Hazardous Chemicals Handbook 2 Episode 14 pps

Table 16.16 Typical consent conditions for the discharge of industrial effluent to rivers and streams (UK) Maximum allowed Fishing streams BOD (5 days at 20°) 20 mg/l Suspended solids 30 mg/l pH 5–9 Sulphide, as S 1 mg/l Cyanide, as CN 0.1 mg/l Arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, individually or in total 1 mg/l Free chlorine 0,5 mg/l Oils and grease 10 mg/l Temperature 30°C Non-fishing streams BOD (5 days at 20°C) 40 mg/l Suspended solids 40 mg/l pH 5–9 Transparency of settled sample ≥100 mm Sulphide, as S 1 mg/l Cyanide, as CN 0.2 mg/l Oils and grease 10 mg/l Formaldehyde 1 mg/l Phenols (as cresols) 1 mg/l Free chlorine 1 mg/l Tar none Toxic metals, individually or in total 1 mg/l Soluble solids 7500 mg/l Temperature 32.5°C Insecticides or radioactive material none Sources When classified in terms of handling and disposal methods, ‘solid wastes’ may comprise: • liquids, e.g. in drums, slurries, sludges, thioxtropic solids, solids, as • inert or ‘hazardous’ waste. (The sources of solid wastes per se are summarized in Tables 16.1 and 16.4.) However, dealing with any of them will involve some combination of the activities shown in Figure 16.2, i.e. collection, segregation and identification, processing, recycling, transport and final disposal. Effects The effects from solid waste treatment and disposal depend upon the specific waste and the methods employed. The major disposal methods, depending upon the quantity and nature of the waste, are: • disposal on land by landfill or land-raising; • incineration, which requires air pollution control measures (Table 17.9) and a procedure for ash disposal; energy recovery may be practised; SOLID WASTES 509 510 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: SOURCES AND IMPACT Table 16.17 Guidelines for classification of contaminated soils: suggested range of values (ppm) on air dried soils Parameter Typical Slight Contaminated Heavy Unusually values for contamination contamination heavy uncontaminated contamination soils pH (acid) 6–7 5–6 4–5 2–4 (<2) pH (alkaline) 7–8 8–9 9–10 10–12 12 Antimony 0–30 30–50 50–100 100–500 500 Arsenic 0–30 30–50 50–100 100–500 500 Cadmium 0–1 1–3 3–10 10–50 50 Chromium 0–100 100–200 200–500 500–2500 2500 Copper (available) 0–100 100–200 200–500 500–2500 2500 Lead 0–500 500–1000 1000–2000 2000–1.0% 1.0% Lead (available) 0–200 200–500 500–1000 1000–5000 5000 Mercury 0–1 1–3 3–10 10–50 50 Nickel (available) 0–20 20–50 50–200 200–1000 1000 Zinc (available) 0–250 250–500 500–1000 1000–5000 5000 Zinc (equivalent) 0–250 250–500 500–2000 2000–1.0% 1.0% Boron (available) 0–2 2–5 5–50 50–250 250 Selenium 0–1 1–3 3–10 10–50 50 Barium 0–500 500–1000 1000–2000 2000–1.0% 1.0% Beryllium 0–5 5–10 10–20 20–50 50 Manganese 0–500 500–1000 1000–2000 2000–1.0% 1.0% Vanadium 0–100 100–200 200–500 500–2500 2500 Magnesium 0–500 500–1000 1000–2000 2000–1.0% 1.0% Sulphate 0–2000 2000–5000 5000–1.0% 1.0–5.0% 5.0% Sulphur (free) 0–100 100–500 500–1000 1000–5000 5000 Sulphide 0–10 10–20 20–100 100–500 500 Cyanide (free) 0–1 1–5 5–50 50–100 100 Cyanide 0–5 5–25 25–250 250–500 500 Ferricyanide 0–100 100–500 500–1000 1000–5000 5000 Thiocyanide 0–10 10–50 50–100 100–500 2500 Coal tar 0–500 500–1000 1000–2000 2000–1.0% 1.0% Phenol 0–2 2–5 5–50 50–250 250 Toluene extract 0–5000 5000–1.0% 1.0–5.0% 5.0–25.0% 25.0% Cyclohexane extract 0–2000 2000–5000 5000–2.0% 2.0–10% 10.0% • recycling, a procedure now promoted – either by primary or secondary routes; • pyrolysis – yielding useful by-products. Any hazard which land deposition may create requires assessment with regard to the risk of injury or impairment of health to persons or animals, damage to vegetation, pollution of controlled waters including aquifers – either directly or because of water run-off, and of long-term accumulation, e.g. of heavy metals or persistent chemicals. Landfill disposal of certain categories of solid waste may result in gas generation, mainly methane, and a highly polluted leachate. The methane may be drawn off, to avoid a flammable hazard on- or off-site. The leachate is pumped off for treatment. A summary of the potential hazards associated with toxic waste deposition on land is given in Table 16.18. Reuse Secondary recycle Primary recycle Primary recycle Waste producer Treat on-site Store on-site Dispose on-site Site boundary Convey Treat off-site Convey Store off-site Dispose off-site Figure 16.2 Three basic techniques – treatment, storage, conveyance – to effect recycle or disposal of ‘solid’ waste either on- or off-site. Table 16.18 Potential hazards from toxic waste deposition Air pollution Dust, effluvia, smoke and fume, odour Toxic or flammable gas generation Land pollution Gross amenity damage Undermining of site stability Sterilization of surrounding land due to heavy metals pH changes etc. Permanent ‘land contamination’ Water pollution Deposited material or percolate escapes either by surface run-off or by underground movement, threatening streams, rivers, aquifers or the sea Direct ‘poisoning’ or eutrophication SOLID WASTES 511 17 Chemicals and the environment: monitoring and protection Legislative control Comprehensive pollution control legislation exists in most developed countries and there is increasing conformity within the EC. The Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1990 In the UK the Environmental Protection Act 1990 established an interlocking framework for pollution control. Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) introduced a new approach with waste minimization at its centre and a commitment to higher environmental standards. The latter is based upon selection of the Best Practical Environmental Option (BPEO), i.e.: the option which in the context of releases from a prescribed process, provides the most benefit or least damage to the environment as a whole, at acceptable cost, in the long term as well as the short term. The reform of waste disposal aims to minimize waste generation and maximize recycling. Under Part 1 of EPA 90, an IPC system controls emissions to air, land and water for the most polluting industrial and similar processes. All operators of prescribed processes, e.g. fuel and power, minerals, waste disposal and chemical, require prior authorization. They are required to use BATNEEC, the Best Available Technology Not Entailing Excessive Cost: • for preventing the release of substances prescribed for any environmental medium, or where that is not practicable by such means; • for reducing the release of such substances to a minimum and for rendering harmless any such substances which are released; • for rendering harmless any other substances which might cause harm if released into any environmental medium. Any authorization may contain specific conditions with details on how BATNEEC is to be achieved, e.g.: the mode of operation of the plant; the pollution abatement technology to be used; and, explicit limits on the amount and concentration of substances which may be discharged. Some aspects of the process may not be covered explicitly by conditions, but there remains a residual duty on the operator to prevent or minimize the release of prescribed substances by the use of BATNEEC. Local authority control of air pollution covers a second tier of less-polluting processes. Incinerators for waste chemicals, or waste plastic arising from their manufacture, and other waste incinerators dependent upon size are, however, subject to both the BATNEEC and BPEO requirements under the IPC regime. Any IPC application will include, in addition to details of the operator: • A description of the prescribed process. • A list of prescribed substances, and other substances which are potentially environmentally harmful, used in or resulting from the process. The quantities that might be released with control technologies in place. • Details of any proposed release of prescribed substances and an assessment of the environmental consequences of emissions. (For local authorities air pollution controlled processes this applies only to atmospheric emissions.) • Information to show that BATNEEC is to be applied; a description of techniques for preventing, minimizing and rendering harmless the emissions. How these techniques will be monitored. • Proposals for monitoring the release of such substances and the environmental consequences. It must include an assessment to demonstrate that the process represents the BPEO. Part II of EPA 90 deals with waste disposal, handling and management. The provisions impose duties on the producers of waste to ensure the safe disposal. There are strong licensing powers for local authorities, with continuing responsibilities for licensees to monitor and maintain sites after closure. The Clean Air Act 1993 provides a comprehensive control mechanism for the protection of the environment from smoke, dust and fumes. The 1993 Act consolidates the previous provisions of the 1956 and 1968 Clean Air Acts. Section 1 of the Act prohibits: dark smoke emissions from a chimney of any building dark smoke emissions from a chimney serving the furnace of a fixed boiler or industrial plant. The Dark Smoke (Permitted Periods) Regulations, give details on circumstances and time limits when dark smoke is allowed. Section 2 of this Act prohibits dark smoke from any industrial or trade premises (there is no requirement under Section 2 for the dark smoke to be emitted from a chimney). The Water Industry Act 1991 and Water Resources Act 1991 The disposal of aqueous-based wastes, i.e. liquid effluents, is regulated in part by the Water Industry Act 1991 and the Water Resources Act 1991. The discharge of any trade effluent into a public sewer requires a specific consent from the sewerage undertaker. If granted, conditions are attached to the consent relating to which sewer, flowrates and composition (see Table 16.15), metering of flowrate, and possibly automatic monitoring. For Special Category Effluents, e.g. mercury, pesticides, chlorinated organics, as listed in Schedule 1 of the Trade Effluents (Prescribed Processes and Substances) Regulations 1989 (Table 17.1), agreement must also be obtained from the Environment Agency. LEGISLATIVE CONTROL 513 514 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Discharge to ‘controlled waters’ is controlled under the Water Resources Act 1991. These waters are defined and generally include territorial waters, coastal waters, inland waters and ground water. If the discharge is from a prescribed process, and of a prescribed substance under the Environmental Protection Act 1990, consent for discharge is required under an IPC authorization. All other discharges require consent from the Environment Agency under the Water Resources Act. Such consent is subject to conditions as to composition, flowrate, measures to minimize pollution, etc. A specimen consent form is given in Figure 17.1. Schedule 5 of the regulations details the prescribed substances (Red List). Where a discharge contains more than the stated amount of a prescribed substance (Table 17.2) it cannot be released to water without an authorization from the Environment Agency. NATIONAL RIVERS AUTHORITY WATER RESOURCES ACT 1991 – CONSENT TO DISCHARGE Reference number The National Rivers Authority, in pursuance of its powers under the above mentioned Act, HEREBY GIVES CONSENT to the discharge described hereunder subject to the terms and conditions set out below. Name and Address of Applicant: Date of Application: Date of Consent: Description of discharge: Type: From: To: National Grid Reference of Discharge Point: This consent shall not be taken as providing a statutory defence against a charge of pollution in respect of any poisonous, noxious or polluting constituents not specified herein. Conditions 1. General 2. As to Outlet 3. As to Volume Discharged to watercourse 4. As to Discharge composition NRA Region: NRA Authorized Signature: Figure 17.1 Typical consent form Whereas the Red List was produced by the UK government in 1989, and includes the most harmful and polluting substances, the EC in Directive 76/464/EEC introduced Black and Grey Lists, referred to in the Directive as Lists 1 and 2, respectively. National governments are required to eliminate pollution by the substances blacklisted and to reduce pollution by those in the Grey List. The 129 substances in the Black List were selected mainly on the basis of their toxicity, persistence and accumulation in living organisms and in sediment. They are generally considered to be more dangerous than those on the Grey List and are to be controlled by authorization in Table 17.1 Prescribed substances Aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and isodrin Arsenic Atrazine Azinphos-ethyl Azinphos-methyl Boron Cadmium and its compounds Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chromium Copper Cyanide Cyfluthrin DDT 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichlorvos Dioxins Endosulfan Fenitrothion Fenthion Flucofuron Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD) Hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane and related compounds) Iron Lead Malathion Mercury and its compounds Nickel Parathion Parathion-methyl PCSDs Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Perchloroethylene Permethrin pH outside the range 5.5 to 9.0 Polychlorinated biphenyls Simazine Sulcofuron Tetrachloroethylene Tributyltin compounds Trichlorobenzene Trichloroethane Trichloroethylene Trifluralin Triphenyltin compounds Vanadium Zinc LEGISLATIVE CONTROL 515 516 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT accordance with European Community limit values or quality objectives to be set in daughter Directives on specific substances. They can be divided into the families shown in Table 17.3. The Grey List comprises the families of materials shown in Table 17.4. The contents of the Grey List may be added to the Black List in due course, and may thus be subject to the same tight controls. Pesticides are also one of the main sources of inland water pollution and the EC has set limits for pesticide levels in surface waters. Most pesticides in surface waters come from diffuse losses soon after spraying. High levels of other specific pesticides often result from farmyard spillages. Any person using a pesticide must take all reasonable precautions to protect the health of human beings, creatures and plants, to safeguard the environment, and in particular to avoid pollution of water. They should be given instruction, training and guidance in the safe, efficient and humane use of pesticides and be competent in the duties they are called upon to perform. They are not permitted to combine or mix two or more pesticides nor use a pesticide in conjunction with an Table 17.2 The Red List maximum discharge levels above which prior authorization is required Prescribed substances Amount released above background in any 12 month period (grams) Mercury and its compounds 200 (expressed as metal) Cadmium and its compounds 1000 (expressed as metal) All isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane 20 All isomers of DDT 5 Pentachlorophenol and its compounds 350 (expressed as PCP) Hexachlorobenzene 5 Hexachlorobutadiene 20 Aldrin 2 Dieldrin 2 Endrin 1 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 1 Dichlorvos 0.2 1,2-Dichloroethane 2000 All isomers of trichlorobenzene 75 Atrazine* 350 Simazine* 350 Tributyltin compounds 4 (expressed as TBT) Triphenyltin compounds 4 (expressed as TPT) Trifluralin 20 Fenitrothion 2 Azinphos-methyl 2 Malathion 2 Endosulfan 0.5 * Where both atrazine and simazine are released, the figure in aggregate is 350 grams. Table 17.3 The Black List substances prohibited from discharge to ground water Organohalogenated compounds and substances which may form such compounds in the aquatic environment Organophosphorus compounds Organotin compounds Substances which possess carcinogenic properties Mercury and its compounds Cadmium and its compounds Persistent mineral oils and hydrocarbons of petroleum origin Persistent synthetic substances which may float, remain in suspension or sink and interfere with any use of the waters adjuvant except under authorized circumstances. A list of pesticides and pesticide residues as defined by EC Directive 90/642/EEC as amended by 94/30/EC is given in Table 17.5. Limits are to be set by subsequent Directives in due course. Waste management Under the EPA 90 a person shall not: • deposit ‘controlled waste’, or knowingly cause or permit its deposit; • treat, keep or dispose of controlled waste or permit it, etc.; except under, and in accordance with, a waste management licence. Controlled waste is household, industrial, commercial or any such waste. Extra duties are imposed on the producers of ‘Special Waste’, i.e. a waste that is on the European Hazardous Waste list reproduced in Table 17.6 and if it has one or more of the hazardous properties listed in Table 17.7 (reproduced from Part 2 of Schedule 2 of the Special Waste Regulations, 1996). Also Special Waste is any Controlled Waste which has one of the listed properties. Extra requirements are detailed for the safe transfer and management of such waste. Section 34 of EPA 90 imposes a ‘cradle to grave’ philosophy for waste management. This places a duty of care upon anyone who has ‘control’ of controlled waste, i.e. importers, producers, Table 17.4 The Grey List substances for which authorization is required prior to discharge Biocides and their derivatives not appearing in the black list Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and/or smell of the products for human consumption derived from the aquatic environment Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon Inorganic compounds of phosphorus and elemental phosphorus Non-persistent mineral oils and hydrocarbons of petroleum origin Cyanides, fluorides Substances which have an adverse effect on the oxygen balance, particularly ammonia, nitrates The following metalloids and metals and their compounds: Antimony Arsenic Barium Beryllium Boron Chromium Cobalt Copper Lead Molybdenum Nickel Selenium Silver Tellurium Thallium Tin Titanium Uranium Vanadium Zinc WASTE MANAGEMENT 517 518 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Table 17.5 Pesticides and pesticide residues Pesticide Residue Aldrin and dieldrin singly or combined, expressed as dieldrin (HEOD) 2-Aminobutane 2-aminobutane Aminotriazole aminotriazole Azinphos-methyl sum of azinphos-methyl and azinphos-ethyl Bitertanol bitertanol Captafol captafol Captan sum of captan and folpet Carbaryl carbaryl Carbendazim carbendazim (from use of benomyl, thiophanate-methyl and carbendazim) Carbon disulphide carbon disulphide Carbon tetrachloride carbon tetrachloride Carbophenothion sum of carbophenothion, its sulphoxide and its sulphone, expressed as carbophenothion Chlordane (1) for products of animal origin: sum of cis- and trans-isomers and oxychlordane expressed as chlordane; (2) for cereals, fruit and vegetables: sum of cis- and trans-isomers expressed as chlordane Chlorfenvinphos sum of E- and Z-isomers of chlorfenvinphos Chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl DDT sum of pp’-DDT, op’-DDT, pp’-TDE and pp’-DDE expressed as DDT Diazinon diazinon 1,2-Dibromoethane 1,2-dibromoethane Dichlofluanid dichlofluanid Dichlorvos dichlorvos Dicofol Dicofol Diflubenzuron diflubenzuron Dimethipin dimethipin Dimethoate dimethoate Dithiocarbamates alkylenbisdithiocarbamates and alkylthiuramdisulphides and dialkyldithiocarbamates determined and expressed as carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) Endosulfan sum of alpha- and beta-isomers and of endosulfan sulphate, expressed as endosulfan Endrin endrin Ethion ethion Etrimfos sum of etrimfos, its oxygen analogue and 6-ethoxy-2-ethyl-4-hydroxypyrimidine Fenitrothion fenitrothion Fluazifop fluazifop and esters (including conjugates) of haloxyfop, expressed as free acid Fluorochloridone fluorochloridone Haloxyfop haloxyfop and esters (including conjugates) of haloxyfop, expressed as free acid Hexachlorobenzene hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Hexachlorocyclohexane hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) alpha-isomer beta-isomer gamma-isomer Heptachlor sum of heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide, expressed as heptachlor Hydrogen cyanide cyanides expressed as hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen phosphide phosphides expressed as hydrogen phosphide Imazalil imazalil Inorganic bromide determined and expressed as total bromine from all sources Ioxynil ioxynil Iprodione sum of iprodione and all metabolites containing 3,5-dichloroaniline moiety, expressed as iprodione Malathion sum of malathion and malaoxon, expressed as malathion Mercury compounds determined as total mercury and expressed as mercury Methacrifos methacrifos Methyl bromide bromomethane Mevinphos sum of cis- and trans-mevinphos [...]... 14 020 1 halogenated solvents and solvent mixes 14 020 2 solvent mixes or organic liquids free of halogenated solvents 14 020 3 sludges or solid wastes containing halogenated solvents 14 020 4 sludges or solid wastes containing other solvents 140 3 wastes from the electronic industry 140 301 chlorofluorocarbons 140 3 02 other halogenated solvents 140 303 solvents and solvent mixes free of halogenated solvents 140 304... 140 1 wastes from metal degreasing and machinery maintenance 140 101 chlorofluorocarbons 140 1 02 other halogenated solvents and solvent mixes 140 103 other solvents and solvent mixes 140 104 aqueous solvent mixes containing halogens 140 105 aqueous solvent mixes free of halogens 140 106 sludges or solid wastes containing halogenated solvents 140 107 sludges or solid wastes free of halogenated solvents 14 02. .. and similar commercial, industrial and institutional wastes including separately collected fractions 20 01 separately collected fractions 20 01 12 paint, inks, adhesives and resins 20 0113 solvents 20 0117 photo chemicals 20 0119 pesticides 20 0 121 fluorescent tubes and other mercury containing waste 526 CHEMICALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT Table 17.7 Hazard properties of Special Waste (see Table 17.6) Reference... Tantalum Tin Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Zinc Zirconium Mg Mn Hg Mo Ni N O P Pt K Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Sn Ti W U V Zn Zr 24 .31 54.94 20 0.59 95.94 58.71 14. 01 16.00 30.97 195.09 39.10 78.96 28 .09 107.87 22 .99 87. 62 32. 06 189.95 118.69 47.90 183.85 23 8.03 50.94 65.37 91 .22 544 CONVERSION TABLES AND MEASUREMENT DATA Sl Units Quantity Base units Length Mass Time Electric current Temperature Luminous... filing) 120 106 waste machining oils containing halogens (not emulsioned) 120 107 waste machining oils free of halogens (not emulsioned) 120 108 waste machining emulsions containing halogens 120 109 waste machining emulsions free of halogens 120 110 synthetic machining oils 120 111 machining sludges 120 1 12 spent waxes and fats 120 3 wastes from water and steam degreasing processes (except 1100) 120 301 aqueous... (still bottoms) 140 501 chlorofluorocarbons 140 5 02 halogenated solvents and solvent mixes 140 503 other solvents and solvent mixes 140 504 sludges containing halogenated solvents 140 505 sludges containing other solvents WASTE MANAGEMENT 525 Table 17.6 Cont’d Code 16 17 18 19 20 Description Wastes not otherwise specified in the catalogue 16 02 discarded equipment and shredder residues 16 020 1 transformers... Cobalt Copper Fluorine Gold Helium Hydrogen Iodine Iron Lead Lithium Al Sb Ar As Ba Be Bi B Br Cd Ca C Cl Cr Co Cu F Au He H I Fe Pb Li 26 .98 121 .75 39.95 74. 92 137.34 9.01 20 8.98 10.81 79.90 1 12. 40 40.08 12. 01 35.45 52. 00 58.93 63.55 19.00 196.97 4.00 1.01 126 .90 55.85 20 7.19 6.94 Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Platinum Potassium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium... containing halogenated solvents 140 305 sludges or solid wastes containing other solvents 140 4 wastes from coolants, foam/aerosol propellants 140 401 chlorofluorocarbons 140 4 02 other halogenated solvents and solvent mixes 140 403 other solvents and solvent mixes 140 404 sludges or solid wastes containing halogenated solvents 140 405 sludges or solid wastes containing other solvents 140 5 wastes from solvent and... s–1 kg m/s2 Nm J/s As W/A C/V V/A Vs Wb/m2 Wb/A cd sr lm/m2 Other metric units Quantity Unit Symbol Equivalent Length angstrom micrometre are litre tonne dyne pascal bar erg centipoise Å µm a l t – Pa bar – cP centistokes siemens oersted gilbert gauss maxwell (or line) nit Stilb cSt S – – – – nt – 10–10 m 10–6 m 1 02 m2 10–3 m3 103 kg 10–5 N 1 N/m2 105N/m2 10–7 J 10–3 Ns/m2 (= 1 mPa s) 10–6 m2/s 1 Ω–1... production, food preparation and processing 020 1 primary production waste 020 105 agrochemical wastes Wastes from wood processing and the production of paper, cardboard, pulp, panels and furniture 03 02 wood preservation waste 03 020 1 non-halogenated organic wood preservatives 03 020 2 organochlorinated wood preservatives 03 020 3 organometallic wood preservatives 03 020 4 inorganic wood preservatives Wastes from . (available) 0 20 20 –50 50 20 0 20 0–1000 1000 Zinc (available) 0 25 0 25 0–500 500–1000 1000–5000 5000 Zinc (equivalent) 0 25 0 25 0–500 500 20 00 20 00–1.0% 1.0% Boron (available) 0 2 2–5 5–50 50 25 0 25 0 Selenium. 1000 20 00 20 00–1.0% 1.0% Beryllium 0–5 5–10 10 20 20 –50 50 Manganese 0–500 500–1000 1000 20 00 20 00–1.0% 1.0% Vanadium 0–100 100 20 0 20 0–500 500 25 00 25 00 Magnesium 0–500 500–1000 1000 20 00 20 00–1.0%. 0–100 100 20 0 20 0–500 500 25 00 25 00 Copper (available) 0–100 100 20 0 20 0–500 500 25 00 25 00 Lead 0–500 500–1000 1000 20 00 20 00–1.0% 1.0% Lead (available) 0 20 0 20 0–500 500–1000 1000–5000 5000 Mercury