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111 Uuu 112 Uub (272) 2 He 4.002602 2 0 K Shell K-L K-L-M -L-M-N -M-N-O -N-O-P -O-P-Q -N-O-P -O-P-Q 18 VIIIA 17 VIIB VIIA 16 VIB VIA 15 VB VA 14 IVB IVA 13 IIIB IIIA 10 Ne 20.1797 2-8 0 9 F 18.9984032 2-7 -1 8 O 15.9994 2-6 -2 7 N 14.00674 2-5 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 -1 -2 -3 6 C 12.0107 2-4 +2 +4 -4 5 B 10.811 2-3 +3 18 Ar 39.948 2-8-8 0 17 Cl 35.4527 2-8-7 +1 +5 +7 -1 16 S 32.066 2-8-6 +4 +6 -2 15 P 30.973761 2-8-5 +3 +5 -3 14 Si 28.0855 2-8-4 +2 +4 -4 13 Al 26.981538 2-8-3 +3 36 Kr 83.80 -8-18-8 0 35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7 +1 +5 -1 34 Se 78.96 -8-18-6 +4 +6 -2 33 As 74.92160 -8-18-5 +3 +5 -3 32 Ge 72.61 -8-18-4 +2 +4 31 Ga 69.723 -8-18-3 +3 54 Xe 131.29 -18-18-8 0 53 I 126.90447 -18-18-7 +1 +5 +7 -1 52 Te 127.60 -18-18-6 +4 +6 -2 51 Sb 121.760 -18-18-5 +3 +5 -3 50 Sn 118.710 -18-18 -4 +2 +4 49 In 114.818 -18-18-3 +3 86 Rn (222) -32-18-8 0 85 At (210) -32-18-7 84 Po (209) -32-18-6 +2 +4 83 Bi 208.98038 -32-18-5 +3 +5 82 Pb 207.2 -32-18-4 +2 +4 81 Tl 204.3833 -32-18-3 +1 +3 1 H 1.00794 1 +1 -1 1 Group IA 30 Zn 65.39 -8-18-2 +2 29 Cu 63.546 -8-18-1 +1 +2 28 Ni 58.6934 -8-16-2 +2 +3 27 Co 58.933200 -8-15-2 26 Fe 55.845 -8-13-2 +2 +3 25 Mn 54.938049 -8-13-2 +2 +3 +4 +7 24 Cr 51.9961 -8-13-1 +2 +3 +6 23 V 50.9415 -8-11-2 +2 +3 +4 +5 22 Ti 47.867 -8-10-2 +2 +3 +4 21 Sc 44.955910 -8-9-2 +3 20 Ca 40.078 -8-8-2 +2 19 K 39.0983 -8-8-1 +1 +2 +3 4 Be 9.012182 2-2 +2 3 Li 6.941 2-1 +1 12 Mg 24.3050 2-8-2 +2 11 Na 22.989770 2-8-1 +1 2 IIA 3 IIIA IIIB 4 IVA IVB 5 VA VB 6 VIA VIB 7 VIIA VIIB 11 IB IB 12 IIB IIB 109 VIIIA VIII 8 48 Cd 112.411 -18-18-2 +2 47 Ag 107.8682 -18-18-1 +1 46 Pd 106.42 -18-18-0 +2 +3 45 Rh 102.90550 -18-16-1 44 Ru 101.07 -18-15-1 +3 43 Tc (98) -18-13-2 42 Mo 95.94 -18-13-1 +6 41 Nb 92.90638 -18-12-1 +3 +5 40 Zr 91.224 -18-10-2 +4 39 Y 88.90585 -18-9-2 +3 38 Sr 87.62 -18-8-2 +2 37 Rb 85.4678 -18-8-1 +1 +3 80 Hg 200.59 -32-18-2 +1 +2 79 Au 196.96655 -32-18-1 +1 +3 78 Pt 195.078 -32-17-1 +2 +4 77 Ir 192.217 -32-15-2 76 Os 190.23 -32-14-2 +3 +4 75 Re 186.207 -32-13-2 74 W 183.84 -32-12-2 +6 73 Ta 180.9479 -32-11-2 +5 72 Hf 178.49 -32-10-2 +4 57* La 138.9055 -18-9-2 +3 56 Ba 137.327 -18-8-2 +2 55 Cs 132.90545 -18-8-1 +1 +3 +4 110 Uun (271) -32-16-2 109 Mt (268) -32-15-2 108 Hs (269) -32-14-2 107 Bh (264) -32-13-2 106 Sg (266) -32-12-2 105 Db (262) -32-11-2 104 Rf (261) -32-10-2 +4 89** Ac (227) -18-9-2 +3 88 Ra (226) -18-8-2 +2 87 Fr (223) -18-8-1 +1 +4 +6 +7 +4 +6 +7 71 Lu 174.967 -32-9-2 +3 70 Yb 173.04 -32-8-2 +2 +3 69 Tm 168.93421 -31-8-2 +3 68 Er 167.26 -30-8-2 +3 67 Ho 164.93032 -29-8-2 +3 66 Dy 162.50 -28-8-2 +3 65 Tb 158.92534 -27-8-2 +3 64 Gd 157 .25 -25-9-2 63 Eu 151.964 -25-8-2 +2 +3 62 Sm 150.36 -24-8-2 61 Pm (145) -23-8-2 +3 60 Nd 144.24 -22-8-2 +3 59 Pr 140.90765 -21-8-2 +3 58 Ce 140.116 -19-9-2 +3 +4 * Lanthanides +3 97 Bk (247) -27-8-2 96 Cm (247) -25-9-2 95 Am (243) -25-8-2 94 Pu (244) -24-8-2 93 Np (237) -22-9-2 92 U 238.0289 -21-9-2 91 Pa 231.03588 -20-9-2 +5 +4 90 Th 232.0381 -18-10-2 +4 +2 +3 ** Actinides 103 Lr (262) -32-9-2 +3 102 No (259) -32-8-2 +2 +3 101 Md (258) -31-8-2 +2 +3 100 Fm (257) -30-8-2 +3 99 Es (252) -29-8-2 +3 98 Cf (251) -28-8-2 +3+3 +4 +3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6 +3+3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6 The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1995, Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 2339, 1996. 50 Sn 118.710 -18-18-4 +2 +4 Key to Chart Oxidation States Electron Configuration Atomic Number Symbol 1995 Atomic Weight PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version © CRC Press 2001 LLC ©2001 CRC Press LLC Handbook of Lasers Marvin J. Weber Ph.D. Lawence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California ©2001 CRC Press LLC Preface Lasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity, one of continually expanding scientific and technological frontiers. Thus today we have lasing without inversion, quantum cascade lasers, lasing in strongly scattering media, lasing in biomaterials, lasing in photonic crystals, a single atom laser, speculation about black hole lasers, femtosecond-duration laser pulses only a few cycles long, lasers with subhertz linewidths, semiconductor lasers with predicted operating lifetimes of more than 100 years, peak powers in the petawatt regime and planned megajoule pulse lasers, sizes ranging from semiconductor lasers with dimensions of a few microns diameter and a few hundred atoms thick to huge glass lasers with hundreds of beams for inertial confinement fusion research, lasers costing from less than one dollar to more than one billion dollars, and a multibillion dollar per year market. In addition, the nearly ubiquitous presence of lasers in our daily lives attests to the prolific growth of their utilization. The laser is at the heart of the revolution that is marrying photonic and electronic devices. In the past four decades, the laser has become an invaluable tool for mankind encompassing such diverse applications as science, engineering, communications, manufacturing and materials processing, medical therapeutics, entertainment and displays, data storage and processing, environmental sensing, military, energy, and metrology. It is difficult to imagine state-of-the-art research in physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine without the use of radiation from various laser systems. Laser action occurs in all states of matter—solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas. Within each category of lasing medium there may be differences in the nature of the active lasing ion or center, the composition of the medium, and the excitation and operating techniques. For some lasers, the periodic table has been extensively explored and exploited; for others— solid-state lasers in particular—the compositional regime of hosts continues to expand. In the case of semiconductor lasers the ability to grow special structures one atomic layer at a time by liquid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition has led to numerous new structures and operating configurations, such as quantum wells and superlattices, and to a proliferation of new lasing wavelengths. Quantum cascade lasers are examples of laser materials by design. The number and type of lasers and their wavelength coverage continue to expand. Anyone seeking a photon source is now confronted with an enormous number of possible lasers and laser wavelengths. The spectral output ranges of solid, liquid, and gas lasers are shown in Figure 1 and extend from the soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet regions to millimeter wavelengths, thus overlapping masers. By using various frequency conversion techniques—harmonic generation, parametric oscillation, sum- and difference-frequency mixing, and Raman shifting—the wavelength of a given laser can be extended to longer and shorter wavelengths, thus enlarging its spectral coverage. This volume seeks to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date compilation of lasers, their properties, and original references in a readily accessible form for laser scientists and engineers and for those contemplating the use of lasers. The compilation also indicates the state of knowledge and development in the field, provides a rapid means of obtaining reference data, is a pathway to the literature, contains data useful for comparison with predictions and/or to develop models of processes, and may reveal fundamental inconsistencies or conflicts in the data. It serves an archival function and as an indicator of newly emerging trends. ©2001 CRC Press LLC Solid-state lasers: Liquid lasers: Gas lasers: Far infrared Infrared Millimeter- microwave Vacuum ultraviolet Soft x-ray X-ray 3.9 nm µm 1.00.10.010.001 10 100 1000 Wavelength ( µm) 0.17 Ultraviolet Visible 360 µm 1.8 µm0.33 µm Masers Figure 1 Reported ranges of output wavelengths for various laser media. In this volume lasers are categorized based on their media—solids, liquids, and gases— with each category further subdivided as appropriate into distinctive laser types. Thus there are sections on crystalline paramagnetic ion lasers, glass lasers, polymer lasers, color center lasers, semiconductor lasers, liquid and solid-state dye lasers, inorganic liquid lasers, and neutral atom, ionized, and molecular gas lasers. A separate section on "other" lasers which have special operating configurations or properties includes x-ray lasers, free electron lasers, nuclear-pumped lasers, lasers in nature, and lasers without inversion. Brief descriptions of each type of laser are given followed by tables listing the lasing element or medium, host, lasing transition and wavelength, operating properties, and primary literature citations. Tuning ranges, when reported, are given for broadband lasers. The references are generally those of the initial report of laser action; no attempt is made to follow the often voluminous subsequent developments. For most types of lasers, lasing—light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation—includes, for completeness, not only operation in a resonant cavity but also single-pass gain or amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). Thus, for example, there is a section on amplification of core-valence luminescence. Because laser performance is dependent on the operating configurations and experimental conditions used, output data are generally not included. The interested reader is advised to retrieve details of the structures and operating conditions from the original reference (in many cases information about the output and operating configuration is included in the title of the paper that is included in the references). Performance and background information about lasers in general and about specific types of lasers in particular can be obtained from the books and articles listed under Further Reading in each section. An extended table of contents is provided from which the reader should be able to locate the section containing a laser of interest. Within each subsection, lasers are arranged according to the elements in the periodic table or alphabetically by materials, and may be further separated by operating technique (for example, in the case of semiconductor lasers, injection, optically pumped, or electron beam pumped). ©2001 CRC Press LLC This Handbook of Lasers is derived from data evaluated and compiled by the contributors to Volumes I and II and Supplement 1 of the CRC Handbook Series of Laser Science and Technology and to the Handbook of Laser Wavelengths. These contributors are identified in following pages. In most cases it was possible to update these tabulations to include more recent additions and new categories of lasers. For semiconductor lasers, where the lasing wavelength may not be a fundamental property but the result of material engineering and the operating configuration used, an effort was made to be representative with respect to operating configurations and modes rather than exhaustive in the coverage of the literature. The number of reported gas laser transitions is huge; they constitute nearly 80% of the over 16,000 laser wavelengths in this volume. Laser transitions in gases are well covered through the late 1980s in the above volumes. An electronic database of gas lasers prepared from the tables in Volume II and Supplement 1 by John Broad and Stephen Krog of the Joint Institute of Laboratory Astrophysics was used for this volume, but does not cover all recent developments. Although there is a tremendous diversity of laser transitions and types, only a few laser systems have gained widespread use and commercial acceptance. In addition, some laser systems that were of substantial commercial interest in past years are becoming obsolete and are likely to be supplanted by other types in the future. Nevertheless, separate subsections on commercially available lasers are included thoroughout the volume to provide a perspective on the current state-of-the-art and performance boundaries. To cope with the continued proliferation of acronyms, abbreviations, and initialisms which range from the clever and informative to the amusing or annoying, there is an appendix of acronyms, abbreviations, initialisms, and common names for lasers, laser materials, laser structures and operating configurations, and systems involving lasers. Other appendices contain information about laser safety, the ground state electron configurations of neutral atoms, and fundamental physical constants of interest to laser scientists and engineers. Because lasers now cover such a large wavelength range and because researchers in various fields are accustomed to using different units, there is also a conversion table for spectroscopists (a Rosetta stone) on the inside back cover. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the Advisory Board who reviewed the material, made suggestions regarding the contents and formats, and in several cases contributed material (the Board, however, is not responsible for the accuracy or thoroughness of the tabulations). Others who have been helpful include Guiuseppe Baldacchini, Eric Bründermann, Federico Capasso, Tao-Yuan Chang, Henry Freund, Claire Gmachl, Victor Granatstein, Eugene Haller, John Harreld, Stephen Harris, Thomas Hasenberg, Alan Heeger, Heonsu Jeon, Roger Macfarlane, George Miley, Linn Mollenauer, Michael Mumma, James Murray, Dale Partin, Maria Petra, Richard Powell, David Sliney, Jin-Joo Song, Andrew Stentz, Roger Stolen, and Riccardo Zucca. I am especially grateful to Project Editor Mimi Williams for her skill and help during the preparation of this volume. Marvin J. Weber Danville, California ©2001 CRC Press LLC General Reading Bertolotti, M., Masers and Lasers: An Historical Approach, Hilger, Bristol (1983). Davis, C. C., Lasers and Electro-Optics: Fundamentals and Engineering, Cambridge University Press, New York (1996). Hecht, J., The Laser Guidebook (second edition), McGraw-Hill, New York (1992). Hecht, J., Understanding Lasers (second edition), IEEE Press, New York (1994). Hitz, C. B., Ewing, J. J. and Hecht, J., Understanding Laser Technology, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ (2000). Meyers, R. A., Ed., Encyclopedia of Lasers and Optical Technology, Academic Press, San Diego (1991). Milonni, P. W. and Eberly, J. H., Lasers, Wiley, New York (1988). O'Shea, D. C., Callen, W. R. and Rhodes, W. T., Introduction to Lasers and Their Applications, Addison Wesley, Reading, MA (1977). Siegman, A. E., Lasers, University Science, Mill Valley, CA (1986). Silfvast, W. T., Ed., Selected Papers on Fundamentals of Lasers, SPIE Milestone Series, Vol. MS 70, SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA (1993). Silfvast, W. T., Laser Fundamentals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (1996). Svelto, O., Principles of Lasers, Plenum, New York (1998). Townes, C. H., How the Laser Happened: Adventures of a Scientist, Oxford University Press, New York (1999). Verdeyen, J. T., Laser Electronics, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1989). Yariv, A., Quantum Electronics, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1989). ©2001 CRC Press LLC The Author Marvin John Weber received his education at the University of California, Berkeley, and was awarded the A.B., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees in physics. After graduation, Dr. Weber continued as a postdoctoral Research Associate and then joined the Research Division of the Raytheon Company where he was a Principal Scientist working in the areas of spectroscopy and quantum electronics. As Manager of Solid State Lasers, his group developed many new laser materials including rare-earth-doped yttrium orthoaluminate. While at Raytheon, he also discovered luminescence in bismuth germanate, a scintillator crystal widely used for the detection of high energy particles and radiation. During 1966 to 1967, Dr. Weber was a Visiting Research Associate with Professor Arthur Schawlow's group in the Department of Physics, Stanford University. In 1973, Dr. Weber joined the Laser Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. As Head of Basic Materials Research and Assistant Program Leader, he was responsible for the physics and characterization of optical materials for high-power laser systems used in inertial confinement fusion research. From 1983 to 1985, he accepted a transfer assignment with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy in Washington, DC, where he was involved with planning for advanced synchrotron radiation facilities and for atomistic computer simulations of materials. Dr. Weber returned to the Chemistry and Materials Science Department at LLNL in 1986 and served as Associate Division Leader for condensed matter research and as spokesperson for the University of California/National Laboratories research facilities at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. He retired from LLNL in 1993 and is presently a scientist in the Center for Functional Imaging of the Life Sciences Division at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Dr. Weber is Editor-in-Chief of the multi-volume CRC Handbook Series of Laser Science and Technology. He has also served as Regional Editor for the Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids, as Associate Editor for the Journal of Luminescence and the Journal of Optical Materials, and as a member of the International Editorial Advisory Boards of the Russian journals Fizika i Khimiya Stekla (Glass Physics and Chemistry) and Kvantovaya Elektronika (Quantum Electronics). Among several honors he has received are an Industrial Research IR-100 Award for research and development of fluorophosphate laser glass, the George W. Morey Award of the American Ceramics Society for his basic studies of fluorescence, stimulated emission and the atomic structure of glass, and the International Conference on Luminescence Prize for his research on the dynamic processes affecting luminescence efficiency and the application of this knowledge to laser and scintillator materials. Dr. Weber is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the Optical Society of America, and the American Ceramics Society and has been a member of the Materials Research Society and the American Association for Crystal Growth. ©2001 CRC Press LLC Advisory Board Connie Chang-Hasnain, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering/Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley, California Joseph Nilsen, Ph.D. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California William B. Colson, Ph.D. Physics Department Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California Stephen Payne, Ph.D. Laser Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Christopher C. Davis, Ph.D. Electrical Engineering Department University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Clifford R. Pollock, Ph.D. School of Electrical Engineering Cornell University Ithaca, New York Bruce Dunn, Ph.D. Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles, California Anthony E. Siegman, Ph.D. Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Stanford, California J. Gary Eden, Ph.D. Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Dr. William T. Silfvast Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers Orlando, Florida David J. E. Knight, Ph.D. DK Research Twickenham, Middlesex, England (formerly of National Physical Laboratory) Richard N. Steppel, Ph.D. Exciton, Inc. Dayton, Ohio William F. Krupke, Ph.D. Laser Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Anne C. Tropper, Ph.D. Optoelectronic Research Centre University of Southhampton Highfield, Southhampton, England ©2001 CRC Press LLC Contributors William L. Austin Lite Cycles, Inc. Tucson, Arizona Guiuseppe Baldacchini ENEA - Frascati Research Center Roma, Italy Tasoltan T. Basiev General Physics Institute Moscow, Russia William B. Bridges Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California John T. Broad Informed Access Systems, Inc. Boulder, Colorado (formerly of the Joint Institute of Laboratory Astrophysics) Eric Bründermann Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California John A. Caird Laser Program Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore California Tao-Yuan Chang AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey Connie Chang-Hasnain Electrical Engineering/Computer Sciences University of California Berkeley, California Stephen R. Chinn Optical Information Systems, Inc. Elmsford, New York Paul D. Coleman Department of Electrical Engineering University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois William B. Colson Department of Physics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California Christopher C. Davis Depatment of Electrical Engineering University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Robert S. Davis Department of Physics University of Illinois at Chicago Circle Chicago, Illinois Bruce Dunn Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles, California J. Gary Eden Department of Electrical Engineering/Physics University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Raymond C. Elton Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC Michael Ettenberg RCA David Sarnoff Research Center Princeton, New Jersey Henry Freund Science Applications International Corp. McLean, Virginia Claire Gmachl Lucent Technologies Murray Hill, New Jersey Julius Goldhar Department of Electrical Engineering University of Maryland College Park, Maryland Victor L. Granatstein Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC ©2001 CRC Press LLC Douglas W. Hall Corning Inc. Corning, New York John Harreld Materials Science and Engineering University of California Los Angeles, California Thomas C. Hasenberg University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Alexander A. Kaminskii Institute of Crystallography USSR Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia David A. King Ginzton Laboratory Stanford University Stanford, California David J. E. Knight DK Research Twickenham, Middlesex, England (formerly of National Physical Laboratory) Henry Kressel RCA David Sarnoff Research Center Princeton, New Jersey Stephen Krog Joint Institute of Laboratory Astrophysics Boulder, Colorado William F. Krupke Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Chinlon Lin AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Communications Research Holmdel, New Jersey Roger M. Macfarlane IBM Almaden Labortory San Jose, California Brian J. MacGowan Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Dennis L. Matthews Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California David A. McArthur Sandia National Laboratory Albuquerque, New Mexico George Miley Department of Nuclear Engineering University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois Linn F. Mollenauer AT&T Bell Laboratories Holmdel, New Jersey James M. Moran Radio and Geoastronomy Division Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Cambridge, Massachusetts Peter F. Moulton MIT Lincoln Laboratory Lexington, Massachusetts James T. Murray Lite Cycles, Inc. Tucson, Arizona Joseph Nilsen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California Robert K. Parker Naval Research Laboratory Washington, DC Dale Partin Department of Physics General Motors, Warren, Michigan Stephen Payne Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California [...]... Lanthanide Ion Lasers 1. 1.7 Actinide Ion Lasers 1. 1.8 Other Ions Exhibiting Gain 1. 1.9 Self-Frequency-Doubled Lasers 1. 1 .10 Commercial Transition Metal Ion Lasers 1. 1 .11 Commercial Lanthanide Ion Lasers 1. 1 .12 References 1. 2 Glass Lasers 1. 2 .1 Introduction 1. 2.2 Tables of Glass Lasers 1. 2.3 Glass Amplifiers 1. 2.4 Commercial Glass Lasers 1. 2.5 References 1. 3 Solid State Dye Lasers 1. 3 .1 Introduction 1. 3.2 Dye... Er 3+ 2P 3/2 — 1) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 (Er 1 3+ ) 2) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 (Er 2 3+ ) 3) 4 I 11/ 2 – 4 I15/2 (Er 1 3+ ) ⇒ 4 I 11/ 2 – 4 F7/2 ª 4 S3/2 (Er 2 3+ ) 4) 4 S3/2 – 4 I15/2 (Er 2 3+ ) ⇒ 4 F9/2 – 2 K 13 /2 (Er3 3+ ) ª 2 P 3/2 4G 11 /2 — 1) 4 I15/2 → 4 I13/2 (fourfold) ⇒ 4 G 11 /2 2H 9/2 — 1) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 (Er 1 3+ ) 2) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 (Er 2 3+ ) 3) 4 I 11/ 2 – 4 I15/2 (Er 1 3+ ) ⇒ 4 I 11/ 2 – 4 F7/2 (Er2... Intersubband Lasers 1. 5 .11 Vertical Cavity Lasers 1. 5 .12 Commercial Semiconductor Lasers 1. 5 .13 References 1. 6 Polymer Lasers 1. 6 .1 Introduction 1. 6.2 Pure Polymer Lasers 1. 6.3 Dye Doped Polymer Lasers 1. 6.4 Rare Earth Doped Polymer Lasers 1. 7 Solid State Excimer Lasers 1. 8 Raman, Brillouin, and Soliton Lasers 1. 8 .1 Introduction 1. 8.2 Crystalline Raman Lasers 1. 8.3 Fiber Raman Lasers and Amplifiers 1. 8.4 Fiber... Constants ©20 01 CRC Press LLC HANDBOOK OF LASERS TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE SECTION 1: SOLID STATE LASERS 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Crystalline Paramagnetic Ion Lasers 1. 1 .1 Introduction 1. 1.2 Host Crystals Used for Transition Metal Laser Ions 1. 1.3 Host Crystals Used for Lanthanide Laser Ions 1. 1.4 Tables of Transition Metal Ion Lasers 1. 1.5 Tables of Divalent Lanthanide Ion Lasers 1. 1.6 Tables of Trivalent... Fundamental Constants ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Section 1: Solid State Lasers 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 Crystalline Paramagnetic Ion Lasers Glass Lasers Solid State Dye Lasers Color Center Lasers Semiconductor Lasers Polymer Lasers Solid State Excimer Lasers Raman, Brillouin, and Soliton Lasers ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Section 1 SOLID STATE LASERS 1. 0 Introduction Solid state lasers include lasers based on paramagnetic... Center Lasers 1. 4.5 References ©20 01 CRC Press LLC 1. 5 Semiconductor Lasers 1. 5 .1 Introduction 1. 5.2 II-VI Compound Lasers 1. 5.3 Mercury II-VI Compound Lasers 1. 5.4 III-V Compound Lasers 1. 5.5 III-V Compound Antimonide Lasers 1. 5.6 Nitride Lasers 1. 5.7 Lead IV-VI Compound Lasers 1. 5.8 Germanium-Silicon Intervalence Band Lasers 1. 5.9 Other Semiconductor Lasers 1. 5 .10 Quantum Cascade and Intersubband Lasers. .. 1. 1.2 Codopant Ions Used to Deactivate the Terminal Laser Level Laser ion Lasing transition → 5 I7 Ho 3+ 5I Er 3+ 4S 4 3/2 → I13/2 4I 4 11 /2 → I13/2 Crystalline host Codopant ion Ref Pr 3+ 224 LiYF 4 Pr 3+ 10 70 Nd 3+ 672 Ho 3+ 7 91 Tm3+ 7 91 Tm3+ 882 Tm3+ 11 20 K(Y ,Er)(WO4 )2 Ho 3+ , Tm3+ 11 19 Er 3 Al 5 O 12 Ho 3+ , Tm3+ 11 30 Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 Ho 3+ , 11 31 Y 3 Al 5 O 12 Ho 3+ , Tm3+ Lu 3 Al 5 O 12 ©20 01. .. Doped Organic Lasers 1. 3.3 Silica and Silica Gel Dye Lasers 1. 3.4 Dye Doped Inorganic Crystal Lasers 1. 3.5 Dye Doped Glass Lasers 1. 3.6 Dye Doped Gelatin Lasers 1. 3.7 Dye Doped Biological Lasers 1. 3.8 Commercial Solid State Dye Lasers 1. 3.9 References 1. 4 Color Center Lasers 1. 4 .1 Introduction 1. 4.2 Crystals and Centers Used for Color Center Lasers 1. 4.3 Table of Color Center Lasers 1. 4.4 Commercial... shown in Figures 1. 1.2 and 1. 1.3, for divalent lanthanide and trivalent actinide ions in Figure 1. 1.4, and for trivalent lanthanides in Figures 1. 1.5 1. 1.9 The properties of lasers comprising these ions are listed in Sections 1. 1.4 1. 1.6 The general operating wavelengths of crystalline lanthanide-ion lasers are given in Figure 1. 1 .10 and range from 0 .17 mm for the 5d→4f transition of Nd3+ to 7.2 µm... S3/2 4) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 ª 4 I13/2 (Er 3 3+ ) 5) 4 S3/2 – 4 I15/2 (Er 2 3+ ) ⇒ 4 I13/2 – 2 H 9/2 (Er 3 3+ ) ©20 01 CRC Press LLC Table 1. 1.3—continued Multi-step Upconversion Excitation Schemes Laser ion Upper laser level 4S 3/2 Codopant ion — Upconversion excitation scheme 1) 4 I15/2 → 4 I9/2 ª 4 I 11/ 2 2) 4 I 11/ 2 → 4 F5/2,7/2 → — ª 4 S3/2 1) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 (Er 1 3+ ) 2) 4 I15/2 → 4 I 11/ 2 (Er 2 3+ . +2 +3 4 Be 9. 012 182 2-2 +2 3 Li 6.9 41 2 -1 +1 12 Mg 24.3050 2-8-2 +2 11 Na 22.989770 2-8 -1 +1 2 IIA 3 IIIA IIIB 4 IVA IVB 5 VA VB 6 VIA VIB 7 VIIA VIIB 11 IB IB 12 IIB IIB 10 9 VIIIA VIII 8 48 Cd 11 2. 411 -18 -18 -2 +2 47 Ag 10 7.8682 -18 -18 -1 +1 46 Pd 10 6.42 -18 -18 -0 +2 +3 45 Rh 10 2.90550 -18 -16 -1 44 Ru 10 1.07 -18 -15 -1 +3 43 Tc (98) -18 -13 -2 42 Mo 95.94 -18 -13 -1 +6 41 Nb 92.90638 -18 -12 -1 +3 +5 40 Zr 91. 224 -18 -10 -2 +4 39 Y 88.90585 -18 -9-2 +3 38 Sr 87.62 -18 -8-2 +2 37 Rb 85.4678 -18 -8 -1 +1. 11 1 Uuu 11 2 Uub (272) 2 He 4.002602 2 0 K Shell K-L K-L-M -L-M-N -M-N-O -N-O-P -O-P-Q -N-O-P -O-P-Q 18 VIIIA 17 VIIB VIIA 16 VIB VIA 15 VB VA 14 IVB IVA 13 IIIB IIIA 10 Ne 20 .17 97 2-8 0 9 F 18 .9984032 2-7 -1 8 O 15 .9994 2-6 -2 7 N 14 .00674 2-5 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 -1 -2 -3 6 C 12 . 010 7 2-4 +2 +4 -4 5 B 10 . 811 2-3 +3 18 Ar 39.948 2-8-8 0 17 Cl 35.4527 2-8-7 +1 +5 +7 -1 16 S 32.066 2-8-6 +4 +6 -2 15 P 30.9737 61 2-8-5 +3 +5 -3 14 Si 28.0855 2-8-4 +2 +4 -4 13 Al 26.9 815 38 2-8-3 +3 36 Kr 83.80 -8 -18 -8 0 35 Br 79.904 -8 -18 -7 +1 +5 -1 34 Se 78.96 -8 -18 -6 +4 +6 -2 33 As 74.9 216 0 -8 -18 -5 +3 +5 -3 32 Ge 72. 61 -8 -18 -4 +2 +4 31 Ga 69.723 -8 -18 -3 +3 54 Xe 13 1.29 -18 -18 -8 0 53 I 12 6.90447 -18 -18 -7 +1 +5 +7 -1 52 Te 12 7.60 -18 -18 -6 +4 +6 -2 51 Sb 12 1.760 -18 -18 -5 +3 +5 -3 50 Sn 11 8. 710 -18 -18 -4 +2 +4 49 In 11 4. 818 -18 -18 -3 +3 86 Rn (222) -32 -18 -8 0 85 At ( 210 ) -32 -18 -7 84 Po (209) -32 -18 -6 +2 +4 83 Bi 208.98038 -32 -18 -5 +3 +5 82 Pb 207.2 -32 -18 -4 +2 +4 81 Tl 204.3833 -32 -18 -3 +1 +3 1 H 1. 00794 1 +1 -1 1 Group IA 30 Zn 65.39 -8 -18 -2 +2 29 Cu 63.546 -8 -18 -1 +1 +2 28 Ni 58.6934 -8 -16 -2 +2 +3 27 Co 58.933200 -8 -15 -2 26 Fe 55.845 -8 -13 -2 +2 +3 25 Mn 54.938049 -8 -13 -2 +2 +3 +4 +7 24 Cr 51. 99 61 -8 -13 -1 +2 +3 +6 23 V 50.9 415 -8 -11 -2 +2 +3 +4 +5 22 Ti 47.867 -8 -10 -2 +2 +3 +4 21 Sc 44.955 910 -8-9-2 +3 20 Ca 40.078 -8-8-2 +2 19 K 39.0983 -8-8 -1 +1. +3 80 Hg 200.59 -32 -18 -2 +1 +2 79 Au 19 6.96655 -32 -18 -1 +1 +3 78 Pt 19 5.078 -32 -17 -1 +2 +4 77 Ir 19 2. 217 -32 -15 -2 76 Os 19 0.23 -32 -14 -2 +3 +4 75 Re 18 6.207 -32 -13 -2 74 W 18 3.84 -32 -12 -2 +6 73 Ta 18 0.9479 -32 -11 -2 +5 72 Hf 17 8.49 -32 -10 -2 +4 57* La 13 8.9055 -18 -9-2 +3 56 Ba 13 7.327 -18 -8-2 +2 55 Cs 13 2.90545 -18 -8 -1 +1 +3 +4 11 0 Uun (2 71) -32 -16 -2 10 9 Mt (268) -32 -15 -2 10 8 Hs (269) -32 -14 -2 10 7 Bh (264) -32 -13 -2 10 6 Sg (266) -32 -12 -2 10 5 Db (262) -32 -11 -2 10 4 Rf (2 61) -32 -10 -2 +4 89** Ac (227) -18 -9-2 +3 88 Ra (226) -18 -8-2 +2 87 Fr (223) -18 -8 -1 +1 +4 +6 +7 +4 +6 +7 71 Lu 17 4.967 -32-9-2 +3 70 Yb 17 3.04 -32-8-2 +2 +3 69 Tm 16 8.934 21 - 31- 8-2 +3 68 Er 16 7.26 -30-8-2 +3 67 Ho 16 4.93032 -29-8-2 +3 66 Dy 16 2.50 -28-8-2 +3 65 Tb 15 8.92534 -27-8-2 +3 64 Gd 15 7