two symbolic architecture works in england

Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford List of contents Acknowledgements Part A: Introduction Part A: Introduction 1 Part A: Introduction 1 1. Statement of the topic 1 2. Reason for choosing the topic 1 3. Outline of graduation paper 2 Part B: development 3 Chapter 1: Brief introduction about england 3 and concept of architecture of england 3 1. introduction about england 3 1.1. The name of England 3 1.2. georgraphy 4 1.3. Climate 4 1.4. Language 5 1.5. Demography 5 1.6. Education 6 1.7. National symbols 8 2. architecture of england 9 2.1. Definition of architecture 9 2.2. Architecture of England 9 Chapter 2 10 two symbolic architecture works in England 10 1. Big Ben Clock Tower 10 2. Introduction about Big Ben Clock Tower 10 1.1. Tower 11 3. Clock 12 3.1. Dials 12 3.2. Movement 12 3.3. Malfunctions, breakdowns, and other outages 13 4. Bells 15 4.1. Great bell 15 4.2. Chimes 16 5. Nickname 16 6. Significance in popular culture 17 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford II. University of Oxford 19 1. Introduction about University of Oxford 19 2. History 20 3. Organisation 23 3.1. Central governance 24 3.2. Colleges 25 3.3. Teaching and degrees 26 3.4. Academic year 27 4. Finances 27 5. Admission 28 5.1. Age 28 5.2. Procedure 28 5.3. Access 29 5.4. Scholarships and financial support 31 6. Collections 32 6.1. Libraries 32 6.2. Museums 33 Chapter 3 34 Two symbolic architecture works in Vietnam 35 1.Turtle tower 35 2. Temple of Literature 36 Chapter 4: Comparison between two symbolic architecture works in England and those in Vietnam 43 1. Similarities 43 Part C: Conclusion 47 1. Summary of the paper 47 2. Remarks and suggestions 47 References 49 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Acknowledgements This minor thesis is the result marking my own efforts in study during the past four years at Dong Do university – the university that I have had so many beautiful memories and where I have been trained to become a bachelor of English. During the time studying at Dong Do university, I have received a lot of help from a lot of people, especially from my family, my lectures and my friends. It would be a great pleasure for me to convey my most sincere thanks to them. Firstly, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to my parents, who have always been at my side and supported me during the past four years, my parents have given me so many precious advices to help me overcome the difficulties that I have met in my study as well as in my life. Thanks to those advices that I feel I am more confident and ready to overcome any challenges. Secondly, I would like to express my gratitude to all of the lectures in the Faculty of Foreign Languages at Dong Do university who have taught me and transmitted me knowledge to help me enrich my English knowledge. Besides I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr Đặng Quốc Tuấn, who has supervised and helped me complete successfully this minor thesis. Finally, I would like to convey my thanks to all of my classmates, and some other friends, who have given me sincere words of encouragement to help me have enough confidence in myself to complete this minor thesis well. Thank you all. Vũ Thị Hà Linh Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Part A: Introduction 1. Statement of the topic English is used by a greater number of speakers than any other languages. Millions of men and women in four continents have English as their first language, and millions in every part of the world use it as their second or foreign language. This gives us some idea of the importance of English. If you can speak Engish, you will be able to make friends with a lot of people from many countries in the world as well as have opportunities to understand more about many different cultures. Besides, studying of symbolic architecture works in England is one of the ways that help me grasp the basics of this country’s people and culture. Yet, due to the limit of number of pages, I just write about two of the symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford in this minor thesis. I hope that this minor thesis will help you understand more about architecture works’ values in order to have an clearer awareness of preserving architecture works in Vietnam in particular and in the world in general. 2. Reason for choosing the topic It has been nearly four years since the first day I was present at my university lecture-hall. During these nearly four years, I have been making efforts to study English with the hope that after four years at Dong Do university, with the knowledge that I learn from my teachers and my own effort in the subjects, I would complete my course with good marks in order to have an opportunity to do minor thesis on the theme that I deeply understand and be fluent in English to get a good job that is suitable with my major after graduating from university. I also hope very much that some day, I could set my feet in England - the native homeland of the English language and study at one of the famous universities in this country. As you know, England is not only famous for its beauty, advanced education, hospitality, but also famous for its architecture works as well. Besides, understanding more deeply about architecture works of England will help me understand more clearly about the people and culture of this country, about the relation between its architectural styles and the people’s daily life and the importance of these architecture works to the beauty of England from Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 1 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford the past to the present. That is the reason why I choose the name “Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford” as the theme of my minor thesis. This idea came from the lectures full of significance of one of my lecturers when I was the second year student at my university, this subject is named “British Culture”. Thanks to this subject, I knew that Big Ben Clock Tower was one of the prominent symbols of both London and England and University of Oxford was the second-oldest surviving university in the world, and the oldest in England. I have nurtured this idea of writing about these two architecture works for my minor thesis since then, and now this idea is being carried out when I am working hard to complete my writing about the two symbolic architecture works for my minor thesis. In the content of the minor thesis, I will give the reasons why they have become such famous architecture works in England in particular and in the world in general, and then having comparisons between them and two architecture works in Vietnam: Turtle Tower and Temple of Literature to bring their values in sharp focus and talk about the two countries’ responsibility towards preserving these architecture works. 3. Outline of graduation paper The graduation paper includes 3 parts: Part A: Introduction: This part deals with statement of the topic, reason for the topic and outlline of the paper. Part B: Development: This part includes content of the graduation paper covering two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford and comparisons between them and Turtle Tower and Temple of Literature in Vietnam. Part C: Conclusion: It includes summary of the graduation paper and remarks and suggestions. Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 2 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Part B: development Chapter 1: Brief introduction about england and concept of architecture of england 1. introduction about england Picture 1: Flag of England 1.1. The name of England The name “England” is derived from the Old English name engla land, which means “land of the Angles”. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages. The Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first known use of “England” to refer to the southern part of the island of Great Britain occurs in 897, and its modern spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest arrested mention of the name occurs in the 1 st century work by Tacitus, Germania, in which the Latin word Anglii is used. The etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. How and why a term derived from the name of a tribe that was less significant than others, such as the Saxons, came to be used for the entire country ant its people is not known, but it seems this is related to the custom of calling the Germanic people in Britain Angli Saxones or English Saxons. It may be worth noting that in Scottish Gaelic, another language which developed on the island of Great Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 3 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Britain, it was the dominant Saxon tribe who gave their name to the word for ‘England’ (“Sasunn”). An alternative name for England is Albion. The name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specially the 4 th century BC De Mundo. “Beyond the Pillars of Hercules is the ocean that flows round the earth. In it are two very large islands called Britannia; these are Albion and lerne”. The word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. It either derives from a cognate of the Latin albus meaning white, a reference to the white cliffs of Dover, the only part of Britain visible from the European Continent, or from the phrase in Massaliote Periplus, the “island of the Albiones”. Albion is now applied to England in a more poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, and made popular by its use in Arthurian legend. 1.2. georgraphy England is the largest of the three political divisions within the island of Great Britain. Bound by Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, England is no more than 29 km from France across the narrowest part of the English channel. Much of England is flat or low-lying. In the north is a range of limestone hills, known as the Pennines, to the west are the Cumbrian Mountains and the Lake District. South of the Pennines is the heavilly populated Midlands, and in the south-west peninsula, known as the west country, is the plateau with granite outcrops, good diary farming and a rugged coastline. The rest of the country is known as the English Lowlands, a mixture of farmland, low hills, an industrial belt and the massive city of London. 1.3. Climate England has a temperate maritime climate: it is mild with temperatures not much lower than 0 0 C (32 0 F) in winter and not much higher than 32 0 C (90 0 F) in summer. The weather is damp relatively frequently and is changeable. The coldest months are January and February, the latter particularly on the English coast, while July is normally the warmest month. Months with mild to warm weather are May, June, September and October. Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 4 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Important influences on the climate of England are its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, its northern latitude and the warming of the sea by the Gulf Stream. Rainfall is higher in the west, and parts of the Lake District receive more than rain than anywhere else in the country. 1.4. Language As its name suggests, the English language, today spoken by hundreds of millions of people around the world, originated as the language of England, where it remains the principal tongue today. It is an Indo-European language in the Anglo-Frisian branch of the Germanic family. After the Norman conquest, the Old English language was displaced and confined to the lower social classes as Norman French and Latin were used by aristocracy. By the 15 th century, English came back into fashion among all classes, though much changed; the Middle English form showed many signs of French influence, both in vocabulary and spelling. During the English renaissance, many words were coined from Latin and Greek origins. Modern English has extended this custom of flexibility, when it comes to incorporating words from different languages. Thanks in large part to the British Empire, the English language is the world’s unofficial lingua franca. English language learning and teaching is an important economic activity, and includes language schooling, tourism spending, and publishing. There is no legislation mandating an official language for England, but English is the only language used for official business. Despite the country’s relatively small size, there are many distinct regional accents, and individuals with particularly strong accents may not be easily understood everywhere in the country. 1.5. Demography With over 51 million inhabitants, England is by far the most populous country of the United Kingdom, accounting for 84% of the combined total. England taken as a unit and measured against international states has the fourth largest population in the European Union and would be the 25 th largest country by population in the world. With the density of 395 people per square kilometre, it would be the second most densely populated country in the European Union after Malta. The English people are British people. Some genetic evidence suggests that 75-95% descend in the paternal line from prehistoric settlers who Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 5 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford originally came from the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a 5% contribution from Angles and Saxons, and a significant Norse element. Howerver, other geneticists place the Norse-Germanic estimate up to half. Over time, various cultures have been influential: Prehistoric, Brythonic, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Norse Viking, Gealic cultures, as well as a large influence from Normans. There is an English diaspora in former parts of the British Empire; especially the United States, Canada, Australia, Chile, South Africa and New Zealand. Since the late 1990s, English people have migrated to Spain. At the time the Domesday Book, complied in 1086, more than 90% of the English population of about two million lived in the countryside. By 1801 the population had grown to 8.3 million, and by 1901 had grown to 30.5 million. Due in particular to the economic prosperity of South East England, there are many economic migrants from the other parts of the United Kingdom. The proportion of ethnically European residents totals at 87.50%, including Germans and Poles. Other people from much further afield in the former British colonies have arrived since the 1950s: in particular, 6.00% of people living in England have family origins in the Indian subcontinent, mostly India and Pakistan. 2.90% of the population are black, mostly from the Caribbean. There is a significant number of Chinese and British Chinese. As of 2007, 22% of primary school children in England were from ethnic minority families. About half of the population increase between 1991 and 2001 was due to immigration. Debate over immigration is politically prominent; according to a Home Office poll, 80% of people want to cap it. The ONS has projected that the population will grow by six million between 2004 and 2029. 1.6. Education Picture 2: Senate House, the administrative center of the University of London Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 6 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford The Department for Education is the government department responsible for issues affecting people in England up to the age of 19, including education. State-run and -funded schools are attended by approximately 93% of English schoolchildren. Of these, a minority are faith schools, primarily Church of England or Catholic. Between three and four is nursery schools, 4 and 11 is primary school, and 11 to 16 is secondary school, with an option for a two-year extension to attend sixth form college. Although most English secondary schools are comprehensive, in some areas there are selective intake grammar schools, to which entrance is subject to passing the eleven plus exam. Around 7.2% of English schoolchildren attend private schools, which are funded by private sources. Standards in state schools are monitored by the Office for Standards in Education, and in private schools by the Independent Schools Inspectorate. After finishing compulsoty education, pupils take a GCSE examination, following which they may decide to continue in further education and attend a further education college. Students normally enter universities in the United Kingdom from 18 onwards, where they study for an academic degree. There are over 90 universities in England, all but one of which are public. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills is the government department responsible for higher education in England. Students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance. The first degree offered to undergraduates is the Bachelor’s degree, which usually takes three years to complete. Students are then eligible for a postgraduate degree, a Master’s degree, taking one year, or a doctorate degree, which takes three. England’s universities include some of the highest-ranked universities in the world; the University of Cambridge, Imperial College London, the University of Oxford and University College London are all ranked in the global top 10 in the 2010 OS World University Rankings. The London School of Economics has been described as the world’s leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world’s leading business schools and in 2010, its MBA programme was ranked best in the world by the Financial Times. Academic degrees in England are usually split into classes: first class(I), upper second class (II:1), lower second class (II:2) and third (III), and unclassified (below third class). Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 7 [...]... innovation, producing distinctive national forms Among the most characteristic styles originating in England are the Perpendicular Gothic of the late Middle Ages, High Victorian Gothic and the ‘Queen Anne’ style Vũ Thị Hà Linh 9 Class: N14A1 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Chapter 2 two symbolic architecture works in England 1 Big Ben... Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford machanism- the pendulum continuing to swing freely Thus it chimed in the new year 10 minutes late 5 August 1976: First and only major breakdown The air brake speed regulator of the chiming mechanism broke after more than 100 years of torsional fatigue causing the fully wound 4 ton weigh to spin the winding... 2.2 Architecture of England The architecture of England refers to the architecture practised in the territory of the present-day country of England, and in the historic Kingdom of England The term is also used to refer to building created under English influence or by English architects in other parts of the world, particularly in the English or later British colonies and Empire, which developed into... Vow to Thee, My Country England s national Day is 23 April which is St George’s Day: St George is the patron saint of England 2 architecture of england 2.1 Definition of architecture Architecture is a style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical structures In relation to buildings, architecture has to do with the planning, designing and constructing form, space and aesthetic... manipulation and coordination of material, technology, light and shadow Architecture also encompasses pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimating and construction administration As documentation produced by architects, typically drawings, plans and techinical specifications, architecture defines the structure or behaviour of a building or any other kind of a system... libraries within the Bodleian’s remit include Vũ Thị Hà Linh 32 Class: N14A1 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford the Bodleian Law Library, Indian Institute Library, Radcliffe Science Library, the Oriential Institue Library and the Vere Harmsworth US History Library A new book depository opened in South Marston, Swindon in October 2010,...Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford The King’s School, Canterbury and King’s School, Rochester are the oldest schools in the English-speaking world Many of England s better-known schools, such as Winchester College, Eton College, St Paul’s School, Rugby School and Harrow School are fee-paying institutions 1.7 National symbols... removed for repairs During this period, BBC Radio 4 broadcast recordings of British bird song followed by the pips in place of the usual chimes 11 August 2007: Start of 6-week stoppage for maintenance Bearings in the clock’s going train and the “great bell” striker were replaced, for the first time since installation During the maintenance works, the clock was not driven by the original mechanism, but... in 1096, but it is unclear at what point a university came into being Vũ Thị Hà Linh 20 Class: N14A1 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford The expulsion of foreigners from the University of Paris in 1167 caused many English scholars to return from France and settle in Oxford The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in. .. arrived in 1190 The head of the University was named a chancellor from at least 1201, and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231 The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two “nations”, representing the North (including the Scots) and the South (including the Irish and the Welsh) In later century, geographical origins continued to influence . style. Vũ Thị Hà Linh Class: N14A1 9 Graduation Paper Two symbolic architecture works in England: Big Ben Clock Tower and University of Oxford Chapter 2 two symbolic architecture works in England 1 these two architecture works for my minor thesis since then, and now this idea is being carried out when I am working hard to complete my writing about the two symbolic architecture works for. 33 Chapter 3 34 Two symbolic architecture works in Vietnam 35 1.Turtle tower 35 2. Temple of Literature 36 Chapter 4: Comparison between two symbolic architecture works in England and those in Vietnam