on Saturday afternoon?
6 It was one of my most (embarrass) ……… experiences in my life
7 That he passed the exam is very (surprise) ………
8 The woman (wear) ……… a red dress is my neighbor
9 We spend most of my time (read) ……… science book
10 The film is very (bore) ………… So I kept on sleeping in the rex
11 I didn’t like (work) ………… so I suggested (spend) ………… the day in the garden
12 I’d rather (go) ………… for a swim then (play) ………… tennis
13 We’d better (study) ………… hard
14 Why do you keep (look) ………… back? Are you afraid of (be) ………… followed?
15 ( write) ………… gives him a lot of pleasure
16 Does your sister mind (cook) ………… everyday?
17 Have you ever considered (go) …………to live in another country?
18 He tried to avoid (answer) ………… my questions
19 When I’m tired, I enjoy (watch) ………… TV It’s relaxing
20 The movie was very sad It made me (cry) …………
21 I’ll do the shopping when I’ve finished (clean) ………… the apartment
Trang 1222 Paula has given up (try) ………… to lose weight.
23 When I was a child, I hated (go) ………… to bed early
24 Would you like (come) ………… to dinner on Friday?
25 He left the hotel without (pay) ………… his bill
26 Are you looking forward to (see) ………… Ann again?
27 After (find) ………… a hotel, we looked for someplace to have dinner
28 It took us three hours (get) ………… here
29 I’d rather (go) ………… (shop) ………… than anything else
30 My close friend is fond of (sew) …………
31 I was very tired I tried (keep) ………… my eyes open, but I couldn’t
32 She told me (lock) ………… the door
33 My father allowed me (use) ………… the camera
34 It was a nice day, so we decided (go) ………… for a picnic
35 They jog every morning (lose) ………… weight and (have) ………… a good health
36 She is busy (feed) ………… the baby all the time
37 Would you mind my (smoke) ………… here?
38 He doesn’t let anyone (talk) ………… in the working time
39 Most people prefer (spend) ………… money to (earn) ………… it
40.Susan wants (go) ………… to Hanoi next week
-PERFECT GERUND AND -PERFECT PARTICIPLE:
- Cách dùng tương tự Present Participle & gerund nhưng về mặt ý nghĩa, nó diễn tả hoặc nhấn mạnh
sự hoàn thành của 1 hành động
Eg1: Finishing my homework, I went to bed: Sau khi làm xong bài tập tôi đi ngủ
Having finished my homework, : Sau khi đã làm xong bài tập
* Câu thứ hai nhấn mạnh việc đi ngủ chỉ xảy ra sau khi đã làm xong bài tập
Eg2: I approve of helping the poor: Tôi đồng ý với việc giúp đỡ người nghèo
I approve of having helped the poor: Tôi đồng ý với việc các bạn đã giúp đỡ người nghèo
* Câu thứ hai diễn tả ý giúp đỡ người nghèo này đã xảy ra rồi
- Perfect gerund: HAVING+ PP
Eg: I had had dinner and then I went out for a walk last night
-> Having had dinner, I
* Use: Rút gọn & diễn tả 1 hành động xảy ra trước 1 hành động khác/
- Perfect participle:
Eg: They denied having been there
PREP/ VERB + HAVING+ PP
* Use: diễn tả hành động xảy ra trước hoặc ko xảy ra trước.
* Exercise: Fill in the blank in each of the following sentences with an appropriate form of the verb in
parentheses (gerund, participle, perfect gerund or perfect participle)
1 Mai apologized for (use) my bicycle yesterday morning without (ask) for my permission
2 (Watch) this film several times before, I started (fall)asleep in the middle of it
3 In all the conditions of a drunkard, Mr Le began (drive) straight back home, (forget) (not, pay) any money to the barman
4 (Organize) the 16th APEC summit conferences successfully, Viet Nam gained the reputation of (be) the safest and friendliest venue for such significant international events
5 After (defeat) all his opponents, Hai won the gold medal in that interschool chess tournament
Trang 13Key:
1 having used, asking
2 having watched, falling
3 driving, forgetting, not having paid
4 having organized, being
5 having defeated
REPORTED SPEECH WITH INFINITIVE
-Vài điểm cần nhớ về câu tường thuật:
Khi đổi sang câu tường thuật, cần đổi ba yếu tố là ngôi, thì của động từ và
trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn
1.1 Ngôi: (nhất – chủ, nhị – túc, tam – nguyên)
- Đổi ngôi thứ NHẤT phù hợp với CHỦ TỪ trong mệnh đề chính
- Đổi ngôi thứ HAI phù hợp với TÚC TỪ trong mệnh đề chính
- Ngôi thứ BA không đổi
1.2 Thì của động từ:
V1 -> V2/ed
V2/ed -> had + V3/ed
can -> could, will -> would, shall -> should, may -> might, must -> had to
1.3 Trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:
today -> that day
tonight -> that night
now -> then
ago -> before
yesterday -> the day before
the previous day
last week -> the week before
the previous week
next week -> the week after
the following week
tomorrow -> the day after
the following day
this -> that
these -> those
here ->there
Ex1: He said to me, “I and you will go with her father tomorrow.”
-> He told me (that) he and I would go with her father the following day
Ex2: She said to me, “I met your brother yesterday.”
-> She told me (that) she had met my brother the day before
* LƯU Ý: Động từ tường thuật thay đổi tùy nghĩa của câu Một số động từ tường thuật phổ biến là: tell (bảo), ask (yêu cầu, hỏi), encourage (động viên), want (muốn), advise (khuyên), agree (đồng ý), invite (mời), remind (nhắc nhở), promise (hứa), warn (cảnh báo), …
* Form:
We use to-infinitive in reported speech (commands, requests,
invitations, advise) as follows