Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ, đại từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ ấy,phân biệt danh từ đại từ ấy với các danh từ đại từ khác.. Whom: -Là đại t
Trang 1RELATIVE CLAUSES MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
I Định nghĩa
- Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that ) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when, why) Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ, đại
từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung ý nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ ấy,phân biệt danh từ đại từ ấy với các danh từ đại từ khác Chức năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ
II CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ
1 Who: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm chủ ngữ cho động từ
đứng sau nó.-Theo sau who là một động từ
Eg: The man who is sitting by the fire is my father ->That is the boy who helped me to find your house
2 Whom: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm tân ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm tân ngữ cho động từ
đứng sau nó.-Theo sau whom là một chủ ngữ
Eg: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt.->The boy whom we are looking for is Tom
3 Which:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó -Theo sau which có thể là
một động từ hoặc một chủ ngữ
Eg: This is the book I like it best.=> This is the book which I like best
The hat is red It is mine.=> The hat which is red is mine
-Khi which làm tân ngữ, ta có thể lược bỏ which
Eg: This is the book I like best The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.
4 That: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể được dùng thay cho Who, Whom, Which trong mệnh
đề quan hệ thuộc loại Restricted Clause (Mệnh đề xác định)
Eg: That is the book that I like best.=>That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom
My father is the person that I admire most
I can see the girl and her dog that are running in the park
5.Whose:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, thay cho tính từ sở hữu Whose cũng được dùng cho of which
-Theo sau Whose luôn là 1 danh từ
Eg: The boy is Tom You borrowed his bicycle yesterday
=> The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom
John found a cat Its leg was broken
John found a cat whose leg was broken
III CÁC TRẠNG TỪ QUAN HỆ
1 When: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ thời gian, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ thời gian, dùng thay cho at, on, in + which, then
Eg: May Day is the day when people hold a meeting (= on which)
I’ll never forget the day when I met her (=on which)
That was the time when he managed the company (= at which)
2 Where: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ nơi trốn, thay cho a, on, in + which; there)
Eg: That is the house where we used to live (= in which)
Do you know the country where I was born?
Hanoi is the place where I like to come
3 Why: là trạng từ quan hệ chỉ lí do, đứng sau tiền ngữ “the reason”, dùng thay cho “for the reason”
Eg: Please tell me the reason why you are so sad (= for which)
He told me the reason why he had been absent from class the day before
IV CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ
1
Trang 21.Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định ( restrictive relative clause)
-Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, là bộ phận quan trọng của câu,nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính không có nghĩa rõ ràng
Eg The girl who is wearing the blue dress is my sister
The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting
2.Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non- restrictive relative clause )
-Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước,là phần giải thích thêm, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn còn nghĩa rõ ràng
-Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thường được ngăn với mệnh đề chính bởi các dấu phẩy Danh từ đứng trước thường là tên riêng hoặc trước các danh từ thường có các từ như: this, that, these, those, my, his her…đứng trước
- Không được dùng that trong mệnh đề không xác định
Eg My father, who is 50 years old, is a doctor
This girl, whom you met yesterday, is my daughter
3.Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp dùng để giải thích cả một câu, trường hợp này chỉ dùng đại từ quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu
Eg He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me
Mary tore Tom’s letter, which made him sad
V.DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: mệnh đề quan hệ có thể rút gọn theo 4 cách:
1.Using participle phrases (sử dụng hiện tại phân từ)
- Present participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động Ta dùng present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm –ing)
The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle
The man sitting to you is my uncle
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
2.Using past participle:
- Past participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, trợ động từ và bắt đầu cụm từ bằng past participle)
Eg1The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting
The books written by To Hoai are interesting
Eg2 The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy
The students punished by the teacher are lazy
Eg3 The house which is being built now belongs to Mr Pike
The house built now belongs to Mr Pike
3.Using “to infinitive” or “infinitive phrase” (for sb to do): Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, bỏ chủ ngữ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng “infinitive”
English is an important language which we have to master
=> English is an important language to master
There is a good restaurant where we can eat good food
=> There is a good restaurant to eat good food
That is the hotel where we can stay
=> That is the hotel to stay
Here is the form that you must fill in
=> Here is the form for you to fill in
4.Using noun phrases: mệnh đề quan hệ không xách định có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng cụm danh từ Eg1 George Washington, who was the first presidentof the United States, was a general in the army
George Washington, the first presidentof the United States, was a general in the army
2
Trang 3Eg2 We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain.
We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain
VI.GiớI Từ ĐI VớI MệNH Đề QUAN Hệ:
-Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ là Whom và which thường có giới từ đi kèm và giới từ có thể đứng trước các đại từ quan hệ hoặc cuối mệnh đề quan hệ
Eg1 The man about whom you are talkingis my brother
The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother
Eg2The picture at which you are looking is very expensive
The picture ( which) you are looking at is very expensive
Chú ý:
-Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ thì ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có thể dùng that thay cho whom và which trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định
-Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ thì ta có không thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ và có không thể dùng that thay cho whom và which
VII.Lưu ý về mệnh đề quan hệ
1 Các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định đều có thể lược bỏ
Eg Do you know the boy (whom) we met yesterday?
That’s the house (which) I have bought
-Tuy nhiên các đại từ quan hệ có chức năng tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định không thể lược bỏ
Eg Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in our plan
2 Khi danh từ được nói đến là tân ngữ của giới từ, ta có thể đưa giới từ đó đứng trước đại từ quan hệ Trường hợp này chỉ được dùng Whom và Which
Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.
Mr Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
3 Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none, neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of which/whom
Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before
4 Các trường hợp sau đây thường phải dùng ‘that’
a Khi cụm từ đứng trước vừa là danh từ chỉ người và vật
He told me about the places and people that he had seen in London
b Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, first và last
This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen
Moscow is the finest city that she’s ever visited
That is the last letter that he wrote
She was the first person that broke the silence
c Sau các từ all, only (duy nhất) và very (chính là)
All that he can say is this
I bought the only book that they had
You’re the very man that I would like to see
d Sau các đại từ bất định
He never says anything that is worth listening to
I’ll tell you something that is very interesting
Phân BiỆt GiỮa Whose Và Of Which
3
Trang 4WHOSE : dùng cả cho người và vật
This is the book Its cover is nice
-> This is the book whose cover is nice
-> This is the book the cover of which is nice
WHOSE :đứng trứoc danh từ
OF WHICH : đứng sau danh từ ( danh từ đó phải thêm THE )
OF WHICH : chỉ dùng cho vật ,không dùng cho người
This is the man His son is my friend
-> This is the man the son of which is my friend.( sai )
-> This is the man whose son is my friend.( đúng )
VIII.EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES
I Combine each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun or relative adverb
1 She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met this woman
2 This doctor is famous You visited him yesterday
3 These children are orphans She is taking care of these children
4 The two young men are not good persons You are acquainted with them
5 My father goes swimming everyday You met him this morning
6 The man is my father I respect this man most
7 The man is my father I respect his opinion most
8 Mary and Margaret are twins You met them yesterday
9 I’ll introduce you to the man His support is necessary for your project
10 The middle-aged man is the director My father is talking to him
11 The boy is my cousin You make fun of him
12 The student is from china He sits next to me
13 I thanked the woman This woman had helped me
14 The professor is excellent I am taking his course
15 Mr Smith said he was too busy to speak to me I had come to see him
16 I saw a lot of people and horses They went to market
17 Tom has three sisters All of them are married
18 I recently went back to Paris It is still as beautiful as a pearl
19 I recently went back to Paris I was born in Paris nearly 50 years ago
20 Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio
21 You didn’t tell us the reason We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason
22 The day was rainy She left on that day
23 I’ve sent him two letters He has received neither of them
24 That man is an artist I don’t remember the man’s name
25 One of the elephants had only one tusk We saw these elephants at the zoo
26 That car belongs to Dr Clark Its engine is very good
27 You sent me a present Thank you very much for it
28 This is Mrs Jones Her son won the championship last year
29 Rod Lee has won an Oscar I know his sister
30 Is this the style of hair? Your wife wants to have it
31 A man answered the phone He said Tom was out
32 7.05 is the time My plane arrives then
33 Max isn’t home yet That worries me
34 Do you know the building? The windows of the building are painted green
4
Trang 535 Last week I went to see the house I used to live in it.
36 I don’t know the girl’s name She’s just gone into the hall
37 Be sure to follow the instructions They are given at the top of the page
38 Hoan Kiem lake is a historical place Its water is always blue
II Fill in the blanks with Relative pronouns or Relative adverbs where necessary
1 Let me see all the letters _ you have written
2 Is there any one can help me do this?
3 Mr Brown, _ is only 34, is the director of this company
4 I know a place roses grow in abundance
5 It was the nurse told me to come in
6 The teacher with , we studied last year no longer teaches in our school
7 They showed me the hospital buildings had been destroyed by US bombings
8 We saw many soldiers and tanks were moving to the front
9 Dr Fleming, _ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945
10 He joined the political party _ was in power
11 Love, is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life
12 Freedom is something for _ millions have given their lives
13 It is easy to find faults in people we dislike
14 The really happy people are those _ enjoy their daily work
15 We must find a time _ we can meet and a place _ we can talk
III Use a Relative pronoun preceded by a preposition to combine each pair of sentences below:
1 This is a rare opportunity You should take advantage of it to get a better job
2 The boy is my cousin You made fun of him
3 This matter is of great importance You should pay attention to it
4 The woman lives next door to me You gave place to her on the bus
5 The examination lasted two days I was successful in this examination
6 This is the result of our work I’m pleased with it
7 There is a No parking sign I do not take notice of it
8 Mr Brown is the man I am responsible to him for my work
9 Do you see my pen? I have just written the lesson with it
10 We are crossing the meadow We flew kites over it in our childhood
IV Use Relative adverb to combine each pair of sentences below:
1 This is the house We often stay in this house in summer
2 I’ll show you the second hand bookshop You can find valuable books in this shop
3 I have not decided the day I’ll go to London on that day
4 He was born on the day His father was away on that day
5 The book is a telephone directory We can look up telephone numbers in this book
6 Mrs Brown rang Dr Brown He was going to carry out an urgent operation at that moment
7 The airport is the most modern one We’re going to arrive at this airport
8 She doesn’t want to speak of the cause She divorced her husband of this cause
9 The days were the saddest ones I lived far from home on those days
10 I never forget the park We met each other for the first time at this park
V Change the adjective clauses to adjective phrases
1 Do you know the woman who is coming towards us?
2 I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country
5
Trang 63 The children who attend that school receive a good education.
4 The fence which surrounds our house is made of wood
5 Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page
6 They live in the house that was built in 1890
7 The papers that are on the table belong to Patrica
8 The man who is talking to the policeman is my uncle
9 The number of students who have been counted is quite high
10 George is the man who was chosen to represent the committee at the convention
VI Replace the underlined clauses by an infinitive or infinitive phrase
1 I don’t like him playing in the street I wish we had a garden that he could play in
2 He simply loves parties He is always the first who comes and the last who leaves
3 The last person who leaves the room must turn off the lights
4 The first man who was interviewed was entirely unsuitable
5 I’ve got a bottle of wine but I haven’t got anything that I could open it with
VII Rewrite these sentences using a relative clause in place of the infinitive or infinitive phrases
1 The floor is dusty but I haven’t got a brush to sweep it (with)
2 The pilot was the only man to survive in the crash
3 He was the second person to be killed in this way
4 I have just found a river to swim (in)
5 This is a form for you to fill (in)
VIII Choose the best answer
1) The book I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive
A who B whose C that D B & C are corre
2) What’s the name of the blonde girl just came in?
A who B whose C whom D A & B are correct
3) I don’t like people lose their tempers easily
A who B whose C that D A & C are correct
4) Mexico City, has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in the world
A which B whose C that D A & B are corre
5) This is Henry, sister works for my father
A who B whose C that D.All are correct
6) He’s the man people like at first sight
A who B whom C that D A & C are correct
7) Could you iron the trousers are hanging up behind the door?
A who B which C that D B & C are correct
8) Where is the girl sells tickets?
A who B whose C whom D A & C are correct
9) The man we consider our leader had much experience in climbing mountains
A who B whose C whom D A & C are correct
10) The artist name I couldn’t remember was one of the best I had ever seen
A who B whose C that D A & C are correct
11) Frank invited Janet, he had met in Japan, to the party
A who B whose C that D A & C are correct
12 The girl _ design had been chosen stepped to the platform to receive the
award
A whose B whom C that D which
6
Trang 713) I need to find a painting will match the rest of my room
A whose B whom C who D which
14) There are too many poor people do not have enough to eat in the world
A whose B whom C who D which
15) The trees have the beautiful flowers grow near the gate of the garden
16) The teacher teaches us French is coming today
A whom B who C that D B & C are correct 17) What’s the music to you are listening?
A whose B which C that D B & C are correct 18) I don’t like the stories have unhappy endings
A who B which C that D B & C are correct 19) The students don’t have library cards can’t borrow books from the library
A who B whichC whomD A & C are correct
20) Betty is the most intelligent girl I have ever met
21) Do you know the music is being played on the radio?
A who B which C that D B & C are correct 22) This channel often shows the cartoons of the children are very fond
A whom B which C that D B & C are correct 23) The dress she bought last week doesn’t fit her well
A whom B which C whose D B & C are correct 24) Do you know a shop sells good coffee?
A which B that C whose D A & B are correct 25) The teacher punished the student was naughty
A whom B who C which D A & B are correct 26) She fell in love with a man was from another country
27) I like to write to friends are living far away from me
A who B whom C that D A & C are correct 28) I bought some pencils are in different colours
A whose B which C that D B & C are correct 29) She ate an apple was still green
30) This is my beloved school I studied when I was young
A which B that C where D A & B are correct 31) Here’s the paper you need
32) The woman has been arrested lives in an apartment
A that B which C whom D A & C are correct 33) The teacher notices the students often come to class late
A that B which C who D A & C are correct 34) The house in I was born is for sale
A which B whom C that D A & C are correct 35) That is the chair he used to sit on for meals
A which B whose C that D A & C are correct 36) What is the picture you are looking at?
A which B when C whose D A & C are correct 37) In the middle of the village, there is a well from the villagers take water to
7
Trang 8A that B which C whom D A & B are correct 38) There is a NO PARKING sign I did not take notice of
A that B which C who D A & B are correct 39) I must thank the people I got the present from
4o) Do you know the doctor for I send?
41) The man about I was telling you is standing over there
42) The woman Ann must take care of is very poor and old
43) This is the man to I gave some money this morning
44) This is the result of our work I’m pleased with
A that B whose C which D A & C are correct 45) The problem in we are very interested has been discussed in class
A that B whom C which D A & C are correct 46) The boy you made fun of yesterday is my cousin
47)Ann, lives next door, is very friendly
48) We went to Sandra’s party, we enjoyed very much
49) John, I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends
A whose B whom C that D B & C are correct 50) Sheila, job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot
51) This new stadium, can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month
A that B whose C which D A & B are correct
52) My brother, lives in Houston, is a doctor
A who B whom C.that D A & B are correct
53) My office, is on the second floor, is small
A whose B which C who .D A & B are correct
54) She told me her address I wrote down on a piece of paper
A which B that C whose D A & B are correct 55) The sun, is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat and light
A which B that C who D A & B are correct 56) Tom made a number of suggestions, most of were very helpful
A them B which C that D B & C are correct 57) Mary has three brothers, all of are married
60) The meeting ………I went was interesting
A to which B which C that D B & C are correct 58) We were given a lot of information, most of was useless
59) There were a lot of people at the party, only a few of I had met before
A them B whom C who D B & C are correct 60) I sent her two letters, neither of she has received
8
Trang 9A that B these C which D whom
61) A café is a small restaurant people can get a light meal
A where B which C that D All are correct
62) My room has a very large window you can see the whole lake
A which B that C where D All are correct
63)Alaska, my brother lives, is the largest state in the United States
A which B where C who D All are correct
64) This is the house we often stay the summer
A where B which C that D All are correct
65) Do you remember the clock tower I first met you?
A where B which C that D All are correct
66) Tell me the reason you were absent yesterday
67) Do you know the reason Laura doesn’t like me?
68) There was a time dinosaurs dominated the earth
A which B when C that D A & B are correct
69) The house in I was born and grew up was destroyed in an earthquake ten
years ago
A which B where C that D All are correct
70) Summer is the time of the year the weather is the hottest
A when B which C that D B & C are correct
71) The reason Jim has just lost his job is that he didn’t work hard enough
A why B which C that D B & C are correct
72) They hid the money in a place it was safe from robbers
A which B where C that D All are correct
73 ) Please tell me the reason for I should let you go
A that B which C why D B & C are correct
74) I know a wood you can find wild strawberries
A where B which C that D All are correct
75) Can you suggest a time at it will be convenient to meet?
76) Is there any reason for you should have a holiday?
A why B which C that D A & B are correct
77) Tell me the countries the traffic moves on the left-hand side
A where B which C that D A & B are correct
78) We keep our bread in the bridge it doesn’t go bad
A since B so that C although D after
79) these cars are cheap, they last a long time
A Because B In order that C Although D After
80) You should give the iron time to heat up you iron your clothes
A because B so that C even though D before
A Fill in the gap with: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE
1 We talk about the party Sarah wants to organize for my birthday
2 Don is a friend with I stayed in Australia
3 Mrs Richmond, is 42 years old, does morning exercise every morning
4 We cannot find the person car is blocking our driveway
9
Trang 105 The film about they are talking is thrilling.
6 My uncle, you met yesterday, is a famous lawyer in the town
7 The police are questioning the woman purse was stolen outside the supermarket
8 The girl showed me the way to your house has a beautiful oval face
9 The book I received on my birthday is informative
10 The company products have high quality is facing with financial problem
B Combine the following pairs of sentences by using: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE
1 I have some homework I must do them tonight
_
2 Mrs Brooks is an experienced teacher I have great respect for her
_
3 I have seen several houses Most of them are quite unsuitable
_
4 I talked to a woman Her car had broken on the way to the party
_
5 The street is bad and narrow It leads to the my school
_
6 She lives in a city This city is one of the largest cities in Viet Nam
C Reduce the following relative pronouns by using : VING, V3/VED, or TO-V
1 The couples who live in the house next door are both college professors
2 Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way
3 She is the only person who receives this scholarship
4 They refused to carry out the plan which was worked out by the city council
5 The people who were waiting for their children in the examination room looked nervous
6 My brother was the only man who realized the danger
A Fill in the gap with: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE
1 Mark Twain is an author books I like best
2 Where is the house in they are living?
3 Her father she looked after over twenty years died last year
4 I’ll give you the address you could write to
10