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Th n o l tr ch i h c t p.2. � � � � � � � � � � � � � � T c d ng c a tr ch i h c t p.3. h ng ph n ng t m l c a h c sinh khi tham gia� � � � � � � � � � � � � � tr ch i.4. T ch c tr ch i h c t p. t s y u t c b n trong ch ng tr nh � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � l ch s , a l l p 41. ch s :- c y u t v th i gian l ch s c y u t � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � v s ki n l ch s c y u t v nh n v t l ch s c y u t v a danh � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� l ch s .2. a l :- i t ng a l i n t ng t nhi n V tr a l , kh � � �� � �� �� �� � � �� � � � � �� � � h u v con ng i.3. c tr ch i:. c tr ch i khi d y a l :1. Tr ch i " i� � �� � � � � � � � �� � � � o n t n ng".2. Tr ch i " i n ng i n nhanh'.3. Tr ch i " Thi h ng bi n".� � � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � 4. Tr ch i " ch k di u".5. Tr ch i " i hao d n ch ".. c tr ch i khi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � d y l ch s :1. Tr ch i "n i nhanh tay".2. Tr ch i " u c d y cho b ng".3. Tr � � � � � � � � � � � � ch i " i nhanh ai ng".4. Tr ch i " ch k di u".5. Tr ch i " t b n".6. � �� � � � � � � � � � � Tr ch i " vui".7. Tr ch i " Th t i o n nhanh".8. Tr ch i " i th � � �� � � � � � � � � � � nhanh".9. Tr ch i " i n ng i n nhanh".10. Tr ch i " o n t n nh n v t". y� � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � th c nghi m:1. c ch c a th c nghi m.2. i dung th c nghi m.3. nh th c- � � � �� � � � � � � � � ph ng ph p t ch c d y h c th c nghi m.4. Th i gian v a i m th c nghi m.5. �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � t qu th c nghi m.h n k t lu nT i li u tham kh o� � � � � � � � � � h n - t v n 1. do v t nh c p thi t :� �� � �� � � � � � - h t tri n tr tu cho � � � � h c sinh ti u h c l m t trong nh ng v n c quan t m h ng u c a h u h t � � � � � � � �� ��� � � �� � � � c c qu c gia, c a nh ng b c ph huynh v c c th y c gi o. ng v i t t c c c � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � m n h c kh c trong chi n l c ph t tri n to n di n, c th n i r ng m i ng i � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � �� v n coi To n v Ti ng Vi t l m t trong nh ng m n h c quan tr ng c n nh ng m n � � � � � � � � � � � � � � h c kh c l m n ph kh ng quan tr ng. Song nh h T ch h inh t ng n i:� � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � " n ta ph i bi t s taho t ng g c t ch n c nh Vi t am".� � � � �� � � �� � � ua b m n l ch� � � s c c em c hi u s u hi u k v qu tr nh v t ng th i k x y d ng u tranh � � ��� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� v g n gi t n c. t kh c qua m n a l c c em c t m hi u v c c a � � � �� �� � � � �� � � ��� � � � � �� danh, l nh th c a t n c. th n i r ng h c a l c t c d ng r t l n khi � � � �� �� � � � � � �� � � � � � � h c l ch s hay n i c ch kh c h c l ch s l i m t a, l n n t ng cho m n a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� l . V d nh khi h c a l b i Th nh h h inh h c sinh bi t c y l� � � � � �� � � � � � � � � ��� �� � th nh ph l n nh t c n c v c l y t n l th nh ph h inh n m 1975. � � � � � �� � ��� � � � � � � � � ua y h c sinh nh l i s ki n l ch s v c ng quan tr ng l s ki n gi i �� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � ph ng i n am v o 30. 4. 1975.� � � Tr c y c c em th ng ch tr ng n hai �� �� � �� � � �� m n To n v Ti ng Vi t, kh ng ch n a l v ch s . V v y mu n c c em � � � � � � � � �� �� � � � � � � � � h c t t m n h c th i u tr c ti n ph i t o cho c c em say m v h ng th v i � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � m n h c. Tr n quan i m ng i gi o vi n c n lu ch n nh ng ph ng ph p d y � � � � � �� �� � � � � � � �� � � h c n o cho ph h p ph t huy t nh hi u qu nh t trong t ng b i h c m b o � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � theo nh ng y u c u v k n ng c n thi t, nh m p ng c nh ng y u c u i m i� � � � � � � � � �� � ��� � � � �� � ch ng tr nh m n l ch s v a l .#�� � � � � � �� � Song ph t tri n tr tu cho h c sinh � � � � � th ng qua ho t ng h c t p, ho t ng vui ch i l m t qu tr nh b n b kh ng � � �� � � � �� � � � � � � � � th t nh b ng tu n, b ng th ng. n n a c n ph i xu t ph t t tr nh nh n th c� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � v ho n c nh s ng c a tr em c c em luy n t p d n d n t d n kh , t n � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � � �� gi n n ph c t p nh m ph t huy tr m t c quan s t tinh nh y, tr t ng t ng� �� � � � � � � � � � � � �� �� phong ph , t duy suy lu n l g c � � � � � Tr n tinh th n " h c m ch i, ch i m h c" ,� � � � � � � � "ch i vui h c c ng vui" nh m tho m n c nhi u lo i nhu c u trong khi ch i. � � � � � � ��� � � � � V i u th nh v y tr ch i th c s l m t ph ng ti n h u hi u t o ra s h i� � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � �� � � � ho , tho i m i, kh ng d p kh n, kh c ng, m b o t nh t nhi n cho cu c s ng � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � c ng nh trong h c t p c a h c sinh ti u h c m t c ch h ng th v b ch, c ng � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � v i nh ng kinh nghi m trong nh ng n m d y l p 4 t i th y l ch s v a l l � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � hai m n h c c nhi u ki n th c th c t trong i s ng, m t kh c hai m n h c n y � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � c s g n b , li n h ch t ch , li n quan m t thi t v i nhau, h tr cho nhau v� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � m t ki n th c v m r ng hi u bi t. � � � � � � � � g y nay do s ph t tri n m nh m v � � � � � � � c ng ngh th ng tin. hi s d ng tr ch i b ng h nh th c th c ng mang t nh � � � � � � � � � � � � � truy n th ng t i th y h c sinh r t h ng th . Song p d ng c ng ngh th ng � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � tin a c c tr ch i l n thi t k v i d ng b i gi o n i n t h c sinh th c s �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � b thu h t v l i cu n b i h nh th c tr c quan p, h u hi u, c n i dung v � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � h nh th c phong ph g y s t m , ham h c h i i v i h c sinh.� � � � � � � � � �� � � t kh c tr � � � ch i khi x y d ng b ng gi o n i n t c nhi u u i m:� � � � � � � � � � � � � � + Trong c ng � m t kho ng th i gian nh nhau n u t ch c tr ch i b ng h nh th c th c ng s � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � t n nhi u c ng, nhi u kinh ph cho vi c chu n b d ng, nh ng n u thi t k � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � b ng gi o n i n t s t n t th i gian, truy n t i c nhi u n i dung c ng � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� � � � m t l c.� � + Tr ch i b ng gi o n i n t c th m t l c ki m tra c � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��� nhi u h c sinh, nhi u i t ng h c sinh tham gia c ng m t l c.� � � �� �� � � � � + hi ki m tra c u tr l i, s ph n h i c a h c sinh, gi o vi n d d ng b t m y v b m� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � n t ki m tra. Ti n l i nh t l c u tr l i tr c nghi m ng/ sai.� �� � � � � � � � � � � �� + i o n i n t th c s c nh ng h nh nh p, m i l , s ng ng � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � �� nhi u tr ng h p c c m thanh. n ki n th c tr n n g n g i, h c sinh d hi u� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � v th c t h n.� � � � + Ti t ki m c d ng.Tr n c s t i m nh d n ch n� � ��� �� � � � � �� � � � � vi t v t i" S d ng c ng ngh th ng tin v o vi c t ch c tr ch i khi d y � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � ch s v a l l p 4".. c ch nghi n c u:� � � �� � � � �� � � i p tr h c ch s v a� � � � � � �� l th ng qua c c tr ch i h c t p l m t trong nh ng h ng i m i ph ng ph p � � � � � � � � � � �� �� � �� � � Ti u h c. h m ng d ng c c ki n th c, k n ng v m n ch s , a l v o gi i � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � quy t nh ng t nh hu ng th c t trong i s ng h ng ng y.� � � � � � �� � � � T m hi u n i dung v � � � � ph ng ph p d y h c ch s v a l h c sinh l p 4 bao g m c c tr ch i c �� � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � m c ch h c t p r r t. l d u n c a nh ng cu c ch i l m l ng ng m i � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � trong t m h n tr v l m n n ngu n s c m nh th i th c tr s ng t t h n, h c t t � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � h n v ph t tri n t t h n. ng th i nh ng ho t ng tr ch i h c t p l nh ng � � � � � � �� � � � �� � � � � � � ph ng ti n d y h c v gi o d c ph h p v i i t ng phong ph v h nh th c �� � � � � � � � � � �� �� � � � � nh m tr nh l i h c v t, t duy th ng, m y m c, d p khu n . hi m v � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � nghi n c u:1. ghi n c u t i:- ghi n c u c c t i li u c li n quan n ch � � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � s v a l ghi n c u s ch gi o khoa v s ch gi o vi n t m hi u n i dung,� � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � � � ph ng ph p d y ch s v a l . Tr n c s l a ch n nh ng tr ch i ph �� � � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � h p.2. y th c nghi m.V. h ng ph p nghi n c u:- h ng ph p nghi n c u c c � � � � �� � � � �� � � � � t i li u v m n ch s v a l h ng ph p i u tra th c tr ng. h ng ph p� � � � � � � �� � �� � � � � � �� � th c nghi m.� � h n - n i dung1. Th n o l tr ch i h c t p� � � � � � � � � Trong nh tr ng Ti u h c � �� � � tr ch i h c t p l tr ch i c lu t, trong c n i dung tri th c g n li n v i� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � n i dung b i h c, gi p h c sinh khai th c v n kinh nghi m c a b n th n ch i, � � � � � � � � � � � �� � th ng qua ch i, h c sinh c c ng c v n d ng c c ki n th c, n i dung h c � � � ��� � � � � � � � � �� � v o c c t nh hu ng c a tr ch i v do tr c h c. Tr ch i h c t p c t c � � � � � � � � �� � ��� � � � � � � � d ng c v m t r n luy n tr tu l n th ch t v ph m ch t o c.� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� �� t tr � � ch i n i chung, tr ch i h c t p n i ri ng ch tr th nh tr ch i th c s khi � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � nh ng ng i ch i th c hi n h nh ng ch i. o n u h nh ng ch i i h i � �� � � � � �� � �� � � �� � �� � nh ng ki n th c, k n ng h c sinh ch a c th tr ch i kh ng c t c d ng i � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � �� v i c c em.� � Tr ch i ch s v a l l tr ch i trong c ch a ng m t � � � � � �� � � � � �� � � �� � trong c c y u t v ch s hay a l .� � � � � � �� � Tr ch i c th ph n lo i theo s � � � � � � � ng i ch i: Tr ch i t p th , tr ch i c nh n.�� � � � � � � � � � Tr ch i c th l tr ch i v n � � � � � � � � ng, c th l tr ch i tr tu c ng c th k t h p v n ng v tr tu .�� � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � V� l m t tr ch i, tr ch i khi d y ch s v a l c ng mang y c c c � � � � � � � � � � �� � � �� �� � �� i m c a tr ch i, nh ng tr ch i n y kh c h n v i nh ng tr ch i kh c ch � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � t nhi u ph i ch a ng trong m t y u t l ch s hay a l n o . i v i � � � � �� �� � � � � � �� � � �� �� � c c l p du i, tr ch i c n n ng v v n ng, song m n h c n y ch c l p 4, 5 � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � n n c ng mang t nh tr tu h n.� � � � � � Trong nh tr ng tr ch i c th t ch c nh� �� � � � � � � � m t ho t ng h c t p. s t m l v sinh l kh ng nh ho t ng d y h c ch� � �� � � � � � � � � � �� � �� � � � s v a l d i d ng tr ch i r t ph h p v i l a tu i ti u h c. Th c t cho � � �� � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � th y h nh th c t ch c c a tr ch i S - a r t d c h c sinh h ng ng v � � � � � � � � � �� � � ��� � �� � � tham gia X t v m c ch ph c v d y h c n i chung, tr ch i S - a n i ri ng� � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � c th l :+ Tr ch i nh m d n d t h nh th nh tri th c m i.+ Tr ch i nh m c ng � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � c ki n th c, luy n t p k n ng.+ Tr ch i nh m n t p, r n luy n t duy trong � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ngo i kho u ph n lo i theo c c m ch ki n th c c a ch s ta c th n i � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � t i, ch ng h n:+ Tr ch i v tr nh th i gian l ch s .+ Tr ch i v tr nh s � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ki n l ch s .+ Tr ch i v tr nh th i gian l ch s .+ Tr ch i v tr nh a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� danh l ch s u ph n lo i theo c c m ch ki n th c c a a l ta c th n i � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � t i, ch ng h n:+ V ng ng b ng.+ V ng trung du.+ V ng n i.2. T c d ng c a tr � � � � �� � � � � � � � � ch i h c t p b ng gi o n i n t :� � � � � � � � � m thay i h nh th c ho t ng h c t p. � �� � � � �� � � c sinh ti p thu ki n th c t gi c v t ch c c h n trong nh ng ho t ng a � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � d ng, h ng th . c sinh th y vui h n, c i m h n, th th i d ch u v kho m nh� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � h n.� i p h c sinh r n luy n c ng c ti p thu tri th c ng th i ph t tri n � � � � � � � � �� � � � v n kinh nghi m m c c em c t ch lu th ng qua ho t ng ch i.� � � � �� ��� � � � � �� � R n luy n� � k n ng, k x o th c y ho t ng tr tu . h s d ng tr ch i h c t p m qu � � � � � �� � �� � � � � � � � � � � � tr nh d y v h c tr th nh m t ho t ng vui v h p d n h n, c c c h i h c t p � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � a d ng h n.� � � i v i h c sinh kh ng c ph ng ti n n o gi p c c em ph t �� � � � � �� � � � � � tri n m t c ch t nhi n, c hi u qu , r n luy n t nh t ch b ng tr ch i h c � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � t p.� ua ch i, c c em bi t t ki m ch , c tham gia ho t ng t ch c c. Tr � � � � � � ��� � �� � � � ch i kh ng ch l ph ng ti n m c n l ph ng ph p gi o d c.� � � � �� � � � � �� � � � T m l i, tr � � � ch i n i chung, tr ch i h c t p n i ri ng gi p cho h c sinh ph t tri n to n � � � � � � � � � � � � � di n c c n ng l c m t c ch t nhi n, gi p cho c c em trao i kinh nghi m, t ng� � � � � � � � � � �� � �� t c l n nhau, t c c em ti p thu ki n th c m t c ch d d ng.3. h ng ph n ng� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � t m l c a h c sinh khi tham gia tr ch i:a. h n ng t ch c c:- ng say ch i � � � � � � � � � � � � h t m nh th c tr ch nhi m c nh n cao b qua sai ph m nh c a ng i � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� kh c T n tr ng t nh k lu t i p v n ng ng i n b v i ng � � � � � � � �� � � �� �� �� � � � �� i trong nh m m nh T ch c c ho t ng v s n s ng hy sinh v danh d i.b. �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �� h n ng ti u c c:- g i m nh l n t ng i t hay ng i c ho t ng nhi u, � � � � �� � � � �� � �� ��� � �� � ng i c ho t ng t S n s ng tr ng ph t ng i thua h i gian l n kh ng �� ��� � �� � � � � � �� � � � th nh th t c th ng ganh t d n n gh t nhau hia b , chia nh m � � �� ��� � � � � �� � � � h c t ng "th l nh".h v y khi gi o vi n t ch c ch i ph i l u tr nh cho h c� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � sinh nh ng ph n ng kh ng t ch c c v n u c x y ra th k p th i s a ch a, c � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � g ng khuy n kh ch, ng vi n khen th ng h c sinh c nh ng ph n ng t ch c c.� � � �� � �� �� � � � � � � � 4. T ch c tr ch i h c t p ch s - a l :a. Thi t k tr ch i:- i tr ch i � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � n i chung u nh m m c ch c ng c ki n th c, k n ng c th , ho c c nh ng tri� �� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � th c t ng h p nh i n t v o ch tr ng ph i ph i h p nhi u tri th c h c, hay� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � ho n th nh s i tr ch i ph i c lu t ch i, h nh ng ch i, tr ch i � � � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � ph i c t nh thi ua gi a nh ng ng i ch i, t c l c th ng thua n c � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� thi t k tr ch i h c t p m n S - a ch nh l s k t h p gi a c c y u t c u � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � th nh m t tr ch i ph bi n trong sinh ho t i s ng c a h c sinh v i n i dung � � � � � � � �� � � � � � ki n th c. c sinh s c h c trong t ng b i, t ng ch ng c a m n ch s v � � � � ��� � � � � �� � � � � � a l trong ch ng tr nh Ti u h c t tr ch i c vi t theo c u tr c sau �� � �� � � � � � � ��� � � � y:+ c ch c a tr ch i.+ u t ch i: ch r c c quy nh i v i ng i ch i,�� � �� � � � � � � � � �� �� � �� � quy nh th ng thua trong tr ch i.+ d ng, ch i: t d ng, ch i �� � � � �� � �� � � � �� � �� � c s d ng trong khi ch i.+ S ng i tham gia ch i: ch r s ng i tham gia ��� � � � � �� � � � � �� ch i, nh ng tr ch i c th t ch c m t c ch linh ho t t o nhi u tr ch i ph � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � h p v i i t ng h c sinh, ph h p v i kh n ng v n i dung ki n th c c ng c � � �� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � n t p.+ X c nh t c d ng c a tr ch i.b. ch t ch c tr ch i:� � � �� � � � � � � � � � � c tr � � ch i c t ch c theo nh m ngay trong l p h c v i th i gian t 5 n 10 ph t.� ��� � � � � � � � � � �� � Vi c chu n b c c tr ch i n gi n, d l m, d t m( quy tr nh, b a gi y c c� � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ��� d n, m u d y th p, s i d y, b ng hoa gi y, th ch ho c qua m ng nternet, � � � � � � � � � � � � gi o vi n x y d ng tr n m y t nh c th s d ng c nhi u l n, nhi u n m.� � � � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � i o vi n ph i h ng d n c th c ch ch i r i sau c c nh m t nh gi ,� � � �� � � � � � � �� � � � �� � gi m s t l n nhau. go i ra, gi o vi n ph i c nh n x t, kh ch l , c ng kh ng � � � � � � � � � � � � � � n n th i gian qu d i nh h ng n gi h c.� �� � � � � �� �� � � t ch ng tr nh h c t p th ng� �� � � � �� ti n h nh.+ i i thi u ch ng tr nh:- u t n ch ng tr nh ng d n c ch � � � � �� � � � �� � �� � � ch i, v a m t v a th c h nh h n nh m ch i h i th ( m t s tr ng h p c � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � th b qua) h n m nh lu t ch i nh t l nh ng l i l m th ng g p ph n ch i � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � th h i th t, x " ph t" nh ng ng i vi ph m lu t ch i.* g i ch tr : ng i� � � � � � �� � � � �� � � �� t ch c tr ch i c g i l ch tr ho c ng i u tr . Tr ch i h c t p th ng� � � � ��� � � � � � �� �� � � � � � �� do gi o vi n l m ch tr , khi h c sinh ch i qua th c th giao cho h c sinh.� � � � � � �� � � � � � * g i t ch c h ng d n ch ng tr nh c n:- ng h i, g y h ng th cho m i �� � � �� � �� � � � � � � � � ng i kh n ng l i k o, thu h t i n nh n n i r r ng, vui v .*Th ng- �� � � � � � � � � � � � � �� ph t:- Th ng ph t ph i c ng minh, ng lu t sao cho ng i ch i ch p nh n tho i � �� � � � �� � �� � � � � m i v t gi c, l m cho tr ch i th m h p d n, k ch th ch h ng th h c t p c a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � h c sinh Th ng nh ng h c sinh, nh m h c sinh tham gia nhi t t nh, ng lu t � �� � � � � � � �� � v " th ng" trong cu c ch i h t nh ng h c sinh vi ph m lu t ch i b ng h nh � � � � � � � � � � � � th c n gi n: ch o c c b n th ng cu c, h t m t b i, k chuy n vui, m a, nh y l� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � c c. tr ch i h c t p t k t qu cao:- Tr ch i ph i c m c ch h c � �� � � � � �� � � � � � � � �� � t p g cho h c sinh: c ng c , b sung ki n th c g Tr ch i ph i c chu n� � � � � � � � � � � � ��� � b t t.hu n b t t c ngh a l n m v ng y u c u, m c ch gi o d c c a tr ch i� � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � h ng m i ng i ho t ng ph c v cho m c ch y u c u y. h i ch n b t t �� �� � �� � �� � � � �� � � � � � � � c c ph ng ti n: d ng c , v t li u, c u h i ph c v cho tr ch i. h c v cho� �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � tr ch i ph i c k ho ch c th hi n b i so n Tr ch i ph i thu h t c � � � � � � ��� � � � � � � � � � ��� h c sinh tham gia i h c sinh tham gia tr ch i h c t p c n c :+ hi t t nh,� � � � � � � � � � � h o h ng, t ch c c + ghi m ch nh ch p h nh lu t ch i.+ g ng v n l n � � � � � � � � � � � � �� � �� th ng.+ u n gi v ng t nh o n k t th n i d th ng hay thua.+ u th y h c � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � sinh th , kh ng tham gia tr ch i, gi o vi n c n xem l i c ch t ch c ho c n i� � � � � � � � � � � � � � dung tr ch i kh ng h p d n y, u th c a tr ch i ch nh l tr t p trung � � � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � ho t ng m i s c l c c a m nh m t c ch h o h ng t nguy n n n kh ng t o ra p � �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � l c t m l , m ng i ch i c m th y r t t do, kh m ph v l m n y sinh nhi u � � � � �� � � � � � � � � � � � s ng ki n. n c nh ti n h nh c c ho t ng ch i l n m l y c c ph ng th c � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � � � �� � h nh ng chung, i n h nh kh i qu t c a nh ng h nh ng th n th hay t m l c � �� � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � th . h ng ph ng th c v a l c ng c , ph ng ti n gi p tr chinh ph c th � � �� � �� � � � � �� � � � � � gi i xung quanh, v a l c s tr h c c c ch i u khi n h nh vi, c ch b t � � � � � �� � � ��� � � � � � � � h nh vi tu n theo m t nhi m v nh t nh. T c l r n luy n c t nh ch nh, � � � � � � �� � � � � �� � � � �� m t trong nh ng c u t o t m l . h v y, c ph t huy v ph t tri n h t kh � � � � � � � � ��� � � � � � � n ng c a m nh. n th n a khi say x a v s ng h t m nh cho tr ch i, tr s t m� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � th y ni m vui s ng th c s v c s ng trong th gi i c a c m gi c d o d t d u� � �� � � � ��� � � � � � � � � � n c a tr ch i � � � � V v y l ng ng m i trong t m tr tr v l m n n ngu n s c � � � �� � � � � � � � � � m nh th i th c tr s ng t t h n, h c t t h n v ph t tri n t t h n. 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