multiple insulin injection therapy

I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy The presentation Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Introduction: • Goals of multiple insulin injection. • High light of treatment method. • Glycemic control effect. • Diet treatment. Type of insulin: • Insulin preparation. • What to mix and what not to mix. Type of regimen: • Western regimen. • Our regimen. • Future regimen. Important phenomena: • Somogyi phenomena. • Dawn and predawn phenomena. Goals Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Clinical Goals: • Elimination of ketosis. • Elimination of hyperglycemia and it’s symptoms. • Prevention of chronic complications. Additional Goals: • Maintaining desirable weight. • Maintaining normal growth and sexual maturation. • Maintaining psychosocial well-being. • Achieving normal fertility and pregnancy. • Sustaining normal family and sexual life. Control Goals: • HbA1c <7%. • Pre-meal SMBG 80-120 mg/dl (4.4-6.7 mmol/l). • Bed time SMBG 100-140 mg/dl (5.6-7.8 mmol/l). • No ketonuria. • Mean blood glucose level 120-160 mg/dl (6.7-8.9 mmol/l). Highlights Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Insulin: • Type 1 diabetes is dependent on insulin for survival. • Insulin is classified by source or duration of action. • Human insulin has less allergy or lipoatrophy. • More than one injection is needed and different types. • Proper action During honeymoon phase. • The commonest side effect is hypoglycemia. Nutrition: • Enable near normal blood glucose level. • Maintain a reasonable body weight. • Protein 10-20%, Fat 15-25%, Carbohydrate 65%. • Fibers, vitamins, and minerals. • Food exchanges or carbohydrate counting. • Total daily calorie intake adjustment. Exercise: • Should be integrated. • Weight control and improve well being. • Pre-exercise medical evaluation. Monitoring: • Glucometer use SMBG to monitor blood glucose level. • Adjustment of insulin, diet, and exercise. • Urine testing for both glucose and ketones. • HbA1c the best index for control. Glycemic control Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Years from randomization Conventional Intensive 6.2% upper limit of normal range 0 3 6 9 12 15 9 8 7 6 0 HbA 1c (%) UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998; 352:837–853. Diet Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N 30 25 20 35 30 25 40 35 30 Physical activity Body weight 25 years male IBW 60 kgm Carbohydrate (65%) 390 Protein (10%) 60 Fat (25%) 150 Carbohydrate 100 gm Protein (10%) 15 gm Fat (25%) 17 gm Diet Carbohy. Protein Fat _ Arabian bread 30 gm Cheese 5 gm 10 gm 10 gm Honey 50 gm 2 gm 3 gm Glass of milk 10 gm 5 gm 5 gm_ Total 95 gm 17 gm 18 gm Carbohydrate (65%) 520 Protein (10%) 80 Fat (25%) 200 Carbohydrate 130 gm Protein (10%) 20 gm Fat (25%) 22 gm Diet Carbohy. Protein Fat _ Rice 80 gm 6 gm chicken 5 gm 15 gm 12 gm Salad 30 gm 4 gm 4 gm Orange 10 gm ___ Total 125 gm 19 gm 22 gm Carbohydrate (65%) 260 Protein (10%) 40 Fat (25%) 100 Carbohydrate 65 gm Protein (10%) 10 gm Fat (25%) 11 gm Diet Carbohy. Protein Fat _ Tuna sandwich 45 gm 12 gm 10 gm Apple 15 gm Tea _ Total 95 gm 17 gm 18 gm 60 Kg X 30 kcal = 1800 kcal Breakfast 600 kcal Lunch 800 kcal Dinner 400 kcal The total calories intake depends on patients age and activity but have to related to the desirable body weight. Total daily calories = IBW X Estimated daily Total daily calories = IBW X Estimated daily energy energy • Add 300 kcal/day during pregnancy. • Add 500 kcal/day during lactation. Fibers, sweeteners, vitamins, and minerals. Glucose sensor Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N The plan of insulin type and dose will depend on: - The shape of glucose curve. - The diet and exercise. 0 10 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 INSULIN TYPES DURATION OF ACTION 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Insulin Preparations Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Action Name Onset Duration Very rapid Lispro / Novo rapid 10-15 min 2-3 hrs Rapid Crystalline zinc (CZI) 30-45 min 4-6 hrs Intermediate Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) 1-2 hrs 6-12 hrs Lente zinc Long acting Ultralente zinc 6-8 hrs 18 hrs Lantus (glargine) 4-8 hrs 24 hrs Premixed 80% NPH+20%CZI 30-45 min 6-12 hrs 70% NPH+30%CZI 30-45 min 6-12 hrs 50% NPH+50%CZI 30-45 min 6-12 hrs Insulin Mixing Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Action Name Mix (1) Very rapid Lispro / Novo rapid Yes (2) Rapid Crystalline zinc (CZI) Yes (2) Intermediate Neutral Protamine Yes (2) Hagedorn (NPH) Yes (2) Lente zinc Yes (2) Long acting Ultralente zinc No Lantus (glargine) No_ Premixed 80% NPH+20%CZI No 70% NPH+30%CZI No 50% NPH+50%CZI No_ (1) Mixing different type of insulin has to be fron the same source (ie same company) (2) Mixing different type of insulin has to be fron the same source (ie same company) Pre-mixed insulin Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N 10/90 20/80 30/70 40/60 50/50 Post- prandial hyperglycemia Pre-prandial hyperglycemia [...]... Change or start pre-bed snack O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy 23 24 I Dawn Phenomenon N S U 20 L I 10 N I 0 N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 J E C T Cause: Treatment: • Less insulin at bed time • Use enough dose • More food at bed time • Reduce bed time snack • Not using NPH at night • Add NPH pre-supper I O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy 23 24 ... 3 4 5 J E 2 50 C T 1 50 I 50 O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Hyper-glycemia window N S U Treat by adding regular dose pre-meals and small one before sleep L I N Diabetic week day 2 50 I N J 1 50 50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 E C 2 50 T I O 1 50 50 N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Hypo-glycemia window N S... 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Hypo-glycemia window N S U Treat by moving am dose late and regular dose pre-supper and NPH at night L I Diabetic week end day 2 50 N 1 50 I N 50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 J E 2 50 C T 1 50 I 50 O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Hypo-glycemia window... Wester n re gimen N S L    Normal free insulin levels (Mean) 60 I N I N J E C Insulin (mU/l) U 70 50 Simulated s.c injected soluble human insulin + NPH 40 Simulated s.c injected insulin aspart + NPH 30 Meal 20 10 0 0600 0900 T 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 0300 0600 Time of day I Breakfast Lunch O N Dinner NPH Adapted from Polonsky et al 1988 Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Wester n re gimen N S U Two... Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Hyper-glycemia window N S U Diabetic week Hyperglycemia Window day 2 50 L I 1 50 N 50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 I N Cause: • Lack of insulin • Lunch effect • afternoon snacks 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 Effect: • Pre-meal hyperglycemia • ↑ HbA1c by 1.7% J E C 2 50 T I 1 50 O 50 N 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I...   Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Blood Glucose Cur ve N Glucose variations in our culture: S U Nondiabetic 2 50 L 1 50 I N 50 1 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Diabetic week day 2 50 N J E 1 50 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 C 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Diabetic week end day 2 50 T I 1 50 O N 50 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Multiple Insulin Injection. .. 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 J E 2 50 C T 1 50 I 50 O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Somogyi Phenomenon N S U 20 L I N 10 I N 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 J E Cause: Treatment: C • Counter regulatory hormones response to hypoglycemia at med-night • Decrease pre-supper intermediate insulin T • Increase in hepatic glucose production I • Insulin resistance because of the Counter... Injection Therapy I Insulin Use N S • Regular and NPH use twice daily the commonest regimen used • Premixed with different concentration (30/70, 40/60, 50/50) • Lunch is the biggest meal usually but no insulin dosing U L I N 2 50 I 1 50 N 50 6 J 7 8 E 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 Diabetic week day 2 50 C T 1 50 I 50 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 O N Multiple Insulin. .. diabetic patient Pregnant mothers specially type 1 Motivated patients  9 12 3  6  9 12 3 12 3 6 9 12 3  150 50 6   9   Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I Wester n re gimen N S U Two doses: L I N 150 The usual dosing commonly used Initial insulin therapy 50 6 Three doses: Used for active patients Patients taking two main meals 12 3 9  9 12 3 9 12 3 6  6 9 12 3 150 50 I N J 6 Four doses:... Initial insulin therapy 50 6 Three doses: Used for active patients Patients taking two main meals 12 3 9  9 12 3 9 12 3 6  6 9 12 3 150 50 I N J 6 Four doses: T I O N   150 Brittle diabetic patient Pregnant mothers specially type 1 E C  50 6 Four doses: Brittle diabetic patient Pregnant mothers specially type 1 Motivated patients  9 12 3  6  9 12 3 12 3 6 9 12 3  150 50 6   9   Multiple Insulin . I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy The presentation Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Introduction: • Goals of multiple insulin injection. •. (6.7-8.9 mmol/l). Highlights Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Insulin: • Type 1 diabetes is dependent on insulin for survival. • Insulin is classified by source. 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 INSULIN TYPES DURATION OF ACTION 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 Insulin Preparations Multiple Insulin Injection Therapy I N S U L I N I N J E C T I O N Action