Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — pagei—#1 Sudden cardiac death A handbook for clinical practice Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page ii — #2 Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page iii — #3 THE ESC EDUCATION SERIES Sudden cardiac death A handbook for clinical practice A publication based on ESC Guidelines (www.escardio.org/knowledge/guidelines) EDITED BY Silvia G. Priori Douglas P. Zipes Blackwell Publishing Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page iv — #4 ©2006 European Society of Cardiology 2035 Route des Colles, Les Templiers, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France For further information on the European Society of Cardiology, visit our website: www.escardio.org Published by Blackwell Publishing Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 350 Main Street, Malden, Massachusetts 02148-5020, USA Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd, 550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review. First published 2006 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sudden cardiac death: a handbook for clinical practice/edited by Silvia G. Priori, Douglas P. Zipes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3292-3 ISBN-10: 1-4051-3292-2 1. Cardiac arrest–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Priori, Silvia G. II. Zipes, Douglas P. [DNLM: 1. Death, Sudden, Cardiac. WG205 S9435 2006] RC685.C173S7713 2006 616.1’23025–dc22 2005014112 ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-3292-3 ISBN-10: 1-4051-3292-2 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library Set in 9.5/12 Meridien by Newgen Imaging Systems(P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed and bound by TJ International, Padstow, UK Commissioning Editor: Gina Almond Development Editor: Vicki Donald For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellcardiology.com The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid-free and elementary chlorine-free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards. Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — pagev—#5 Contents List of contributors, vii Preface, ix Section one: Epidemiology and mechanisms Chapter 1 Epidemiology of cardiac arrest, 3 Robert J. Myerburg and Hein J.J. Wellens Chapter 2 Genetic predisposition and pathology of sudden cardiac death, 21 Xavier Jouven, Allen P. Burke, and Renu Virmani Chapter 3 Arrhythmogenic mechanisms, 33 Michiel J. Janse and Douglas P. Zipes Chapter 4 Risk stratification for SCD, 47 Stefan H. Hohnloser and Wojciech Zareba Chapter 5 Autonomic nervous system: Emerging concepts and clinical applications, 62 Peter J. Schwartz and Richard L. Verrier Chapter 6 Clinical characteristics of sudden cardiac death victims and precipitating events, 74 Christine M. Albert and Stuart M. Cobbe Section two: Disease states and special populations Chapter 7 Ischemic heart disease, 91 William Wijns and Elliott M. Antman Chapter 8 The cardiomyopathies, 109 William J. McKenna, Srijita Sen-Chowdhry, and Barry J. Maron Chapter 9 Inherited arrhythmogenic diseases, 132 Silvia G. Priori and Charles Antzelevitch Chapter 10 Sudden cardiac death and valvular heart diseases, 147 David Messika-Zeitoun, Bernard J. Gersh, Olivier Fondard, and Alec Vahanian Chapter 11 Heart failure, 162 William G. Stevenson and Helmut Drexler v Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page vi — #6 vi Contents Chapter 12 Drug-induced sudden death, 177 Dan M. Roden and Milou-Daniel Drici Chapter 13 Sudden death in athletes, 189 Domenico Corrado, Cristina Basso, Mark S. Link, Gaetano Thiene, and N.A. Mark Estes III Section three: Treatment Chapter 14 Pharmacology of sudden cardiac death, 205 Timothy W. Smith, Michael E. Cain, Günter Breithardt, and Paulus Kirchhof Chapter 15 Implantable devices, 220 A. John Camm and Arthur J. Moss Chapter 16 Sudden cardiac death: ablation, 237 Prashanthan Sanders, John M. Miller, Mélèze Hocini, Pierre Jaïs, and Michel Haïssaguerre Chapter 17 External automated defibrillators, 249 M.A. Peberdy, K.A. Ellenbogen, and D.A. Chamberlain Chapter 18 Cost-effectiveness of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, 263 Giuseppe Boriani and Greg Larsen Index, 281 Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page vii — #7 List of contributors Editors Silvia G. Priori, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiology, University of Pavia, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy Douglas P. Zipes Distinguished Professor, Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Director Emeritus, Division of Cardiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, IN, USA Contributors Christine M. Albert, MD, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Elliott M. Antman, MD, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Charles Antzelevitch, PhD, Masonic Medical Research Laboratory, Utica, NY, USA Cristina Basso, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiology and Pathology, University of Padua, Italy Giuseppe Boriani, MD, PhD, Institute of Cardiology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy Günter Breithardt, MD, FESC, FACC, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Germany Allen P Burke, MD, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA Michael E. Cain, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA A. John Camm, MD, Cardiological Sciences, St. George’s Hospital Medical School, London, UK D.A. Chamberlain, Wales Heart Research Institute and Prehospital Emergency Research Unit, College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK Stuart M. Cobbe, MD, FRCP, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK Domenico Corrado, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiology and Pathology, University of Padua, Italy Milou-Daniel Drici, MD, PhD, Department of Pharmacology, Nice-Sophia Antipolis University Medical Center, Hôpital Pasteur, Nice, Cedex, France Helmut Drexler, MD, Cardiovascular Division, Medical University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany K.A. Ellenbogen, MD, Department of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA N.A. Mark Estes III, MD, Tufts University, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Olivier Fondard, MD, Cardiology Department, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France Bernard J. Gersh, MD, ChB, DPhil, FACC, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic and Mayo College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Michel Haïssaguerre, MD, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, Bordeaux, France Mélèze Hocini, MD, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, Bordeaux, France Stefan H. Hohnloser, MD, Division of Cardiology, J. W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany Michiel J. Janse, MD, The Experimental and Molecular Cardiology Group, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands vii Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page viii — #8 viii List of contributors Pierre Jaïs, MD, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, Bordeaux, France Xavier Jouven, MD, PhD, Hopital Européen Georges Pompidou, University René Descartes, Paris, France Paulus Kirchhof, MD, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hospital of the University of Münster, Germany Greg Larsen, MD, Cardiology Section, Oregon VA Medical Center, Portland, USA Mark S. Link, MD, Tufts University, New England Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Barry J. Maron, MD, Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA William J. McKenna, BA, MD, DSc, The Heart Hospital, University College, London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK David Messika-Zeitoun, MD, Cardiology Department, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France John M. Miller, MD, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA Arthur J. Moss, MD, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA Robert J. Myerburg, MD, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA M.A. Peberdy, MD, Department of Cardiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA Dan M. Roden, MD, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA Prashanthan Sanders, MBBS, PhD, Hôpital Cardiologique du Haut-Lévêque, Bordeaux, France Peter J. Schwartz, MD, University of Pavia and Policlinico S. Matteo IRCCS, Pavia, Italy Srijita Sen-Chowdhry, MA, MBBS, MRCP, The Heart Hospital, University College, London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK Timothy W. Smith, MD, DPhil, Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA William G. Stevenson, MD, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Gaetano Thiene, MD, Department of Cardiology and Pathology, University of Padua, Italy Alec Vahanian, MD, Cardiology Department, Bichat Hospital, Paris, France Richard L. Verrier, PhD, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Renu Virmani, MD, CVPath, International Registry of Pathology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA Hein J.J. Wellens, MD, Academic Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands William Wijns, MD, Cardiovascular Centre, Aalst, Belgium Wojciech Zareba, MD, PhD, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — page ix — #9 Preface Sudden cardiac death continues to present an important challenge in Europe, the United States, and other developed countries. Major difficulties exist in identifying individuals at risk prior to an episode of a ventricular tachyar- rhythmia or a sudden cardiac arrest, and in responding in a timely fashion to the person suffering from the catastrophic event out of hospital. The European Society of Cardiology has established guidelines on how to address some of these issues. Another set of guidelines on evaluation and treatment of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac arrest, created by joint writ- ing committees from the American College of Cardiology, the American Heart Association, the European Society of Cardiology, and the Heart Rhythm Soci- ety, will further promote the approaches to individuals with diverse cardiac problems who are at risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. This book is part of the ESC Education Series and provides background information about the guidelines. The focus is to present an update on what we know about sudden cardiac arrest, from basic experimental studies to clin- ical trials. The book also serves as a compliment to the core syllabus on this topic. Because sudden cardiac arrest is no respecter of geographic boundaries, we thought a unique contribution would be to have chapters co-authored by experts on both sides of the Atlantic to derive a truly international view on the topic. Therefore, each chapter has one or more European and American authors presenting a united view of the topic. Chapter topics include epidemiology, genetics, arrhythmogenic mechan- isms, risk stratification, autonomic nervous system, phenotypes, and there are also chapters on disease states and special populations, including coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathies, inherited diseases, valvular heart disease, heart failure, drugs, and athletes. Finally, there are chapters on drug, device and ablation treatments, and cost-effectiveness. We plan future updates as new evidence from clinical and basic science provide substantial innovations to the field. An update of the book will parallel the publication of new sets of Guidelines. We would like to dedicate this book to the memory of two outstanding cardi- ologists, Ronald Campbell and Anthony Ricketts, who have made important contributions to our understanding of sudden cardiac arrest and tragically succumbed to it. ix Silvia: “fm” — 2005/10/7 — 19:04 — pagex—#10 x List of contributors Finally, we would like to thank our spouses, Giulio Zuanetti and Joan Zipes, for their tolerance of the time we have spent in this and other endeavors, and the support of our children, Andrea and Gabriele Zuanetti, and Debra, Jeffrey, and David Zipes. Silvia G. Priori Douglas P. Zipes [...]... Med 19 93; 329: 600–606 Silvia: “chap 01 — 2005 /10 /6 — 22: 31 — page 18 — #18 Epidemiology of cardiac arrest 19 28 Gillum RF Sudden cardiac death in Hispanic Americans and African Americans Am J Public Health 19 97; 87: 14 61 14 66 29 Grundy SM, Balady GJ, Criqui MH, et al Primary prevention of coronary heart disease: guidance from Framingham: a statement for healthcare professionals from the AHA task force... 18 00 18 02 40 Hemingway H, Malik M, Marmot M Social and psychosocial influences on sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac autonomic function Eur Heart J 20 01; 22: 10 82 11 02 41 Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake N Engl J Med 19 96; 334: 413 – 419 42 Cleland JG, Chattopadhyay S, Khand A, et al Prevalence and incidence of arrhythmias and sudden death... LG, Zack MM: Comparison of sudden and nonsudden coronary deaths in the United States Circulation 19 96; 93: 2033–2036 5 American Heart Association 20 01 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update Dallas, TX, 2000 6 Zheng ZJ, Croft JB, Giles WH, Mensah GA Sudden cardiac death in the United States, 19 89 to 19 98 Circulation 20 01; 10 4: 215 8– 216 3 Silvia: “chap 01 — 2005 /10 /6 — 22: 31 — page 17 — #17 18 Chapter 1 7... 17 28 17 33 Califf RM, DeMets DL Principles from clinical trials relevant to clinical practice: Part I Circulation 2002; 10 6: 10 15 10 21 Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators N Engl J Med 19 96; 335: 19 33 19 40 Buxton AE, Lee... sudden death in young athletes feasible? Cardiologia 19 99; 44: 497–505 38 Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy Circulation 19 99; 99: 219 2–2 217 39 Krantz DS, Sheps DS, Carney RM, Natelson BH Effects of mental stress in patients with coronary artery disease: evidence and clinical implications JAMA 2000;... responsible for the delayed biological death However, for legal, forensic, and certain social considerations, biological death is the absolute definition, in contrast to cardiac arrest, which retains survival potential Clinical definitions of cardiac arrest and SCD are categorized as “primary” or “secondary.” These classifications are used in many clinical trials and some epidemiological surveys “Secondary”... hypercholesterolemia West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group N Engl J Med 19 95; 333: 13 01 13 07 45 Myerburg RJ, Mitrani R, Interian A Jr, Castellanos A Interpretation of outcomes of antiarrhythmic clinical trials Design features and population impact Circulation 19 98; 97: 15 14 15 21 46 Myerburg RJ, Mitrani RM, Interian Jr Ar, Bassett AL, Simmons J, Castellanos A Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias: the... epidemiological approach evolves, it will call for a conceptual transformation of the sequential pathophysiologic cascade Silvia: “chap 01 — 2005 /10 /6 — 22: 31 — page 16 — #16 Epidemiology of cardiac arrest 17 into a complex system analytic model [ 21, 56] The value of this approach derives from the fundamental limitation of the ability of conventional risk factors to identify specific individuals at high risk for. .. Circulation 19 92; 85(Suppl I): I-2–I -1 0 16 Arntz HR, Willich SN, Schreiber C, et al Diurnal, weekly and seasonal variation of sudden death Population-based analysis of 24,0 61 consecutive cases Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 315 –320 17 Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J Incidence, duration and survival of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden Resuscitation 2000; 44: 7 17 18 ... cardiac deaths in the United States and Europe, the fraction of total cardiac deaths that are sudden is similar to the fraction of coronary heart disease deaths that are sudden It is also of interest that the age-adjusted decline in coronary heart disease mortality in the United States during the past half-century has not changed the fraction of coronary deaths that are sudden and unexpected [12 ,13 ] Furthermore, . Zipes, Douglas P. [DNLM: 1. Death, Sudden, Cardiac. WG205 S9435 2006] RC685.C173S7 713 2006 616 .1 23025–dc22 2005 014 112 ISBN -1 3 : 97 8 -1 -4 05 1- 3 29 2-3 ISBN -1 0 : 1- 4 05 1- 3 29 2-2 A catalogue record for this. by Silvia G. Priori, Douglas P. Zipes. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN -1 3 : 97 8 -1 -4 05 1- 3 29 2-3 ISBN -1 0 : 1- 4 05 1- 3 29 2-2 1. Cardiac arrest–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Priori, Silvia G. II Silvia: “fm” — 2005 /10 /7 — 19 :04 — pagei— #1 Sudden cardiac death A handbook for clinical practice Silvia: “fm” — 2005 /10 /7 — 19 :04 — page ii — #2 Silvia: “fm” — 2005 /10 /7 — 19 :04 — page iii