[...]... 9.6 Grids and Internet Transport Acknowledgments References 10 Grid Networks and Layer 3 Services Joe Mambretti and Franco Travostino 10 .1 Introduction 10 .2 The Internet and the End-To-End Principle 14 9 15 0 15 2 15 7 15 7 15 8 15 9 16 0 16 1 16 2 16 2 16 2 16 3 16 3 16 6 16 7 16 8 16 8 17 1 17 1 17 1 17 2 17 3 17 4 17 8 17 8 17 9 17 9 17 9 18 0 18 0 18 1 18 1 18 2 18 2 18 3 18 5 18 5 18 5 Contents 10 .3 The Internet and Layer 3 Services 10 .3 .1. .. Theoretical basis for Current Structure of Transport Layer Protocols 8.2 .1 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 8.2.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 8.2.3 Window Flow Control xi 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 8 10 8 10 8 10 9 10 9 11 0 11 1 11 1 11 3 11 3 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 4 11 5 11 5 12 2 12 3 12 6 12 6 12 9 13 2 13 3 13 4 13 5 13 9 14 5 14 5 14 6 14 6 14 7 14 7 Contents xii 8.2.4 Fairness 8.2.5 Congestion Control Feedback System... Ethernet-Over-Sonet (EOS) 11 .6.2 Virtual Concatenation 11 .6.3 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme 11 .6.4 Generic Framing Procedure 11 .7 Resilient Packet Rings (RPR) 11 .8 User–Network Interfaces 11 .9 Optical Interworking Forum Interoperability Demonstration 11 .10 Infiniband Acknowledgments References xiii 18 6 18 6 18 7 18 7 18 8 18 9 18 9 19 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 19 1 19 2 19 2 19 3 19 3 19 4 19 4 19 5 19 5 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 8 200 200 2 01 2 01 202 204... Network Infrastructure 11 .3.2 MPLS and Virtual Private Networks 11 .3.3 Grid Network Services and MPLS 11 .4 Ethernet Architecture and Services 11 .4 .1 Ethernet Architecture Features and Challenges 11 .4.2 Ethernet as a Service 11 .4.3 10 Gbps Ethernet and Beyond 11 .5 Pseudo-Wire Emulation (PWE) and Virtual Private Lan Services Over MPLS (VPLS) 11 .6 Layers 2 /1 Data Plane Integration 11 .6 .1 Sonet and TDM Extensions... A.2 .13 Department of Energy Ultrascience Net 296 297 297 298 298 298 299 299 300 300 300 3 01 3 01 3 01 3 01 3 01 302 302 303 304 305 306 306 307 307 308 311 311 312 312 314 314 315 316 316 317 318 318 319 320 322 323 Contents A.3 Prototype Implementations A.3 .1 StarLight A.3.2 TransLight A.3.3 NetherLight A.3.4 UKlight A.4 National and International Next Generation Communications Infrastructure A.4 .1 CANARIE... (NATS) 10 .7 IP Version 6 10 .8 Subsecond IGP Recovery 10 .9 Internet Security using Internet Protocol Security 10 .10 IP Multicast 10 .11 Internet Layer 3 Services Acknowledgments References 11 Layer 2 Technologies and Grid Networks John 11 .1 11. 2 11 .3 Strand, Angela Chiu, David Martin, and Franco Travostino Introduction Layer 2 Technologies and Grid Requirements Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 11 .3 .1. .. IEEE SA 802 .11 b 15 .4.5 IEEE 802 .11 a 15 .4.6 IEEE 802 .11 g 15 .4.7 Software-Defined Radios and Cognitive Radios 15 .4.8 Radio Frequency Identification 15 .4.9 Sensors 15 .4 .10 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDS) 15 .5 Access Technologies 15 .5 .1 Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) 15 .5.2 Wireless Access Networks 15 .5.3 Free Space Optics (FSO) 15 .5.4 Light-Emitting Diodes 15 .5.5 Broadband Over Power Lines (BPL) 15 .6 Core Technologies... Bodies 12 .3 Behavioral Control of Layer 1 Networks 12 .3 .1 Management Plane 12 .3.2 Control Plane 12 .4 Current Research Challenges for Layer 1 Services 12 .4 .1 Application-Initiated Connections 12 .4.2 Interaction with Grid Middleware 12 .4.3 Integrating Novel Optical Technologies 12 .4.4 Resource Discovery and Coordination 12 .5 All-Photonic Grid Network Services 12 .5 .1 All-Photonic Grid Service 12 .5.2 Grid. .. 207 207 207 208 210 211 214 214 Contents xiv 12 Grid Networks and Layer 1 Services Gigi Karmous-Edwards, Joe Mambretti, Dimitra Simeonidou, Admela Jukan, Tzvetelina Battestilli, Harry Perros, Yufeng Xin, and John Strand 12 .1 Introduction 12 .2 Recent Advances in Optical Networking Technology and Responses 12 .2 .1 Layer 1 Grid Network Services 12 .2.2 Benefits of Grid Layer 1 Services 12 .2.3 The Role of... Travostino 15 .1 Introduction 15 .2 New Enabling Technologies 15 .3 Edge Technologies 15 .4 Wireless Technologies 15 .4 .1 Device-Level Wireless Technologies 2 61 262 262 263 264 266 268 272 273 277 277 278 278 279 279 279 280 280 280 2 81 2 81 282 282 283 283 284 285 286 288 289 289 289 289 2 91 292 293 293 294 295 295 296 Contents xvi 15 .4.2 IEEE 802 .11 15 .4.3 Self-Organizing Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 15 .4.4 IEEE . 10 9 6 .10 Layer 1 Services and Quality Standards 10 9 6 .10 .1 Grids and Layer 1 Quality of Service 11 0 6 .11 The Grid and Network Services 11 1 References 11 1 7 Grid Network Middleware 11 3 Franco Travostino. Attributes of Grids 3 1. 3 .1 The Grid and Design Abstraction 5 1. 3.2 The Grid as an Enabler of Pervasive, Programmable Utility Services 6 1. 4 Types of Grids 7 1. 4 .1 Grids and Grid Networks 8 1. 4.2 Attributes. xxvii Introduction: The Grid and Grid Networks xxix 1 The Grid and Grid Network Services 1 Joe Mambretti 1. 1 Introduction 1 1.2 Network Resources as First-class Grid Entities 1 1.2 .1 What is a Grid? 2 1. 3 The