how to read science a

xx Sequence The order in which events happen is the sequence of those events. Sequence can also mean the steps we follow to do something. • You might observe a sequence. Clue words such as first, then, next, and finally also can help you find the sequence of events. • Some events take place at the same time. Clue words such as while, meanwhile, or during signal this. Read the public message below. Clue words have been highlighted to help you identify the order in which things happen. Public Message People save lives every day by donating blood. First, you must fill out a questionnaire. These questions make sure that it is healthy for you to give blood and that your blood is safe to give others. People with certain diseases or who take certain medications cannot give blood. Next, if you meet all the requirements, a health care professional removes a unit of blood. Then, some of the blood is sent to be tested. Finally, your blood is given to a person who needs it. Apply It! Make a graphic organizer like the one shown. Observe the steps for donating blood in the message above. Then write the sequence of steps in the correct boxes. 61 First: Next: Next: Last: Help Save Lives! Target Reading Skill Each page has one target reading skill. The reading skill corresponds with a process skill in the Directed Inquiry activity on the facing page. The reading skill will be useful as you read science. Real-World Connection Each page has an example of something you might read. It also connects with the Directed Inquiry activity. Graphic Organizer A useful strategy for understanding anything you read is to create a graphic organizer. A graphic organizer can help you think about the information and relate parts of it to each other. Each reading skill has a certain graphic organizer. A page like this one is toward the beginning of each chapter. It shows you how to use a reading skill that will help you understand what you read. Before Reading Before you read the chapter, read the Build Background page and think about how to answer the question. Recall what you already know as you answer the question. Work with a partner to make a list of what you already know. Then read the How To Read Science page. 1. Describe how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together. 2. Identify common diseases or disorders of the respiratory system and their causes. 3. Sequence What is the order of structures that oxygen passes through between your nose and bloodstream? 73 From the air sacs, oxygen passes into the blood of the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide goes from the blood into the air sacs. After these gases switch places, the air moves out of the lungs. The arteries that go from the heart into the lungs branch into smaller and smaller blood vessels. The tiniest blood vessels are capillaries around the air sacs. Air sacs have very thin walls. Around the wall of each air sac is a web of capillaries. Air sacs Blood vessels Capillaries Air Sacs in the Lungs These capillaries are magnified about 250 times. Oxygen Carbon dioxide 85 Sequence 14. Make a graphic organizer like the one shown below. In the boxes, write, in order, the parts of the respiratory system through which inhaled air passes. Test Prep 15. What is the kidney? Ꭽ an organ that cleans the blood Ꭾ a structure that keeps blood flowing through the heart Ꭿ the place where carbon dioxide leaves the bloodstream ൳ an organ where food is stored 16. What structures connect the smallest arteries with the smallest veins? ൵ air sacs ൶ capillaries ൷ bronchial tubes ൸ valves 17. Which organs make digestive fluids? Ꭽ esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine Ꭾ esophagus, pancreas, liver, and large intestine Ꭿ stomach, small intestine, pancreas, and large intestine ൳ stomach, pancreas, and liver 18. Which of these systems does NOT carry waste out of the body? ൵ circulatory ൶ respiratory ൷ digestive ൸ urinary 19. Explain why the answer you selected for Question 18 is best. For each of the answers you do not select, give a reason why it is not the best choice. 20. Descriptive Write a description of how the structure of the teeth helps them do their job in the digestive system. Bronchial tubes Bronchi Trachea Nose Air sacs Larynx xxi After Reading After you have read the chapter, think about what you found out. Exchange ideas with your partner. Compare the list you made before you read the chapter with what you learned by reading it. Answer the questions in the Chapter Review. One question uses the reading target skill. During Reading As you read the lesson, use the checkpoint to check your understanding. Some checkpoints ask you to use the reading target skill. These are the target reading skills and graphic organizers that appear in this book. Cause and Effect Draw Conclusions Compare and Contrast Summarize Sequence Main Idea Predict and Details Graphic Organizers xxii xxiii xxiv xxv What material is best for keeping heat in water? Ask a question. You might have a question about something you observe. State your hypothesis. A hypothesis is a possible answer to your question. If I wrap the jar in fake fur, then the water will stay warmer. Identify and control variables. Variables are things that can change. For a fair test, you choose just one variable to change. Keep all other variables the same. Test other materials. Put the same amount of warm water in other jars that are the same size and shape. Scientists use scientific methods as they work. Scientific methods are organized ways answer questions and solve problems. Scientific methods include the steps shown here. Scientists might not use all the steps. They might not use the steps in this order. You will use scientific methods when you do the Full Inquiry activity at the end of each unit. You also will use scientific methods when you do Science Fair Projects. xxvi Atmosphere Test your hypothesis. Make a plan to test your hypothesis. Collect materials and tools. Then follow your plan. Collect and record your data. Keep good records of what you do and find out. Use tables and pictures to help. Interpret your data. Organize your notes and records to make them clear. Make diagrams, charts, or graphs to help. State your conclusion. Your conclusion is a decision you make based on your data. Communicate what you found out. Tell whether or not your data supported your hypothesis. Fake fur did the best job of keeping the water warm. Go further. Use what you learn. Think of new questions to test or better ways to do a test. xxvii xxviii cientists use many different kinds of tools. Tools can make objects appear larger. They can help you measure volume, temperature, length, distance, and mass. Tools can help you figure out amounts and analyze your data. Tools can also help you find the latest scientific information. You can look at a wind sock to see which direction the wind is blowing. You use a thermometer to measure temperature. Many thermometers have both Fahrenheit and Celsius scales. However, scientists usually use only the Celsius scale. In experiments scientists sometimes use thermometers to help measure the gain or loss of energy. A rain gauge is used to measure the amount of rain that has fallen. Meteorologists use Doppler radar to help determine weather conditions. Wind socks and wind vanes are examples of wind direction indicators. Microscopes use several lenses to make objects appear much larger, so you can see more details. xxix You can use a telescope to help you see the stars. Some telescopes have special mirrors that gather lots of light and magnify things that are very far away, making them easier to see. A hand lens doesn’t enlarge things as much as a microscope, but a hand lens is easier to carry on a field trip. Sieves can be used to separate larger solids, such as rocks, from smaller solids, such as sand. Funnels can be used when pouring a liquid such as water or a solid such as salt into a container. Scientists use filter paper to separate solids from liquids. Magnets can be used to test if an object is made of certain metals such as iron. [...]... Chordata All these animals have spinal cords Class Mammalia All these animals give milk to their young Order Carnivora All these animals eat meat Family Canidae All these animals have dog-like features Genus Canis This level includes all dogs, coyotes, and wolves Species lupus This level names a particular kind of wolf, the gray wolf Plants Animals 1 Describe one advantage of having a classification... huge, many were much smaller, perhaps only 0.9 meters (3 feet) long A Tyrannosaurus rex had huge jaws and may have had a mass of more than 6,000 kilograms That is about the same as an adult elephant 1850 1842 The word dinosaur is coined 16 1900 1877 Apatosaurus (also known as brontosaurus) is found 1902 Tyrannosaurus rex is discovered Comparing Dinosaurs to Today’s Animals Dinosaurs shared many features... kingdoms—Plants, Fungi, Protists, Eubacteria, and Archaebacteria Qualities of Plants Plants differ from animals in a special way—they use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their own sugar for food They may have other distinctive features, such as stems, roots and leaves Many plants are vascular This means the plant has special tubes for carrying food and water to all its parts Organisms in the plant... organisms? 2 Compare and Contrast How would you compare and contrast a squirrel and a bear? 11 Reptiles Reptiles do not look much like mammals How would you compare and contrast the two classes—reptiles and mammals? Reptiles are similar to mammals in many ways Their lungs and stomachs are similar Their heads have the same basic arrangement of eyes, nose, and mouth Reptiles are different from mammals... carry air through their bodies Spiders breathe with organs called book lungs An egg is the first stage of a life cycle with complete metamorphosis Identifying Organisms The second stage is a larva that does not look like an adult A butterfly larva is a caterpillar Another arthropod larva may be a maggot or grub After it has grown, a larva goes through a pupa stage A butterfly pupa is a chrysalis After... Reptiles Eastern Gray Squirrel Stellar’s Jay Mammals Western Diamondback Rattlesnake Characteristics of Mammals Body covering Hair or fur Body Warm-blooded temperature Feed young Mothers’ milk One class of vertebrates is the mammals All mammals share several characteristics They breathe air with lungs and make milk for their young Most mammals have hair or fur Mammals are warm-blooded That means they... classified as an arthropod The animal is classified as an insect How many legs does the animal have? The animal is classified as an arachnid Green Scarab Beetle Giraffe Weevil Does the animal appear furry? Ladybird Spider Does the animal have a long neck? Black Widow Spider 1 Choose two other animals pictured on page 21 and use the key to classify and identify them 2 Choose 5 or 6 objects from the classroom Make... fossils have included more than just bones These fossils have shown that some dinosaurs had a heart that is similar to a bird’s or a mammal’s heart Dinosaur legs held the body off the ground Lizard legs may cause the belly to drag on the ground How would you compare and contrast the skeletons of a T rex and a monitor lizard? 1 Compare and Contrast mammals and fish 2 Name the classes of vertebrates discussed... another class of vertebrate animals Like mammals, birds are warm-blooded They also have many organs, such as eyes, tongues, and bones similar to those of mammals What makes birds different from all other animals? It is not the ability to fly, because many insects and bats can do that Some birds do not fly at all The special characteristic of birds is their feathers Feathered wings help many birds soar with... fern leaves at the right At this stage, these leaves Cushion Moss are called fiddleheads One way ferns are different Characteristics of Ferns from mosses is that ferns are vascular yes vascular Vascular plants can seeds no grow larger than nonvascular flowers no plants This is because the vascular tubes can carry materials to parts of the plant high off the ground Ferns and mosses are alike in that they . understanding anything you read is to create a graphic organizer. A graphic organizer can help you think about the information and relate parts of it to each other. Each reading skill. Before Reading Before you read the chapter, read the Build Background page and think about how to answer the question. Recall what you already know as you answer the question. Work with a partner. partner to make a list of what you already know. Then read the How To Read Science page. 1. Describe how the respiratory and circulatory systems work together. 2. Identify common diseases or