tài liệu tiếng anh chuyên ngành cho kỹ sư cơ khí

Professinal English Textbook for General Engineering Students Ali ghazizadeh Member of the Mechanical Engineering Department January ٢٠١٣ Peyam Noor University Faculty of Engineering Professional English Textbook ….………………………….………… b Preface ﻦﺘﺴﻧادﻴﻠﮕﻧا نﺎﺑزﺖﺳا رادرﻮﺧﺮﺑ يدﺎﻳز ﺖﻴﻤﻫا زا ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ يﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﻫ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻲﺴ . ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺮﻫﺪﺣ ﻞﻗا ﻪﺑ ار دﻮﺧ ﻲﻠﻴﺼﺤﺗ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻲﺴﻴﻠﮕﻧا نﻮﺘﻣ ﺪﻨﻛ كرد ار ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ و هﺪﻧاﻮﺧ ﻲﺘﺣار .ﺪﻧاﻮﺧ زا ﺮﺗاﺮﻓ ﻲﺘﺣن ﺪﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ كرد و هروﺎﺤﻣ رد، ﺐﻟﺎﻄﻣ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻔﮔد ارﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ و هدﺮﻛ كرﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ و ﺪﻫد ﻪﺋارا . رﺎﻛ ﻞﺤﻣ رد ﻲﻠﻤﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺖﻛﺮﺷ ﻚﻳ رد دﻮﺧ يﺎﺘﻤﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﺧﻮﻣآ ﺶﻧاد ﻚﻳ ﻪﻛ ﺪﺘﻓا ﻲﻣ قﺎﻔﺗا رﺎﻴﺴﺑ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷاد هﺮﻛاﺬﻣ. ار تاﺮﻛاﺬﻣ ﺖﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻲﻨﻓ حﻼﻄﺻا ﺎﻳ ﻪﻤﻠﻛ ﻚﻳ يﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦﺘﺴﻧاﺪﻧ هﺎﮔ دﺮﻛ ﻲﻧﻻﻮﻃهﺪﻨﻛ ﻪﺟاﻮﻣ ﺖﺴﻜﺷ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻳ و .ﻜﺸﻣ ﻦﻴﻤﻫ هﺎﮔﻞ،هﺪﻧزرا يﺎﻫ ﺖﺻﺮﻓ ﺪﻳﺪﻬﺗ ﻪﺑ ار يا ﻲﻣ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ ﺪﻨﻛ.رﺎﻛ رد ﺖﻴﻘﻓﻮﻣ ياﺮﺑ اﺬﻟ يا ﻪﻓﺮﺣ ﻲﺷزﻮﻣآ ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ نﺎﺑز شزﻮﻣآ ، ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ هﺪﻧﺎﺠﻨﮔ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷر. ﻪﺑ زﺎﻴﻧ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﺷر ﺮﻫ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ و ﺎﻫ ﺖﻐﻟ مﺎﻤﺗ ﻦﺘﺴﻧاد ﺖﺳا ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻃ و ﺖﺳرﺎﻤﻣ دراد هدﺮﺘﺴﮔ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ .ﺎﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻨﺷآ ﺎﻣاياﺮﺑ ﺪﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا و ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ زا ﻲﺧﺮﺑ يﺎﻫ زﺎﻴﻧ ﻊﻓر يﺪﻴﻠﻛ و هدﻮﺑ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ ﻲﻟﻮﻤﻌﻣ كرد ياﺮﺑ ﻪﻴﻘﺑﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر نآ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻲﻨﻓ تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا و تﺎﻐﻟ . ﻞﻴﻟد ﻦﻴﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻋﻮﻧ نﺎﺑز ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺳرد ﺪﺣاو ود ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻲﺳﺎﻨﺷرﺎﻛ يﺎﻫ هرود ﻪﻣﺎﻧﺮﺑ رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ .ﺤﺻ شزﻮﻣآ ترﻮﺻ ردهﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا تﺎﻐﻟ و ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﺢﻴ، ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻲﺼﺨﺷ ﻪﻌﻟﺎﻄﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺴﻧاﻮﺗ ﺪﻫاﻮﺧار دﻮﺧ ﻪﻨﻴﻣز ﻦﻳا رد ﺪﻧﺎﺳﺮﺑ بﻮﻠﻄﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ. رﻮﻧ مﺎﻴﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ و ﻲﻨﻓ ﺶﺨﺑ تارﺎﻜﺘﺑا زا ﻪﻛ ،ﻲﻳاﺮﺟا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻪﺘﺷر رد ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ نﺎﺑز ياﺮﺑ ﻲﺳرد ﺪﺣاو ود ،ﺖﺳا . ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻪﻜﻨﻳا ،قﺮﺑ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ،ﻚﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ،ﻊﻳﺎﻨﺻ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷر زا ﻲﻘﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﻲﻳاﺮﺟا ﺖﻳﺮﻳﺪﻣ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ و ناﺮﻤﻋ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻦﻳا ﻢﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ زا ﻲﻘﻴﻔﻠﺗ ﺪﻳﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻧ نآ ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ نﺎﺑز ،ﺖﺳا ﺮﺗﻮﻴﭙﻣﺎﻛ ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘﺷر . ﻦﺘﻣ هﺪﺷ مﺎﺠﻧا شﻼﺗ ﺎﺑ11 ﻲﻤﻴﻫﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻛ هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ رد سرد ﺷر ﻪﻴﻠﻛ زادﺮﻴﮔ ﻲﻣ ﺮﺑ رد ار ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ يﺎﻫ ﻪﺘ . ﻲﻤﻠﻋ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦﺘﺷﻮﻧ درﻮﻣ رد سرد ﻚﻳ) سرد ﻮﺳم ( ﻚﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻢﻠﻋ ﺮﺧﺎﻔﻣ زا ﻪﻛ نﺎﻤﻠﺴﻣ ناﺪﻨﻤﺸﻧاد زا ﻲﻜﻳ درﻮﻣ رد ﺰﻴﻧ سرد ﻚﻳ و ﺖﺳا هدﻮﺑ شدﻮﺧ نﺎﻣز رد) سردمرﺎﻬﭼ (ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا. Professional English Textbook ….………………………….………… d ،ﻪﭽﺑﺎﺘﻛ هاﺮﻤﻫ ﻞﻳﺎﻓ ردﺎﻄﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻊﻳﺮﺳ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ياﺮﺑ ﻲﻳﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ﺐﻟ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ زا ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ: 1- هرﺎﺷا ﺎﺑ) لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ( تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا ﻪﺑ ﻲﻨﻓﻲﺗﺎﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ ،بﺎﺘﻛ ﻲﻠﺻا ﻦﺘﻣ رد زا تﺎﻐﻟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ)Vocabulary( ﺮﻫﺎﻇ نآ درﻮﻣ رد ﻲﻣ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ هرﺎﺷا ﺎﺑ و دﻮﺷ ﺶﺨﺑ رد ترﺎﺒﻋ،تﺎﻐﻟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﻪﺑ زﺎﺑ ﻦﺘﻣ ﻪﺤﻔﺻ ﻞﺤﻣﻲﻣ ددﺮﮔ . 2- ﺎﺑ هرﺎﺷا)ﺮﻤﻫلﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ ها ( ﻪﺑ ﻲﺗﻮﺻ ﻞﻳﺎﻓ ،ﻦﺘﻣ فاﺮﮔارﺎﭘ ﺮﻫ عوﺮﺷ رد ﻲﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻢﺋﻼﻋ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ ﺶﺨﭘ ﻪﻧﺎﻳار يﺎﻫ ﻮﮔﺪﻨﻠﺑ ﻖﻳﺮﻃ زا و هﺪﺷ لﺎﻌﻓ فاﺮﮔارﺎﭘ نﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ طﻮﺑﺮﻣ. 3- تﺎﺣﻼﻄﺻا ياﺮﺑ ﺖﻴﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻦﻴﻤﻫﻲﻨﻓ تﺎﻐﻟ ﮓﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺶﺨﺑ رد هﺪﺷ ﻪﺋارا ﺮﻈﻧ رد ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ . 4- د ﻲﺘﺴﺗ لاﻮﺌﺳ يداﺪﻌﺗ سرد ﺮﻫ يﺎﻬﺘﻧا رد ﺎﺑ ﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳا هﺪﺷ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺮﻈﻧ ر ﺎﻬﻧآ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻌﺟاﺮﻣ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺗ ﻲﻣ ﻚﺤﻣ ار دﻮﺧ يﺮﻴﮔدﺎﻳ ناﺰﻴﻣﺑﻧﺰﻨﺪ . 5- هرﺎﺷا ﺎﺑ)لﺮﺘﻨﻛ ﺎﺑ هاﺮﻤﻫ ( لاﻮﺌﺳ ﺮﻫ ياﺪﺘﺑا صﺎﺧ ﺖﻣﻼﻋ ﻪﺑ نآ ﺢﻴﺤﺻ ﺦﺳﺎﭘ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ دﻮﺷ ﻲﻣ. ﻲﺼﺼﺨﺗ نﺎﺑز يﺎﻫ ﺖﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﻧاﻮﺘﺑ ﺮﺿﺎﺣ بﺎﺘﻛ زا هدﺎﻔﺘﺳا ﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷر ﻦﻳا نﺎﻳﻮﺠﺸﻧاد ﺖﺳا ﺪﻴﻣا ﺧﺪﻧﻮﺷ ﻞﻳﺪﺒﺗ رﻮﺸﻛ ﻲﺘﻌﻨﺻ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ياﺮﺑ يﺪﻴﻔﻣ نﺎﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ ﻪﺑ هﺪﻨﻳآ رد و هدﺮﻛ ﺖﻳﻮﻘﺗ ار دﻮ. هﺎﻣ ﻦﻤﻬﺑ1391 هداز ﻲﺿﺎﻗ ﻲﻠﻋ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻣ و ﻲﻨﻓ ﺶﺨﺑ ﻲﻤﻠﻋ تﺎﻴﻫ ﻮﻀﻋ رﻮﻧ مﺎﻴﭘ هﺎﮕﺸﻧاد Content Professinal English Textbook a for a General Engineering Students a Preface c Content e ١. Computer Integrated Manufacturing ١ ١.١ Introduction ١ ١.٢ Computer Integrated Manufacturing Topics ٣ ١.٣ Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture ٥ Vocabulary: ٦ Questions: ١١ ٢. Innovation ١٥ ٢.١ Definition ١٥ ٢.٢ Conceptualizing Innovation ١٧ ٢.٣ Innovation in Organizations ١٨ ٢.٤ Economic Conceptions of Innovation ٢٠ Vocabulary: ٢١ Questions: ٢٢ ٣. Scientific Writing ٢٥ ٣.١ Overview ٢٥ ٣.٢ How to Start a Scientific Paper ٢٥ Content ……………………… ….………………………….…… f ٣.٣ Titles for Essays and Scientific Papers ٢٧ ٣.٤ How to Write Abstracts ٢٩ ٣.٥ Introduction ٣٠ ٣.٦ Materials and Methods ٣٠ ٣.٧ Results ٣٠ ٣.٨ Discussion and Conclusions ٣١ ٣.٩ Acknowledgements ٣١ ٣.١٠ Tables and Graphs in Scientific Papers ٣١ ٣.١١ Citation of Reference in the Text ٣٢ ٣.١٢ List of References and End of Paper ٣٢ Vocabulary: ٣٤ Questions: ٣٥ ٤. A Muslim Polymath ٣٩ ٤.١ Summary ٣٩ ٤.٢ Biography ٤٠ ٤.٣ Mechanisms and methods ٤١ ٤.٤ Design and construction methods ٤٢ ٤.٥ Water-raising machines ٤٣ ٤.٦ Automata ٤٥ ٤.٧ Clocks ٤٧ ٤.٨ Miniature paintings ٤٩ Vocabulary: ٤٩ Questions: ٥٠ ٥. Electronics ٥٤ ٥.١ Deffinition ٥٤ ٥.٢ Electronic Devices and Components ٥٥ ٥.٣ Electronics Theory ٥٧ ٥.٤ Computer Aided Design ٥٨ ٥.٤ Construction Methods ٥٨ Vocabulary: ٥٩ Questions: ٦٣ ٦. Quality Assurance ٦٥ ٦.١ Definition ٦٥ ٦.٢ History ٦٦ ٦.٣ Quality Assurance Versus Quality Control ٦٨ ٦.٤ Failure Testing ٦٩ ٦.٥ Statistical Control ٦٩ ٦.٦ Total Quality Management ٦٩ ٦.٧ Models and Standards ٧١ Professional English Text ….………………………….………… g ٦.٨ Company Quality ٧٢ ٦.٩ Using Contractors and/or Consultants ٧٣ Vocabulary: ٧٤ Questions: ٨٢ ٧. Nanomaterials ٨٣ ٧.١ Fundamental Concepts ٨٣ ٧.٢ Tools and Techniques ٨٤ ٧.٣ Materials Used in Nanotechnology ٨٥ ٧.٤ Chemical Processing of Ceramics ٨٧ ٧.٥ Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials ٨٩ Vocabulary: ٩١ Questions: ٩٧ ٨. Scientific Modelling ٩٩ ٨.١ Overview ٩٩ ٨.٢ Scientific Modelling Basics ١٠٠ Vocabulary: ١٠٤ Questions: ١٠٧ ٩. Operations Research ١٠٩ ٩.١ Overview ١٠٩ ٩.٢ History ١١٠ ٩.٣ Second World War ١١١ ٩.٤ After World War II ١١٤ ٩.٥ Scope of Operations Research ١١٤ Vocabulary: ١١٦ Questions: ١٢٠ ١٠. Electronic mail ١٢١ ١٠.١ Introduction ١٢١ ١٠.٢ Origin ١٢٢ ١٠.٣ Operation Overview ١٢٥ ١٠.٤ Message Format ١٢٧ Vocabulary: ١٢٨ Questions: ١٣٥ ١١. Strategic Planning ١٣٧ Content ……………………… ….………………………….…… h ١١.١ Dfinition ١٣٧ ١١.٢ Vision, Mission and Values ١٣٨ ١١.٣ Methodologies ١٣٨ ١١.٣ Goals, Objectives, and Targets ١٤٠ ١١.٤ Mission Statements and Vision Statements ١٤١ Vocabulary: ١٤٤ Questions: ١٤٦ ١. Computer Integrated Manufacturing ١.١ Introduction ■ Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a method of manufacturing in which the entire production process is controlled by computer. The traditional separated process methods are joined through a computer by CIM. This integration allows the processes to exchange information with each other. It also gives the processes the ability to initiate actions. Through this integration, the manufacturing can be faster and with fewer errors, although the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes, based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing. A Manufacturing Systems Integration Program (NIST ٢٠٠٨). ١. Computer Integrated Manufacturing …………………………. ٢ The term "Computer Integrated Manufacturing" is both a method of manufacturing and the name of a computer automated system in which individual engineering, production, marketing, and support functions of a manufacturing enterprise are organized. In a CIM system, functional areas such as design, analysis, planning, purchasing, cost accounting, inventory control, and distribution are linked through the computer with factory floor functions. Example of factory floor functions are materials handling and management. In this way, CIM provides direct control and monitoring of all process operations. As a method of manufacturing, three components distinguish CIM from other manufacturing methodologies: • Means for data storage, retrieval, manipulation and presentation • Mechanisms for sensing state and modifying processes • Algorithms for uniting the data processing component with the sensor/modification component CIM is an example of the implementation of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in manufacturing. CIM implies that there are at least two computers exchanging information, e.g. the controller of an arm robot and a microcontroller of a CNC machine. Many factors are involved when considering a CIM implementation. They are the production volume, the experience of the company or personnel to make the integration, the level of the integration into the product itself, and the integration of the production processes. CIM is [...]... way of doing something It may refer to incremental and emergent or radical and revolutionary changes in thinking, products, processes, or organizations Following Schumpeter (١٩٣٤), contributors to the scholarly literature on innovation typically distinguish between invention, an idea made manifest, and innovation, ideas applied successfully in practice In many fields, something new must be substantially... including in relation to technology, commerce, social systems, economic development, and policy construction There are, therefore, naturally a wide range of approaches to conceptualizing innovation in the scholarly literature Fortunately, however, a consistent theme may be identified: innovation is typically understood as the successful introduction of something new and useful, for example introducing new... undertaking it is." The distinctions between creativity and innovation discussed above are by no means fixed or universal in the innovation literature They are however observed by a considerable number of scholars in innovation studies ٢.٤ Economic Conceptions of Innovation ■ Joseph Schumpeter defined economic innovation in The Theory of Economic Development, ١٩٣٤, Harvard University Press, Boston as follows: