The Complete Wireless Communications Professional: A Guide for Engineers and Managers The Complete Wireless Communications Professional: A Guide for Engineers and Managers William Webb Artech House Boston • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Webb, William, 1967– The complete wireless communications professional : a guide for engineers and managers / William Webb p. cm. — (Artech House mobile communications library) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-89006-338-9 (alk. paper) 1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Mobile communication systems. I. Title. II. Series. TK5103.2.W42 1999 621.6845—dc21 98-51802 CIP British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Webb, William, 1967– The complete wireless communications professional : a guide for engineers and managers—(Artech House mobile communications library) 1. Wireless communication systems. I. 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International Standard Book Number: 0-89006-338-9 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-51802 10987654321 Contents Preface What is a complete wireless professional? xiii Introduction xiii Format of this book xiv Acknowledgments xv Part I Introductory material 1 1 Some interesting history 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Early history 4 1.3 Some key milestones in mobile radio history 8 1.4 Recent history 10 References 16 Part II Mobile radio systems 17 2 The basics of mobile radio 19 2.1 Introduction 19 v 2.2 Basic principles of propagation 20 2.3 Radio spectrum utilization 32 2.4 Basic system design 37 2.4.1 System overview 37 2.4.2 Voice encoding 37 2.4.3 Secure transmission 46 2.4.4 Overcoming channel imperfections 48 2.4.5 Frequency and phase modulation 55 2.4.6 Clock recovery 64 2.4.7 Carrier recovery 66 2.4.8 Multiple access 68 2.5 Packet and circuit transmission 79 2.6 Theoretical capacity of mobile radio systems 80 References 82 Further reading 83 3 Cellular radio technologies 85 3.1 The range of cellular systems 85 3.2 GSM 88 3.2.1 System architecture 88 3.2.2 Locating a subscriber and starting calls 91 3.2.3 Transmission within GSM 93 3.3 cdmaOne 101 3.4 Other systems 106 References 106 4 Private mobile radio systems 107 4.1 Introduction 107 4.2 Simple private radio systems 114 vi The Complete Wireless Communications Professional 4.3 TETRA 119 4.3.1 Introduction 119 4.3.2 System operation 120 4.3.3 Technical parameters 123 4.4 Other systems 125 References 125 5 Other mobile radio systems 127 5.1 Introduction 127 5.2 Cordless systems 128 5.2.1 Overview of cordless telephony 128 5.2.2 Digital enhanced cordless telephone 130 5.2.3 Personal handiphone system 134 5.3 Wireless local loop systems 135 5.3.1 Introduction to wireless local loop 135 5.3.2 Access technologies: radio and cable 137 5.3.3 WLL and cellular: the differences 142 5.3.4 Technologies for WLL and LMDS/MVDS 144 5.4 Satellite systems for telephony 149 5.4.1 Introduction 149 5.4.2 Concept 150 5.4.3 Economics of satellite systems 153 5.5 TV, radio, and other systems 154 References 159 6 Interfacing with fixed networks 161 6.1 The need for fixed networks 161 6.2 Fixed network architectures 162 6.3 Fixed network protocols 170 Contents vii 6.4 Fixed mobile convergence 178 6.4.1 Introduction 178 6.4.2 Defining fixed-mobile convergence 179 6.4.3 Possible solutions 179 6.4.4 The future of the FMC marketplace 185 References 187 Part III The mobile network operator 189 7 Designing a mobile radio network 191 7.1 Technical design 191 7.1.1 Introduction 191 7.1.2 Network planning 193 7.1.3 Radio planning 196 7.1.4 Microcells and picocells 198 7.1.5 Interconnection 199 7.1.6 Operations and maintenance planning 203 7.1.7 Supplier selection 204 7.1.8 Network deployment 205 7.2 Applying for a license 205 7.3 The mobile radio equipment manufacturer 208 References 210 8 Economics of a mobile radio network 211 8.1 Understanding financial information 211 8.1.1 Introduction to accounting 211 8.1.2 The profit and loss account 212 8.1.3 The balance sheet 215 8.1.4 The funds flow statement 218 8.1.5 Performing first pass modeling 221 viii The Complete Wireless Communications Professional 8.2 The business case 223 8.2.1 The overall structure of the business case 223 8.2.2 The network costs 223 8.2.3 The operating expenses 227 8.2.4 Revenue 227 8.2.5 Financing 233 8.2.6 Summary 235 References 238 9 Operating a mobile radio network 239 9.1 Introduction 239 9.2 Monitoring the network 240 9.3 Tariff policies and their implications 244 9.4 Capacity enhancement 246 9.4.1 Introduction 246 9.4.2 The available capacity enhancement techniques 246 9.4.3 Dual-band operation 247 9.4.4 Techniques affecting the cluster size 247 9.4.5 Using more cells 251 9.4.6 Which capacity enhancement techniques should be used when? 252 10 Large users of mobile radio networks 255 10.1 Introduction 255 10.2 Railways 257 10.2.1 Introduction 257 10.2.2 Current railway communications within Europe 258 10.2.3 Railway requirements 259 10.2.4 PMR versus cellular 261 Contents ix 10.3 Police 263 10.3.1 Introduction 263 10.3.2 Description of requirements 264 10.3.3 Selection of radio system 265 10.4 Other emergency services 266 10.5 Other users 267 11 Future mobile radio systems 269 11.1 Progress in radio systems 269 11.2 The third generation vision 270 11.3 Designing the third generation system 274 References 277 Part IV Regulators and governments 279 12 Radio spectrum 281 12.1 Introduction 281 12.2 The management of radio spectrum 282 12.3 Modern allocation and assignment methods 287 12.4 Implications for the mobile radio operator 290 12.5 Government policy 294 References 297 13 Standardization 299 13.1 Introduction 299 13.2 Standards-making bodies 300 13.3 Writing standards 304 References 307 x The Complete Wireless Communications Professional Part V Becoming a better wireless professional 309 14 Areas of conflict 311 14.1 Introduction 311 14.2 TETRA versus GSM 313 14.2.1 Background to the debate 313 14.2.2 Evaluation of the technologies 313 14.2.3 Economic comparison 315 14.2.4 Analyzing the debate 318 14.3 DECT versus PHS 319 14.3.1 Background to the debate 319 14.3.2 The key issues 319 14.3.3 Analyzing the debate 321 14.4 CDMA versus TDMA 322 14.4.1 Background to the debate 322 14.4.2 The capacity of CDMA versus TDMA 323 14.4.3 Other issues introduced into the debate 325 14.4.4 Analyzing the debate 327 14.5 Handling conflict 327 References 328 15 Management 329 15.1 Introduction 329 15.2 An overview of management 330 15.3 Understanding corporate strategy 332 References 338 16 The complete wireless professional 339 16.1 Introduction 339 Contents xi [...]... along the origin of 24 The Complete Wireless Communications Professional 2 1 0 −1 −2 2 1 0 −1 −2 4 2 0 −2 −4 Figure 2.2 The top trace represents the wanted signal, the second the interfering signal, and the third the received waveform twice the magnitude, whereas in the second case the result of the addition would be no remaining signal Figure 2.3 shows the vector diagrams and resulting addition for the. .. between the base station and the mobile When behind the houses the signal strength will be reduced, whereas when between them the signal strength will rise back to the expected level The depth of the fade will depend on both the amount of loss of the signal in passing through the building and the strength of signals received by other mechanisms such as reflection The duration of the fade will depend on the. .. spectrum and the complex system designs required to provide sufficient system capacity Then the design of a typical system is examined, providing a good understanding of the basics of mobile radio communications The complete wireless professional needs to have an understanding of: 19 20 The Complete Wireless Communications Professional Q The likely received signal strength and the effect of slow and fast... of the standard However, those doing the standardization seem to have trouble recognizing that the direction of the standardization might need to change Nor do they appear to have learned the lesson from GSM that such standardization might take 13 years or more Much of the standardization is performed by engineers who would do well to look at recent historical experience 16 The Complete Wireless Communications. .. different ways and ensured that there Some interesting history 11 was sufficient time for the relatively slow standardization process to produce results before the product was required The transfer of the standardization from CEPT to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI) helped to produce new “rules” about the manner in which the standardization would proceed, making the standardization... lack of competition from other standards, and full European cooperation, not to mention the careful and skilled work of those performing the standardization, is unusual and that standards are more likely to fail than succeed Indeed, there is much evidence that this is the case Unfortunately, many engineers only look back into history as far as GSM and conclude that all European standards will be successful... finance, the complete wireless professional only requires an understanding of the key issues, and the brief description provided in this book may be sufficient To some extent, this book gathers reference material from a wide range of technical, managerial, and financial sources and represents in summary form those issues that are key to the complete wireless professional By encompassing the information... 1991 has been dominated by the introduction of digital mobile radio and the attempts to standardize third generation systems Key within this history are the roles of the GSM, CDMA technologies, and the third generation concept and the success (or otherwise) of standardization It is this history that is probably of greatest interest to the complete wireless professional because the lessons of this period... experienced These typically occur in constrained spaces, often in corridors in a building Here, the signal does not expand on the surface of a sphere because the walls of the corridor cause the signal traveling toward them to be reflected back into the corridor Because the signal is now moving forward on a surface that is not expanding (assuming the corridor stays the same width and height), theory would... CEPT standardization was led by engineers with little regard for commercial reality and with a desire to see their own ideas incorporated into the standard The standards that were developed, such as X25, were often ambiguous and resulted in various national implementations, preventing interworking in the form envisaged The track record of other standards bodies was also not good In most cases, the development . The Complete Wireless Communications Professional: A Guide for Engineers and Managers The Complete Wireless Communications Professional: A Guide for Engineers and Managers William Webb Artech. Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Webb, William, 1967– The complete wireless communications professional : a guide for engineers and managers (Artech House mobile communications library) 1 air- craft and ships. Infantry backpack radios became more popular and around 50,000 were manufactured in the United Kingdom during the war. After the war, the manufacturers were looking for a market for