Sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city = Phát triển bền vững kinh tế biển thành phố Hạ Long

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES - NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY Master's thesis Major: Vietnamese studies Ha Noi - 2012 VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI INSTITUTE OF VIETNAMESE STUDIES AND DEVELOPMENT SCIENCES - NGUYEN NGOC PHUONG SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY Master's thesis in Vietnamese studies Code 60.31.60 Supervisor: Prof.Dr.Truong Quang Hai Ha Noi - 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION Reason selected theme Literature review Research objects, tasks and scopes of thesis 12 Methodologies 13 Research methods 15 The contribution of the thesis 16 The structure of the thesis 17 Chapter 1: GENERAL THEORY AND RESOURCES FOR MARINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF HALONG CITY 18 1.1 The general theory of marine economy and sustainable development of marine economy 18 1.1.1 Marine economy 18 1.1.2 Specialization and the synthetic development of marine economy 21 1.1.3 Sustainable development of marine economy 22 1.2 Factors affecting the development of marine economy in Halong 24 1.2.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world, objectives and strategic development of marine economy in Vietnam 24 1.2.2 The process of urbanization and industrialization in Ha Long 29 1.2.3 Policies of economic development and marine economy in Halong city 30 1.2.4 Other factors 32 1.3 Resources for marine economic development in Ha Long 32 1.3.1 Overviews on Ha Long city 32 1.3.2 Potentials of marine fishing and aquaculture 33 1.3.3 Natural tourism resources and humanities 35 1.3.4 Potentials development of marine transport 39 1.3.5 Other resources 40 Chapter 2: STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY 44 2.1 State of socio-economic development in Halong city 44 2.2 State of development of fisheries sector 46 2.2.1 Aquaculture 46 2.2.2 Seafood exploitation 52 2.2.3 Seafood processing 54 2.2.4 Fishery logistic services 55 2.2.5 Labour in the fisheries sector 57 2.3 State of coastal and marine tourism development 58 2.3.1 Current status of marine tourism resources exploitation 58 2.3.2 Current status of infrastructure, technical facilities and investment in tourism 59 2.3.3 State of tourists and tourism revenue 61 2.3.4 Development status of tourism products 65 2.3.5 Labour in the tourism sector 70 2.4 Development situation of marine traffic- transport 70 2.4.1 Port systems 70 2.4.2 Traffic routes on the sea 74 2.4.3 Mechanics serve marine economy 75 2.5 Situation development of support services for marine economy 76 2.5.1 Bank and finance services 76 2.5.2 Maritime services, communication 77 2.6 Development situation of floating houses on the Halong Bay 79 2.6.1 The number of floating house and anchorage points 79 2.6.2 Changes, development trends of floating house 79 2.7 Effects of marine economic activities for natural resources and environment at Halong city 80 2.8 General assessment on the marine economic development in Halong city based on SWOT analysis 81 2.8.1 Strengths 81 2.8.2 Weaknesses 83 2.8.3 Opportunities 86 2.8.4 Challenges 86 Chapter 3: ORIENTATION AND SOME SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY TO 2020 89 3.1 Orientation for sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city to 2020 89 3.1.1 Development perspectives and targets 89 3.1.2 Full exploitation of the special advantages of the sea area and coastal 90 3.1.3 Transforming Halong city into a dynamic marine economy center 91 3.1.4 Development orientation of the fisheries sector 92 3.1.5 Development orientation of coastal and marine tourism 96 3.1.6 Development orientation of marine traffic- transport 99 3.1.7 Development orientation of port-related industries 99 3.1.8 Development orientation of services associated with marine economy 99 3.2 Solutions to promoting sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city 101 3.2.1 Mechanism and policy solutions 101 3.2.2 Organization and management solutions 103 3.2.3 Mobilize funds for development of marine economy 103 3.2.4 Training and development of human resources 104 3.2.5 E-commerce applications in the development of some sectors of marine economy 105 3.2.6 Implementation of marine economy planning 108 3.2.7 Promoting inter-regional cooperation 109 3.2.8 Rational use of natural resources and protection of the marine environment, coastal 110 3.2.9 Establishment and implementation of key programs towards environmental resources protection and sustainable development of the seas111 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 114 REFERENCES 117 LIST OF APPENDICES 124 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS DWT Dead Weight Tonnage GDP Gross Domestic Product GRT Gross Register Tonnage GOP Gross Ocean Product PhD Doctor of Philosophy TEU Twenty foot Equivalent Units UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization USD United States dollar VND Vietnamese dong LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Rate of urban population in Halong city 29 Table 2.1: Changes area and output of other aquatic types in the period 2007 - 2009 52 Table 2.2: The number of boats machine in Halong city to 2011 52 Table 2.3: Synthesis of boats follow craft and capacity group to 2011 53 Table 2.4: Results attract foreign capital on the Halong city 61 Table 2.5: The situation of tourists comes to Halong period 2005 - 2010 61 Table 2.6: The structure of international tourists to Ha Long 63 Table 2.7: Inland dock system of Halong city 73 Table 2.8: Investment feasibility projects of Halong city 76 Table 3.1: Development of the number of boats to 2015 and orientation to 2020 92 Table 3.2: Aquaculture development in Halong to 2015 and orientation to 2020 94 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: The sectors of marine economy 21 Figure 1.2: Diagram sustainable development of marine economy 24 Figure 2.1: The structure of economy Halong follow GDP 44 Figure 2.2: The situation of freshwater aquaculture at Halong city in the period 2001 - 2009 46 Figure 2.3: Evolution area and output of mollusks in the period 2001 - 2009 49 Figure 2.4: Evolution area and output of fish cages in the period 2001 – 2009 51 Figure 2.5: Situation labor fishery at Halong 57 Figure 2.6: Levels come back to Halong tourist destination of domestic guest 62 Figure 2.7: Situation of tourism revenue of Halong city in the period 2001 - 2010 64 INTRODUCTION Reason selected theme The sea contains extremely valuable resources for the survival and development of human While resources of mainland are more and more exhausted, the development of marine economy is considered as one of the national strategic issues in the world With advantages of 3260 km coastline, along with sea areas of about million km2, Vietnam has been trying to take advantage of all available resources to become one of the competitive nations in marine economy towards environmental protection and sustainable development of coastal areas In addition, nowadays the South China Sea issue is also becoming a hot issue in the Asia Pacific region The advantages from the sea is main cause of all tensionsbetween countries in this region In Vietnam, the sea area covers have more than 4000 islands in large and small sizes are distributed mainly in the Northeast sea and Southwest The islands are well-known for beautiful landscape and have important strategic position such as: Bach Long Vi island, Phu Quoc island Tho Chu island, Con Son island, Con Co island, Phu Quy island, Cat Ba island, and island systems in the Spratly islands In particular, the sea area and coastal of Vietnam are located on the vital maritime trade route between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, between Europe and the Middle East to China, Japan and other countries in the region This is both an opportunity and a challenge for Vietnam regarding socio-economic development and national security Because marine economic development must be associated with the protection of national territory So, striving to become a “sea powers” does not only makes sense in economic terms, but also help Vietnam affirm sovereignty of the national territory In Northern Vietnam, Ha Long is one of the coastal cities dynamic in economic development The city is located in the coastal corridor of the Gulf of Tonkin, which is a critical point in the growth triangle Hanoi - Hai Phong - Quang Ninh In recent years, Halong plays an important role in socio-development of the region With comparative advantages of deep water port development, tourism, marine services, minerals, together with a convenient transportation system, Halong has many favorable conditions towards comprehensive development of the marine economy However, the sector’s growth rate is not quite compensurate with the potentials, posing urgent needs for specific orientations in sustainable development Aware of the importance of the seas in economic development, I conducted the research on the following theme: “Sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city” The study provides a panoramic view on the marine economy in Halong, particularly, the advantages, difficulties, problems, while offers suggestions on directions and solutions to sustainable development of Halong’s marine economy It could also be the foundation for more in-depth research on the North Sea economy of Vietnam Literature review 2.1 The relevant foreign research Across world, exploitation of marine resources has existed for a long time However, the marine economic development has just attracted special attentions in the twenty-first century There are a number of foreign studies on the maritime economy translated into Vietnamese such as: “Ocean exploitation” (1983) by Michael Bequery, “Managing fishing capacity” (2004) by Dr Dominique Greboval, “A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management” (2006 ) published by the international organization UNESCO These studies have diverse approaches on the sea, the ocean, marine resources, issues of management, exploitation, use and conservation of marine resources In particular, the book “A handbook for measuring the progress and outcomes of integrated coastal and ocean management” has approach to an integrated management that can be applied to coastal zone, the exclusive economic zone and the ecosystem sea In addition, a number of economic studies on national sea also bring valuable experience for marine economic development of Vietnam For instance, the social impacts on the marine economic development and solutions to resource management in “Social impacts of marine reserves in New Zealand” (2003) by Nick Taylor and Brigid Buckenham; innovation in the business marketing model to stimulus sustainability of the marine economy in Australian and future changes in policies by the author Laura Eadie and Caroline Hoisington in “Stocking up: Securing our marine economy” (2011); solutions to preserving and developing “the blue marine economy” in China in the study “Keeping the marine economy Blue Blue economy development in the pilot coastal areas of China” (2011) - Third Institute of Oceanography – China In general, these works focus on various aspects of the maritime economy as: marine resources, fishing techniques, the most effective ways of management towards sustainable development of the marine economy in the future The research mentioned above offer the basic criteria for the author in orientation of this thesis 2.2 Domestic research on the marine economy of Halong city Halong is a city that thrives on tourism and marine transportation Especially in the field of marine tourism gathers many documents However, there is little research on synthesis Halong city's maritime economy, which mainly research articles, the journal of the marine economy: fisheries, marine transportation, tourism, or an introduction to scenic Ha Long Bay, environmental protection, natural resources Halong - Aquaculture and Halong biological resources: The research “Seafood in Halong bay” (2008) by Nguyen Hoai Nam, Hoang Thi Ngoc Ha, Tran Xuan written introduction full of seafood in the bay area Authors Nguyen Ngoc Lan solve the problem of labor by gender for fisheries in Hung Thang - Halong city in research: “The role of gender in the production and control of resources of fishing communities in Quang Ninh province (in case of Hung Thang commune - Halong City and Quan Lan commune of Van Don district)” - Journal of Southeast Asian studies, No 6, 2003 The works written about Halong biological resources are exploited thoroughly to include: The “Biodiversity Halong bay and vicinity” (2005) by Nguyen Khac Huong; “Coral in Halong bay: conservation and development of the coral reef ecosystem” (2008) - Nguyen Dang Ngai; “Mangroves Ha Long Bay and surrounding areas: Conservation and development of mangrove ecosystems” (2008) 10 ... SOLUTIONS TO PROMOTING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF MARINE ECONOMY IN HALONG CITY TO 2020 89 3.1 Orientation for sustainable development of marine economy in Halong city to 2020 ... economy 21 1.1.3 Sustainable development of marine economy 22 1.2 Factors affecting the development of marine economy in Halong 24 1.2.1 Development trends of marine economy in the world, objectives... “Stocking up: Securing our marine economy? ?? (2011); solutions to preserving and developing “the blue marine economy? ?? in China in the study “Keeping the marine economy Blue Blue economy development in