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HP-UX/Tru64 UNIX System Administration Interoperability HP-UX 11i v2 Tru64 UNIX V5.1A 1.0 Legal Notices Copyright 2003 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P Confidential computer software Valid license from HP required for possession, use or copying Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S Government under vendor's standard commercial license The information contained herein is subject to change without notice The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein UNIX® is a registered trademark of the Open Group Microsoft, Windows, and Windows NT are U.S registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation About This Manual This manual describes the similarities and differences between the HP-UX 11i v2 and Tru64 UNIX V5.1A operating systems in terms of System Administration tasks Audience This manual is intended for experienced UNIX System Administrators, particularly those individuals who maintain both HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX systems, or those who need to transition between these two operating systems Organization This document is organized as follows: • Chapter 1, Introduction This chapter describes how two systems, one HP-UX 11i v2 and the other Tru64 UNIX V5.1A, are similar in operation and how they differ • Chapter 2, System Management Utilities This chapter is a discussion of the system administration utilities, System Administration Manager (SAM) for HP-UX and SysMan Menu for Tru64 UNIX • Chapter 3, Archiving This chapter is a discussion of the archiving commands on HP-UX and on Tru64 UNIX that enable you to back up and recover data, as well as interoperability issues that affect common archive commands • Chapter 4, Crash Dump Information on how to specify the information that will be saved in the event of a crash on the Tru64 UNIX and HP-UX operating system and how to manipulate the crash data after a crash occurs makes up this chapter • Chapter 5, Devices How both operating systems recognize devices through device files, a comparison of the device file naming conventions, and information on the creation of device files is described in this chapter • Chapter 6, Kernel Configuration This chapter is a discussion on the building of a kernel in both operating systems and how kernel parameters are monitored • Chapter 7, Network Administration This chapter contains information on the basic configuration of the HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX operating systems that enable them to communicate with other computers on the network, as well as discussions on BIND/DNS, NIS, NFS, and Mail • Chapter 8, Performance Monitoring This chapter is a discussion on the methods for monitoring performance on both operating systems • Chapter 9, Print System This chapter contains information on how the print system is configured and used in both operating systems • Chapter 10, Process Management This chapter describes how HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX manage processes, and a discussion of signals and starting and stopping subsystems from the command line • Chapter 11, Security This chapter is a discussion on Industry-Standard UNIX security and extensions of the HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX operating systems that provide additional security features equivalent to a C2-level Trusted Computing Base • Chapter 12, Software Management Descriptions of the methods used for installing and managing software, including operating system software are contained in this chapter • Chapter 13, Storage and File System Administration This chapter gives information on the file system types available on both operating systems, and a description of file system operations • Chapter 14, System Startup and Shutdown This chapter provides the various methods for starting up an HP-UX operating system and Tru64 UNIX system, and for shutting them down • Chapter 15, User and Group Account Administration The methods for managing users and groups under SysMan Menu and SAM, as well as the implementation of passwords, are compared in this chapter • Appendix A, File System Hierarchy This appendix depicts the structure of the root file system on both operating systems in a side-by-side comparison • Appendix B, Recommended Supplemental References This appendix provides additional references for the system administrator on HP-UX, Tru64 UNIX, and the UNIX operating system and utilities in general Conventions We use the following typographical conventions: audit (5) An HP-UX or Tru64 UNIX reference page The term audit is the name and the number is the section in the HP-UX Reference or the Tru64 UNIX Reference On the web and on the Instant Information CD, it may be a hot link to the reference page itself From the HP-UX command line, you can enter "man audit" or "man audit" to view the reference page See man(1) Book Title The title of a book On the web and on the Instant Information CD, it may be a hot link to the book itself KeyCap The name of a keyboard key Note that Return and Enter both refer to the same key Emphasis Text that is emphasized Emphasis Text that is strongly emphasized Term The defined use of an important word or phrase ComputerOut Text displayed by the computer User Input Commands and other text that you type Command A command name or qualified command phrase Variable The name of a variable that you may replace in a command or function or information in a display that represents several possible values [] The contents are required in formats and command descriptions {} The contents are required in formats and command descriptions If the contents are a list separated by |, you must choose one of the items The name of a variable that you may replace in a command or function or information in a display that represents several possible values The preceding element may be repeated an arbitrary number of times This convention is also when used when a portion of computer is omitted because it is irrelevant to the topic discussed | Separates items in a list of choices For More Information The HP Web site has information on these products You can access the HP Web site at the following URL: http://www.hp.com Providing Feedback HP welcomes your comments and suggestions on this manual Please send your comments and suggestions by e-mail to readers_comment@zk3.dec.com Contents Introduction Identifying the Version of the Operating System Key Points UNIX Products Third Party Software Documentation Reference Pages (Manual Pages) Online Help 24 25 27 34 35 35 36 System Management Utilities Graphical Utilities HP-UX System Administration using SAM Tru64 UNIX System Administration using SysMan General System Administration Commands The ioscan command (HP-UX) The hwmgr command (Tru64 UNIX) Extending System Administration to Other Users Restricted SAM under HP-UX Division of Privileges under Tru64 UNIX The sudo command System Management Products HP ServiceControl Manager (HP-UX) HP OpenView (HP-UX) HP Insight Manager (Tru64 UNIX) 38 38 42 47 47 48 49 49 49 50 51 51 51 51 Archiving Commands and Utilities Boot Disk Archive File Archive Archiving Strategies 54 54 56 62 Background Information Crash Dump Types HP-UX Memory Page Classes Tru64 UNIX Full and Partial Crash Dumps Calculating Dump Space Crash Dump Configuration HP-UX Crash Dump Configuration Tru64 UNIX Crash Dump Configuration Runtime Crash Dumps Commands and Utilities The Configure System Dump utility (Tru64 UNIX) The crashconf command (HP-UX) The crashdc utility (Tru64 UNIX) The crashutil command (HP-UX) 64 65 65 65 67 68 68 70 73 75 75 75 75 76 Crash Dumps Contents The Create Dump Snapshot utility (Tru64 UNIX) The expand_dump command (Tru64 UNIX) The kdbx command (Tru64 UNIX) The Kernel Tuner Graphical User Interface (Tru64 UNIX) The kctune command (HP-UX) The libcrash library (HP-UX) SAM (HP-UX) The savecrash command (HP-UX) The savecore command (Tru64 UNIX) The sysconfig command (Tru64 UNIX) 76 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 78 Devices Devices and Device Special Files Devices System Initialization Device Special Files Major and Minor Device Numbers Device File Naming Conventions HP-UX Tru64 UNIX Creating Device Special Files Modifying the Kernel to Add a Device Commands and Utilities The diskinfo command (HP-UX) The dmesg command (HP-UX) The dsfmgr command (Tru64 UNIX) The hwmgr command (Tru64 UNIX) The insf command (HP-UX) The ioscan command (HP-UX) The lsdev command (HP-UX) The lssf command (HP-UX) The MAKEDEV shell script (Tru64 UNIX) The mknod command (HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX) The mksf command (HP-UX) The model command (HP-UX) The rmsf command (HP-UX) The scsimgr command (Tru64 UNIX) SAM (HP-UX) 80 80 80 80 82 85 85 87 90 91 92 92 92 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 93 94 94 94 94 95 Kernel Configuration Location of the Kernel File 98 Building the Kernel 99 HP-UX Kernel Configuration 99 Building the Tru64 UNIX Kernel 99 Commands and Utilities 101 HP-UX Kernel Configuration Commands and Utilities 101 10 Figures 22 Introduction This chapter provides general information on the interoperability between the HP-UX operating system and the Tru64 UNIX operating system Specifically, this chapter discusses how to identify the versions of the operating systems, identifies key points between the operating systems, lists important software products, and gives a brief discussion of the documentation for the operating systems Chapter 23 Introduction Identifying the Version of the Operating System Identifying the Version of the Operating System The information in this manual is based on HP-UX 11i Version and Tru64 UNIX Version V5.1A although there are references to earlier versions of these operating systems Operating system versions have an official, external name and an internal name The official name appears on distribution media, manuals, and other publications The internal name is reported from software interfaces such as the uname command or the uname(2) system call HP-UX The internal name for HP-UX 11i is reported by the uname command with the -r option The external and internal names for the HP-UX 11i operating system are shown here HP-UX 11i B.11.11 HP-UX 11i v 1.5 B.11.20 HP-UX 11i v 1.6 B.11.22 HP-UX 11i v B.11.23 Tru64 UNIX On Tru64 UNIX, the external name is reported on the first line of the default /etc/motd file and by the /usr/sbin/sizer -v command This external name maps to a combination of release and version numbers, as obtained by the /usr/bin/uname -rv command, as shown here Digital UNIX V4.0F Digital UNIX V4.0G V4.0 1530 Compaq Tru64 UNIX V5.0A V5.0 1094 Compaq Tru64 UNIX V5.1 V5.1 732 Compaq Tru64 UNIX V5.1A V5.1 1885 HP Tru64 UNIX V5.1B 24 V4.0 1229 V5.1 2650 Chapter Introduction Key Points Key Points Both the HP-UX operating system and the Tru64 UNIX operating system are based on the UNIX operating system, the HP-UX stems from the System V version, where Tru64 UNIX is aligned to the BSD version, which was developed at the University of California at Berkeley These operating systems are nearly identical to the casual user however, the system administrator must be aware of their differences Some basic key points follow: • The location of the kernel differs: The kernel of an HP-UX system is in the /stand directory The kernel of a Tru64 UNIX system is in the root (/) directory • Installation procedures differ • Patch installation procedures differ • Different commands used to assign multiple IPs on an interface card • The UNIX run levels differ • Rules for passwords differ between the two operating systems • The file used to resolve hostname to IP under HP-UX is /etc/nsswitch.conf and under Tru64 UNIX is /etc/resolve.conf • HP-UX features a pseudo-swap reservation policy • Both operating systems allow you to tune some kernel parameters • The device file naming conventions differ • The secure ttys database is /etc/securetty for HP-UX and /etc/securettys for Tru64 UNIX • Tru64 UNIX users may encounter a problem with emacs command line editing in the Korn shell, ksh A work-around consists of incorporating the following in the kshrc file for each user who encounters this problem: # HPUX ksh emacs command line recall workaround # Use aliases for arrow keys # An HP-UX dtterm has to be in normal cursor mode for this to if [ $OS = "HP-UX" ] then ctrl_p=`echo E|tr E '\020'` ctrl_n=`echo E|tr E '\016'` ctrl_f=`echo E|tr E '\006'` ctrl_b=`echo E|tr E '\002'` alias A=$ctrl_p # is ascii code 16 char, alias B=$ctrl_n # is ascii code 14 char, alias C=$ctrl_f # is ascii code char, alias D=$ctrl_b # is ascii code char, fi • work ie ie ie ie Ctrl Ctrl Ctrl Ctrl P N F B The directory used by the crontab command differs: The HP-UX operating system users the /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root directory The Tru64 UNIX operating system uses the /var/spool/cron/crontab/root directory • On HP-UX, the default font for the C locale is Roman8 When X-based application is launched from an HP-UX system with X-Server on a Tru64 UNIX system, the application expects HP-ROMAN8 fonts Chapter 25 Introduction Key Points If the application does not find HP-ROMAN8 fonts, it displays warnings that it could not load the fonts There are three work-arounds to solve this problem: — Provide and support all HP-ROMAN8 fonts on Tru64 with the required font aliases — Use the X Font Server, xfs Start the X Font Server on the HP-UX system; it has all the required HP-ROMAN8 fonts: hp-ux # xfs -config /etc/X11/fs/config -port 7000 -daemon Then use the xset command to set the font path for the DISPLAY For example: hp-ux # xset +fp tcp/hostname:7000 Here hostname is the system name or IP address where the xfs is invoked — Make changes to XLocaleDB, roman8 In addition to HP-ROMAN8 font name, specify the ISO8859-1 font name in the XLocaleDB If HP-ROMAN8 fonts are not found, applications will use the ISO8859-1 fonts NOTE The changes in the last work-around may result in abnormal characters if the extended characters in the range of 0xA1 to 0xFE are used because these characters are interpreted as Roman8, but are displayed with ISO8859 glyphs • The core operating system describes the most fundamental components of the HP-UX operating system; the base operating system is the term used for the Tru64 UNIX operating system • Software products that work on the operating system and are available at additional cost are called Stand-alone products for HP-UX and Layered Products for Tru64 UNIX 26 Chapter Introduction UNIX Products UNIX Products Both the HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX operating systems offer additional products that aid in system administration Some are incorporated into the core (HP-UX) or base (Tru64 UNIX) operating system, while some are available as layered products Also, there are third party products available Table 1-1, “UNIX Products for HP-UX,” lists system administration tools and other important products for HP-UX Table 1-1 Product Name UNIX Products for HP-UX Type Description Process Resource Manager (PRM) Layered Product PRM controls the resources that processes uses during peak system load PRM can manage the allocation of CPU, memory resources, and disk bandwidth It allows you to run multiple mission-critical applications on a single system, improve response time for critical users and applications, allocate resources on shared servers, provide applications with total resource isolation, and change the configuration dynamically HP-UX Workload Manager (HP-UX WLM) Part of the Mission Critical Operating Environment WLM provides automatic CPU resource allocation and application performance management based on prioritized service-level objectives (SLOs) In addition, WLM allows administrators to set real memory and disk bandwidth minimums to fixed levels in the configuration HP OpenView Stand-alone Product HP OpenView is an all-encompassing management solution; server management tools are well integrated with OpenView and the result is a highly manageable data center solution HP Utility Data Center (UDC) Stand-alone Product The Utility Data Center pools all data center resources into a single infrastructure, allowing you to consolidate and standardize IT resources and automate data center processes UDC allows data center infrastructures to be wired once, provisioned virtually, and managed on an as-needed basis The Utility Controller software simplifies the design, allocation, and billing of IT resources for applications and services UDC is based on open standards and can accommodate servers, storage, and network equipment Ignite-UX Software Distributor-UX (SD-UX) Chapter Ignite-UX addresses the need for HP-UX system administrators to perform fast deployment for one or many servers It provides the means for creating and reusing standard system configurations, enables replication of systems, permits post-installation customizations, and supports both interactive and unattended operating modes Part of the core operating system SD-UX creates depots to house installation and patch software The HP ServiceControl Manager gives SD-UX a push capability, meaning that software installation can be pushed onto a client from a server 27 Introduction UNIX Products Table 1-1 Product Name UNIX Products for HP-UX (Continued) Type This HP System Configuration Repository tool offers centralized change management and tracking across multiple systems, and can create an audit trail of changes and actions taken on all systems Administrators can compare nodes for “before and after” snapshots to determine what has changed in the system configuration HP ServiceControl Manager System Administration Manger (SAM) Description Part of the core operating system SAM is a menu-driven approach to system administration tasks that can be run in a graphics (GUI) or text-based (TUI) environment These tasks include performing auditing and security, managing user and group accounts, handling disk and file system management The HP ServiceControl Manager makes SAM multi-system aware, so that the key tasks SAM performs can be distributed to multiple systems and delegated using role-based security Security Patch Check This tool determines how current a system’s security patches are, recommends patches for continuing security vulnerabilities, and warns administrators about recalled patches still on the system Partition Manager The HP Partition Manager creates and manages hard partitions for HP-UX high end servers; these partitions are called “nPartitions” Systems running on those partitions can be managed consistently with all other tools integrated into ServiceControl Manager Event Monitoring Service (EMS) Part of the Enterprise and Mission Critical Operating Environments EMS keeps the administrator of multiple systems aware of system operation throughout a cluster and notifies the administrator of potential hardware or software problems before they occur HP ServiceControl Manager can launch the EMS interface and configure EMS monitors for any node or node group that belongs to the cluster, resulting in increased reliability and reduced downtime EMS High Availability Part of the Enterprise and Mission Critical Operating Environments EMS HA polls hardware, disks, clusters, network interfaces, and system resources that can send information to notify you about events before they affect you Secure Web Console SWC redirects the console port to a secure Web-based console, allowing a PC to access HP-UX server consoles over a corporate intranet, enabling remote management Central Web Console CWC provides a single, secure console access point for multiple systems and devices across the data center CWC allows HP-UX servers to be connected and managed from one central location, eliminating multiple system consoles 28 Chapter Introduction UNIX Products Table 1-1 Product Name UNIX Products for HP-UX (Continued) Type Description HP-UX Kernel Configuration The kcweb Kernel Configuration tool features a Web-based GUI that lets you tune both dynamic and static kernel parameters quickly and easily to optimize system performance This tool also sets kernel parameter alarms that notify you when system usage levels exceed thresholds OpenView Glanceplus Pak 2000 The combined features of the integrated OpenView Glanceplus, OpenView Performance Agent, and Single-System Event and Availability Management offer OpenView Glanceplus Pak 2000 real-time diagnostic capabilities, historic data collection capabilities, and system monitoring capabilities OpenView GlancePlus works with PRM and WLM to provide administrators the information required for intelligent resource allocation decisions MC/Service Guard HP-UX Virtual Partitions (vPars) Chapter Part of the Mission Critical Operating Environment MC/ServiceGuard is a specialized facility for protecting mission-critical applications from a wide variety of hardware and software failures With MC/ServiceGuard, multiple nodes are organized into an enterprise cluster that delivers highly available application services to LAN-attached clients MC/ServiceGuard monitors the health of each node and quickly responds to failures in a way that minimizes or eliminates application downtime MC/ServiceGuard integrates with PRM and WLM, providing a mechanism for dynamically re-allocating system resources in the event of a system failure The vPars tool makes it possible to run multiple workloads, each with unique requirements, on the same server at the same time Virtual Partitions are well suited for making effective use of under-used server nodes and for testing new or enhanced products in a production environment without the need to duplicate the entire environment WLM and vPars work together to move CPU resources dynamically between virtual partitions so you can prioritize SLOs across multiple OS instances 29 Introduction UNIX Products Table 1-1 UNIX Products for HP-UX (Continued) Product Name HP OpenView Type Stand-alone product Description HP OpenView is an enterprise-level portfolio of software solutions for managing and optimizing data and voice services as well as the infrastructure on which they run HP OpenView includes the following product- and process-specific management tools that enables you to manage on an entire network of hardware, software, and services: • HP OpenView Node Manager (NNM) NNM is a comprehensive solution that allows you to manage networks intelligently and identify potential problems before a failure occurs • HP OpenView Operations OpenView Operations is a distributed client/server software solution that allows full control of distributed IT resources from a central management console • HP OpenView Omniback II OpenView Omniback II is a software solution providing media management and automated data protection and backup for servers and heterogeneous data center environments sar (System Activity Reporter) command Part of core Operating System The sar command reports on system activity by sampling cumulative activity counters in the operating system at given intervals of time for a given duration of time The sar command can also extract data from a previously recorded file ioscan Part of core Operating System The ioscan command scans system hardware, usable I/O system devices, or kernel I/O system data structures as appropriate, and lists the results For each hardware module on the system, the ioscan command displays by default the hardware path to the hardware module, the class of the hardware module, and a brief description HP-UX is available in five different operating environments: • Foundation • Minimum Technical • Technical Computing • Enterprise • Mission Critical 30 Chapter Introduction UNIX Products Table 1-2, “HP-UX Products by Operating Environment,” indicates the availability of key HP-UX products for these operating environments The products are listed horizontally and the operating environments are listed vertically If a given product is incorporated into an operating environment, a bullet character (•) appears in the corresponding cell Table 1-2 HP-UX Products by Operating Environment Operating Environments HP-UX Product Foundation Minimum Technical Technical Computing Enterprise Mission Critical System Administration Manger (SAM) • • • • • ServiceControl Manager • • • • • System Configuration Manager • • • • • System Inventory Manager • • • • • HP-UX Kernel Configuration • • • • • SD-UX • • • • • Process Resource Manager (PRM) • • OpenView Glance Plus • • EMS • • EMS High Availability • • Work Load Manager • MC/Service Guard • Chapter 31 Introduction UNIX Products Table 1-3, “Tru64 UNIX Products,” lists system administration tools and other important products for Tru64 UNIX Table 1-3 Product Name Tru64 UNIX Products Type Description TruCluster Server Layered Product TruCluster Server is a highly integrated synthesis of the Tru64 UNIX operating system software, AlphaServer systems, and storage devices that operate as a single virtual system Members of the cluster can share resources, data storage, and cluster-wide file systems under a single security and management domain, yet they can boot or shut down independently without disrupting the cluster's services to clients SysMan Menu Part of the Base Operating System The SysMan Menu is a menu-driven tool for the system administrator to access administrative tasks quickly and easily Additional information on the SysMan Menu is provided in Chapter SysMan Station Part of the Base Operating System The SysMan Station provides a graphical, high profile view and status of a system's physical and logical objects Additional information on the SysMan Station is provided in Chapter Event Manager (EVM) Part of the Base Operating System EVM is a comprehensive event management system that, in addition to providing traditional event handling facilities, unifies events from many channels to provide a system-wide source of information HP Insight Manager Part of the Base Operating System Insight Manager is a Web-based utility that enables you to look across a heterogeneous computing environment and access information about any device connected to the network Devices can be computer systems, networked printers, or network components such as routers You can obtain information about the configuration of systems and their components or peripherals and, in some cases, perform certain administrative tasks such as asset management, asset security, work load management, and event management hwmgr command Part of the Base Operating System The hwmgr command enables you to manage hardware components and the software subsystems that maintain information about the components You can use the hwmgr command on either an individual system or on clustered systems to manage hardware, gather information on system status, and diagnose problems 32 Chapter Introduction UNIX Products Table 1-3 Product Name Tru64 UNIX Products (Continued) Type Description sys_check command Part of the Base Operating System The sys_check utility is a system census and configuration verification tool that is also used to aid in diagnosing system errors and problems Use sys_check to create an HTML report of your system's configuration (software and hardware) The sys_check utility also performs an analysis of operating system parameters and attributes such as those that tune the performance of the system The report generated by sys_check provides warnings if it detects problems with any current settings Note that while sys_check can generate hundreds of useful warnings, it is not a complete and definitive check of the health of your system The sys_check utility should be used in conjunction with event management and system monitoring tools to provide a complete overview and control of system status System Healthcheck Layered product SHC is tool for analyzing system performance, configuration and security It is typically run on a system during a normal business day and generates a report, at the end of this period, that describes problems found on the system and recommends resolutions to these problems SHC is available under various packages Chapter 33 Introduction Third Party Software Third Party Software After-market software products that run on the HP-UX operating system and the Tru64 UNIX operating system are available; some of these products address the needs of the system administrator Such products include the following: • BMC Patrol Express provides monitoring, notification, and reporting across customers’ servers, networks and application infrastructures See http://www.bmc.com for more information • Uptime Software provides monitoring, reporting, troubleshooting, root-cause analysis, problem-solving, long term trending, server consolidation, and capacity planning See http://www.uptimesoftware.com for more information • SarCheck is a UNIX performance analysis and tuning tool for most HP-UX systems; it produces recommendations, and explanations, with supporting graphs and tables See http://www.sarcheck.com/schp.htm for more information 34 Chapter Introduction Documentation Documentation The documentation for both operating systems is available online at the following URLs: HP-UX documentation http://docs.hp.com Tru64 UNIX documentation http://h30097.www3.hp.com/docs/pub_page/doc_list.html The documentation for each of these operating systems and their applications are organized by operating system release Additionally, the Tru64 UNIX operating system documentation is structured into Bookshelves for General User, Programming, and System and Network Management The online documentation web sites also feature a search function to help you find information by keyword entries Reference Pages (Manual Pages) Both the HP-UX operating system and the Tru64 UNIX operating system offer reference pages, also known as manual pages or man pages because they can be summoned from the command line with the man command Online versions of the reference pages for both operating systems are available at these web sites: HP-UX manual pages http://docs.hp.com/hpux/os/man_pages.html Tru64 UNIX reference pages http://h30097.www3.hp.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/V51A_HTML/REF_LIB.HTM There are differences between the HP-UX manual pages and the Tru64 UNIX reference pages Firstly, under HP-UX, the manual pages for the system administration commands and utilities comprise section 1M; under Tru64 UNIX, the reference pages for the system administration commands and utilities are in Section 8, except for a few system administration commands related to the Common Desktop Environment (CDE), which are in section 1M Secondly, there are differences in the structure of the individual manual page/reference page HP-UX System Administration Manual Page The typical organization within a manual page for HP-UX follows: • Name • Synopsis • Description (includes Options and Fields) • Return Value • External Influences (includes Environment Variables and International Code Set Support) • Examples • Warnings • Author Chapter 35 Introduction Documentation • Files • Notes • See Also • Standards Conformance • Bugs Tru64 UNIX System Administration Reference Page This is the typical organization for a Tru64 UNIX reference page: • Name • Synopsis • Standards • Options • Operands • Description • Notes • Restrictions • Exit Status • Errors • Examples • Environment Variables • Files • Legal Notices • See Also Online Help Both the HP-UX and Tru64 UNIX operating systems feature online help incorporated into their Graphical User Interface (GUIs) utilities The online help volumes are designed so that you can determine the meaning of a field in the current window or get instruction on how to proceed The HP-UX online help for the System Administration Manager (SAM) has sections titled “Overview”, “From This Window You Can”, and “Additional Information” The Tru64 UNIX online help volumes for the SysMan utilities feature an introductory section, a “Tasks” section, and a “Reference” section The Tasks section describes step-by-step procedures; the Reference section describes the contents of the window or dialog box Additional information on SAM and SysMan is available in the next chapter 36 Chapter ... 10 6 10 6 10 6 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 8 10 8 11 2 11 5 11 8 11 9 13 5 13 5 14 1 14 7 14 7 15 1 15 5 15 6 15 6 15 9 16 2 16 3 16 3 16 4 17 1 17 1 17 1 17 3 17 3 17 3 17 4 17 4 17 4 17 4 17 4 17 4 17 5 17 6 Performance Monitoring... 17 9 17 9 17 9 17 9 17 9 18 0 18 0 18 0 18 1 18 1 18 1 18 2 18 2 18 2 18 3 18 3 18 4 18 4 18 5 18 6 18 6 18 6 18 7 18 7 18 8 18 8 18 8 18 9 Print System Commands and Utilities ... HP-UX 11 i operating system are shown here HP-UX 11 i B .11 .11 HP-UX 11 i v 1. 5 B .11 .20 HP-UX 11 i v 1. 6 B .11 .22 HP-UX 11 i v B .11 .23 Tru64 UNIX On Tru64 UNIX, the external name is reported on the first