ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES Edited by Miroslav Chomat Electric Machines and Drives Edited by Miroslav Chomat Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2011 InTech All chapters are Open Access articles distributed under the Creative Commons Non Commercial Share Alike Attribution 3.0 license, which permits to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt the work in any medium, so long as the original work is properly cited. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published articles. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Katarina Lovrecic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer Martina Sirotic Image Copyright demarcomedia, 2010. Used under license from Shutterstock.com First published February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Electric Machines and Drives, Edited by Miroslav Chomat p. cm. ISBN 978-953-307-548-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Preface IX Premium Efficiency Motors 1 M. Benhaddadi, G. Olivier, R. Ibtiouen, J. Yelle, and J-F Tremblay Electric Motor Performance Improvement Using Auxiliary Windings and Capacitance Injection 25 Nicolae D.V Magnetic Reluctance Method for Dynamical Modeling of Squirrel Cage Induction Machines 41 Jalal Nazarzadeh and Vahid Naeini Minimization of Losses in Converter-Fed Induction Motors – Optimal Flux Solution 61 Waldiberto de Lima Pires, Hugo Gustavo Gomez Mello, Sebastião Lauro Nau and Alexandre Postól Sobrinho Sensorless Vector Control of Induction Motor Drive - A Model Based Approach 77 Jogendra Singh Thongam and Rachid Beguenane Feedback Linearization of Speed-Sensorless Induction Motor Control with Torque Compensation 97 Cristiane Cauduro Gastaldini, Rodrigo Zelir Azzolin, Rodrigo Padilha Vieira and Hilton Abílio Gründling From Dynamic Modeling to Experimentation of Induction Motor Powered by Doubly-Fed Induction Generator by Passivity-Based Control 113 M. Becherif, A. Bensadeq, E. Mendes, A. Henni, P. Lefley and M.Y Ayad A RMRAC Parameter Identification Algorithm Applied to Induction Machines 145 Rodrigo Z. Azzolin, Cristiane C. Gastaldini, Rodrigo P. Vieira and Hilton A. Gründling Contents Contents VI Swarm Intelligence Based Controller for Electric Machines and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Applications 161 Omar Hegazy, Amr Amin, and Joeri Van Mierlo Operation of Active Front-End Rectifier in Electric Drive under Unbalanced Voltage Supply 195 Miroslav Chomat Space Vector PWM-DTC Strategy for Single-Phase Induction Motor Control 217 Ademir Nied, José de Oliveira, Rafael de Farias Campos, Seleme Isaac Seleme Jr. and Luiz Carlos de Souza Marques The Space Vector Modulation PWM Control Methods Applied on Four Leg Inverters 233 Kouzou A, Mahmoudi M.O and Boucherit M.S Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Pref ac e This book focuses on a very important and diverse fi eld of electric machines and drives. The history of the electric machine, which is the keystone of electromechanical energy conversion, dates back to the beginning of the nineteenth century. The names of famous scientists, such as Michael Faraday, Joseph Henry or Nikola Tesla, are associ- ated with the invention of the rotating electric machine. Electric drives have quickly become an integral part of our everyday lives and we can hardly imagine our civiliza- tion without them. Electric drives play a vital part in industry, transportation as well as in modern households. If we counted the number of electric drives around every one of us today, we would certainly be surprised how big the number is. Since the invention of the fi rst electric machine, novel principles and designs have been appearing and the properties and parameters of electric machines have been steadily improving. The advent of power electronics and modern control circuitry at the end of the twentieth century caused a revolution in the fi eld of electric drives. Nowadays, when modern technologies are available and advanced materials and techniques com- monly utilized, formerly inconceivable results can be achieved in the fi eld of modern electric drives. The twelve chapters of the book wri en by renowned authors, both academics and practitioners, cover a large part of the fi eld of electric machines and drives. Various types of electric machines, including three-phase and single-phase induction ma- chines or doubly fed machines, are addressed. Most of the chapters focus on modern control methods of induction-machine drives, such as vector and direct torque control. Among others, the book addresses sensorless control techniques, modulation strate- gies, parameter identifi cation, artifi cial intelligence, operation under harsh or failure conditions, and modelling of electric or magnetic quantities in electric machines. Sev- eral chapters give an insight into the problem of minimizing losses in electric ma- chines and increasing the overall energy effi ciency of electric drives, which is currently viewed as a priority. I would like to express my gratitude to all the authors for their contributions, in which they shared their valuable experience and knowledge with the readers. It was their im- mense involvement that enabled the publication of this book. I would also like to thank the InTech staff for their great eff ort and support in preparation of the book. I hope it X Preface will benefi t the fi eld of electric machines and drives, provide the readers with a new point of view on this interesting branch of electrical engineering and possibly initiate many inventions and innovations in the future. Miroslav Chomat Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR, v.v.i. Czech Republic [...]... motors is the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) which mandates strict energy efficiency standards for electrical appliances and equipment This law was first adopted in USA and became effective in Canada with the adoption of Standard CAN/CSA- 10 Electric Machines and Drives C390-98 Today more than 75 % of the motors sold in North America are Premium efficiency and EPAct machines This clearly indicates the positive... barriers include non harmonized testing standards and efficiency classification In reality, the key mandatory instrument is minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) 5.1 MEPS in North America On October 1992, US Congress voted law, Energy Policy Act EPAct, which mandates strict energy efficiency standards for electrical appliances and equipment, including electric motors Motor MEPS were for the first... energy efficiency of electric motors is not sufficient, as it is prerequisite to implement mandatory measures for 12 Electric Machines and Drives larger market penetration (fig 5) The carbon savings from this measure have the potential to make a significant contribution to emissions target reduction Fig 5 Incentives, voluntary and mandatory measures impact 9 Experimental setup and results Figure 6... Benhaddadi M., Olivier G., and Yelle J.: (2010b) “Premium efficiency motors effectiveness,” IEEE International symposium on power electronics, electrical drives, automation and motion SPEEDAM 2010, Pisa, Italy, 2010 Benhaddadi M., Olivier G., Labrosse D., Tétrault P.: (2009a) “Premium efficiency motors and energy saving potential,” IEEE International electric machines and drives conference, IEEE_IEMDC,... isolation specifically designed for variable speed drives applications • Motors which are fully integrated in a machine and cannot be tested separately Newly 2008 harmonized standard for energy efficiency class 60034-30-2008 follow International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) protocol and defines four induction motor efficiency classes: 8 Electric Machines and Drives • Super Premium efficiency level IE4... fill, and segmented core stator construction The resulting increase in motor cost is evaluated to be between 15 % and 30 % 4 Testing standards In North America, the prevailing testing method is based on direct efficiency measurement method, as described in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators” IEEE 112-B and. .. indirect efficiency measurement as defined in IEC 34-2 standard “Rotating electrical machines – Part 2: Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests” The standard first introduced in 1972 and updated in 1997, attribute a fixed value, equal to o.5 % of input power to the additional stray load losses These standards differ mainly by the method used to take into... turns Unfortunately, this increases the starting current and maximum torque, as worsen the power factor 4 Electric Machines and Drives • Magnetic losses ∆Pm occurring in the stator and rotor laminations are caused by the hysteresis and eddy current phenomena These losses can be decreased by using better grade magnetic steel, thinner laminations and by lowering the flux density (i.e larger magnetic cores)... Busch, J.F Angers P (2002) “Comparative analysis of IEEE-112 B and IEC 34-2 efficiency testing standards using stray load losses in low-voltage three phase cage induction motors,” IEEE Industry applications, March-April 2002, pp 608-614 Energy Policy Act EPACT and motor testing understanding, IEEE-112 Method B, 24 Electric Machines and Drives Evans, B.D., Crissman, J., Gobert, G.: (2008) “Test results... IEEE 112-B or CSA C390, and in September 2008 a new standard no 60034-30 for efficiency classification of electric motors New standard for efficiency classification is applicable to single speed, three-phase induction motors with the following parameters: • Power from 0.75 to 375 kW • Voltage under 1000 V • 50 and 60 Hz frequency • 2, 4 and 6 poles • Duty S1 or S3 • All IP1x to 6x and IC0x to 4x • Networked . ELECTRIC MACHINES AND DRIVES Edited by Miroslav Chomat Electric Machines and Drives Edited by Miroslav Chomat Published by InTech Janeza. of modern electric drives. The twelve chapters of the book wri en by renowned authors, both academics and practitioners, cover a large part of the fi eld of electric machines and drives. Various. current and maximum torque, as worsen the power factor. Electric Machines and Drives 4 • Magnetic losses ∆P m occurring in the stator and rotor laminations are caused by the hysteresis and