Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ SPELLING OF THE –ING AND –ED FORMS Consonant: phụ âm; Vowel: nguyên âm -ING Rules -ED Rules Verbs that end in a consonant and –e Ex: date, increase, injure, live … dating, increasing, injuring, living If the word ends in a consonant and – e, drop the –e and add –ing Note: see-seeing, agree-agreeing dated, increased, injured, lived If the word ends in –e, just add -d Verbs that end in a vowel and a consonant Ex: stop, run, rob, win, beg, plan, commit… stopping, running, robbing, begging, planning, committing If the word ends in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and then add –ing Note 1: If the word has more than one syllable and is not stressed at the last syllable, don’t double the consonant. Ex: visit-visiting, listen-listening, gather-gathering (*1) Note 2: If the word ends in two vowels and a consonant, don’t double the consonant. Ex: rain-raining, fool-fooling, complain-complaining stopped, runned, robbed, begged, planned, committed If the word ends in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and then add –ed Note 1: If the word has more than one syllable and is not stressed at the last syllable, don’t double the consonant. Ex: visit-visited, listen-listened, gather-gathered (*1) Note 2: If the word ends in two vowels and a consonant, don’t double the consonant. Ex: rain-rained, fool-fooled complain-complained Verbs that end in a consonant and –y + Ex: try, study, supply, apply, reply… Verbs that end in a vowel and –y + Ex: buy, enjoy, pray, play, employ + trying, studying, supplying, applying, replying … + buying, enjoying, praying, playing, employing … If the word ends in –y, just add –ing. + tried, studied, supplied, applied, replied … + enjoyed, prayed, played, employed … If the –y is preceded by a consonant, change the –y into –ied If the –y is preceded by a vowel, just add -ed Verbs that end in –ie Ex: lie, die + lying, dying If the word ends in –ie, change –ie into –y, and then add -ing lied, died If the word ends in –ie, just add -d (*1) Exception: + plow-plowed, fix-fixed. “W” is not pronounced (mute) here, and “x” is pronounced as a cluster of two consonant /ks/. + travel-traveling/travelling, traveled/travelled; cancel-canceling/cancelling, canceled/cancelled. (American English: -l-, British English: -ll-) . Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding and Using English Grammar, Betty Schrampfer Azar _ Lê Xuân Hồ Spelling of –ING and –ED, revised and adapted from Understanding. the word ends in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and then add –ing Note 1: If the word has more than one syllable and is not stressed at the last syllable, don’t double the. If the word ends in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and then add –ed Note 1: If the word has more than one syllable and is not stressed at the last syllable, don’t double the