Ôn thi HKII Anh 11

Present participle: We can use a present participle to replace a relative clause which has an active meaning.. Past participle:We can use a past participle to replace a relative clause w

I RELATIVE CLAUSE:

1 Defining and Non- defining relative clause

2 Relative clauses with prepositions: Noun + preposition + pronoun( which/ whom) + relative clause

3 Relative clauses replaced by participles and to infinitive

a Present participle: We can use a present participle to replace a relative clause which has an active meaning.

b Past participle:We can use a past participle to replace a relative clause which has a passive meaning

c To-infinitive(active)/ to be +past participle(passive):to-infinitive after an ordinary number (first,

second…) after next, last, after, only… and after superlative adjectives

4 Relative clauses and the omission of relative pronouns

a Relative pronouns as subject:

Ex: → The woman who/that lives next door is a doctor

→ Where is the cheese which/that was in the fridge?

 The pronouns who / which / that can be the subject of a relative clause.

b Relative pronouns as object

Ex: → The woman (who / whom / that ) wanted to see was away

→ You can get back the tax (which / that) you’ve paid

 The pronouns which / whom/who/ that can be the object of a relative clause

c Omission of relative pronouns

We can leave out the pronouns when it is not the subject of the relative clause Clauses without pronouns are very common in informal English

Ex: → The woman(that/who/whom) Gary met knows your sister

→ The dress(that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well

Ex: → That man( who was )sitting next to Angela never said a word

Sometime we can use a participle without a relative pronoun

II CLEFT SENTENCES

a Subject focus:

IT + IS/WAS + SUBJECT + THAT/WHO/WHOM/WHICH +…Used to emphasize agents of action

b Object focus:

IT +IS/ WAS + OBJECT + THAT/WHICH/WHO/WHOM +…  Used to emphasize objects of action

c Adverbial focus:

IT + IS/WAS + ADVEB + THAT +…  Used to emphasize adverbs of time and place of clause

III MODAL VERBS: CAN /COULD/ BE ABLE TO

Ex1: My grandfather was very clever He could speak five languages

Ex2: We were totally free We could do whatever we wanted

Ex3: A girl fell into the river, but fortunately we were able to rescue her

Ex4: My father couldn’t swim (=My father wasn’t able to swim.)

IV Tag questions

Ex1: You are a student, aren’t you? Ex2: The film wasn’t very interesting, was it? Ex3:Mary does a lot of homework every day, doesn’t she? Ex4:John didn’t go to school yesterday, did he? Ex5: We have seen this film twice, haven’t we? Ex5: They can swim very fast, can’t they?

NOTES:

- I am…  …, aren’t I ?/ …, am I not? - Let’s… …, shall we?

- Imperative: Do…/Don’t do……, will you? - Invitation: …, Won’t you?

Ex: Do sit down, won’t you?

- Afirmative imperative: …, can/ can’t you/ could you?

- There …  …, ….there? Ex:There are only twenty-eight days in February, aren’t there? - It’s raining now,

isn’t it? It isn’t raining now, is it?

- Nothing/It…  …, it? - Anyone/nobody/no one/ somebody/ someone/ everybody/everyone … …, they?

 Answers for tag questions

- YES có nghĩa câu khẳng định là đúng, và NO có nghĩa câu phủ định là đúng

Ex: Laire is married, isn’t she?  Yes, she has just married.(vâng cô ấy vừa mới kết hôn)  No, of course, she

isn’t(không dĩ nhiên cô ấy chưa kết hôn)

Ex: Andrew hasn’t got many friends  Yes.(không phải)= he has a lot of friends  No.(Vâng) = he hasn’t got

many friends

 Nếu ta lên giọng ở phần đuôi câu hỏi, thì đây là câu hỏi thật sự Phần đuôi là khẳng định được dùng để hỏi điều gì đó, hoặc yêu cầu ai làm điều gì đó.

Nếu xuống giọng ở phần đuôi câu hỏi nghĩa là bạn không thật sự đặt câu hỏi mà bạn chỉ muons người nghe đồng ý với bạn

V PASSIVE

Ex1: It is said that this house was built 100 years ago

 This house is said to have been built 100 years ago  People say that this house was built 100 years ago Ex2: It is believed that he is poor

 He is believed to be poor  They believe that he is poor

S1 + V1 + that+S2+V2+…

 IT + be+ V1(3/Ved) +that+S2 +V2+…

 S2 +be + V1(3/Ved) + V2(TO_INFINITIVE)+ …  the same tense as the tense in V1

(TO HAVE + V3/ed) +… action in V2 happening before action in V1

say, believe, suppose, think ,know, consider, expect, report, allege, feel, find, pressure, understand, estimate, claim, acknowledge, assume, …

Notes:

-If the verbs of the main clause and the subordinate clause are same tenses, use To-inf.

-If the verbs of the main clause and the subordinate clause are different tenses (for example,M.C in present and

S.C in past or perfect tenses), use To have + PP

A Transformation sentences

1 It is thought that there are too many obstacles to peace

There are

2 Please do not smoke in this area of the restaurant.

Customers are

3 A new film has not often before produced such positive reviews

RareIy has

I Write these sentence in another way, beginning as shown.

1 People know that he is armed

He

2 It is believed that the man was killed by terrorists

The man

3 People think that the company is planning a new advertising campaign

The company

4 It was reported that the President had suffered a heart attack

The President

5 It is alleged that the man was driving at 110 miles an hour

The man

6 People know that the expedition reached the South Pole in May

The expedition

7 It is said that there is a secret tunnel between them

There

8 People consider that she was the best singer that Australia has ever produced

She

9 It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow

The weather

10 A lot of people believe that the Prime Minister and his wife have separated

The Prime Minister and his wife

11 It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by the fire

The building

12 People have acknowledged that underfunding, contributed to the problem

Underfunding

13 People believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police

He

14 Journalists suppose that the footballer is earning ten million pounds a year

The footballer

15 It is reported that the damage is extensive

The damage

1 They presented Maria Svensson with the award last night

2 People were watching the game outside the stadium on a huge screen

3 The south coast continues to attract holidaymakers

4 Somebody has described Keith Jones as the world's greatest guitarist

5 Robert always hated other children teasing him

6

7 Somebody should have offered Marry a drink when she arrived

8 Kay's questions began to irritate Malcolm

9 You have to see it to believe it

10 People are blaming climate change for the recent flooding

11 Why did no one inform me of the change of the plan?

12 Everybody believed that the plan would fail

13 We have discovered that a mechanical fault caused the problem

II Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar tneaning to the first one;

1 The police think the burglar got in through the bathroom window

The burglar

2 She was sorry that she hadn't applied for the job in the library.

She regretted

3 People used to think that the earth was flat

It

4 His mother was the most warm-hearted person I've ever known

I've

5 People say that the driver was listening to his walkman at the time of the crash

The driver

6 Thanks to the improvement in export s3Ies, the company has had a successful year Without

7 I'm sorry I didn't go to your birthday party last night

I wish

8 People believe that the Prime Minister will resign tomorrow

The Prime Minister

9 They are going to repair our car next week

We

10 Although it was raining heavily, none of the guests came late

In spite

B Complete each sentence, using relative pronouns:

1 Mrs Brown,……….is 45, as four children

2 This is the boy ………studied with me in high school

3 Mary said something ……….I couldn’t hear clearly

4 Sydney,……….I live, is a very beautiful place

5 I don’t know the name of the woman ……….I met yesterday at the station

6 That’s the man ………… Nelly gave the money to

7 Is this the ring………… you were looking for?

8 An orphan is a child ………….parents are dead

9 Colin told me about his new job,………….he’s enjoying very much

10 This morning I met somebody………I hadn’t seen for ages

C Join the sentence, using relative pronouns:

1 I met Tom’s mother She works at the university

I met………

2 The movie is very interesting We are talking about it

The movie………

3 I saw several houses They were quite unsuitable

I saw ………

4 Her many friends gave her encouragement I like to be considered among them

Her many friends………

5 We are moving to Manchester Manchester is in the north-west

We………

Reduce relative clauses in the following sentences:

1 Be sure to follow the instructions that are given at the top of the page.

@

2.Students who arrive late will not be permitted to enter the classroom.

@

3 John, who was taken by surprise, hardly knew what to say.

@

4 The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet.

@

5 We drove along the road that was still flooded after the heavy rain.

@

Choose the best answer:

1 My bother Chan is someone……… about sports

A to whom I always enjoy talking B I always enjoy talking to him

C with who I always enjoy talking D whom I always enjoy talking to him

2 This is the book He’s almost proud of it

A This is the book which he’s almost proud of B This is the book which he’s almost proud

C This is the book of which he’s almost proud D A & C are correct

3 She gave us lots of suggestions……….we must think

4 The historical facts………….this document bases are very worth considering

5 He is the actor about ………… I often tell you

6 The song ………… I listened last weekend was boring

7 That’s the girl to ………… my brother got engaged

8 I don’t know the reason ………… she hasn’t talked to me recently

9 The little girl ………… I borrowed this pen has gone

10 The speech ………… we listened last night was information

11 The boy to ………… I lent my money is poor

The knife ………… we cut bread is very sharp