A.1 APPENDIX A COMMON METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS A.2 Quantity Multiply By To obtain Length inch 25.400 1 millimeter mm inch 0.025 400 1 meter m foot 0.304 800 meter m yard 0.914 400 meter m mile (U.S. Statute) 1.609 347 kilometer km mile (U.S. Statute) 5,280 feet ft mile (U.S. Statute) 1,760 yards yd mile (U.S. Statute) 0.868 36 mile (nautical) mi (naut) mile (nautical) 1.151 6 mile (U.S. Statute) mi millimeter 39.370 079 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 inch in. meter 3.280 840 foot ft meter 1.093 613 yard yd kilometer 0.621 370 mile mi Area square inch 0.645 160 ϫ 10 3 square millimeter mm 2 square foot 0.092 903 square meter m 2 square yard 0.836 127 square meter m 2 square mile (U.S. Statute) 2.589 998 square kilometer km 2 acre 4.046 873 ϫ 10 3 square meter m 2 acre 0.404 687 hectare ha acre 43,560 square feet ft 2 acre 4,840 square yards yd 2 acre 4046.876 square meters m 2 inch 2 /foot of width 2.116 7 millimeter 2 /millimeter of width mm 2 /mm inch 2 /foot of width 2,116.666 9 millimeter 2 /meter of width mm 2 /m square millimeter 1.550 003 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 square inch in. 2 square meter 10.763 910 square foot ft 2 square meter 1.195 990 square yard yd 2 square kilometer 0.386 101 square mile mi 2 square meter 0.247 104 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 acre ac A.3 hectare 2.471 044 acre ac millimeter 2 /millimeter of width 0.472 4 inch 2 /foot of width in. 2 /ft millimeter 2 /meter of width 4.724 41 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 inch 2 /foot of width in. 2 /ft Volume cubic foot 28.316 85 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 cubic meter m 3 cubic foot 7.480 6 gallon gal. cubic yard 0.764 555 cubic meter m 3 gallon (U.S. liquid) 0.133 68 cubic feet ft 3 gallon (U.S. liquid) 3.785 412 liter l quart (U.S. liquid) 0.946 353 liter l cubic millimeter 61.023 759 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 cubic inch in. 3 cubic meter 35.314 662 cubic foot ft 3 cubic meter 1.307 951 cubic yard yd 3 liter 0.264 172 gallon (U.S. liquid) gal liter 1.056 688 quart (U.S. liquid) qt Force ounce 0.278 014 newton N pound 4.448 222 newton N pound 0.453 592 kilograms kg pound per foot 14.594 newtons per meter N/m ton, short 2,000 pounds lb ton, long 2,240 pounds lb tonne (metric ton) 2,204.62 pounds lb grain 1.428 57 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 pounds (avoirdupois) lb (av.) grain 0.064 798 91 gram g newton 3.596 942 ounce oz newton 0.224 809 pound lb newtons per meter 0.068 5 pounds per foot lb/ft pounds 0.000 5 ton, short tn sh. pounds 0.000 446 43 ton, long tn l. pounds 0.000 453 593 tonne metric ton. pounds 7,000 grains gr Quantity Multiply By To obtain A.4 Quantity Multiply By To obtain Mass ounce (avoirdupois) 28.349 52 gram g pound (avoirdupois) 0.453 592 kilogram kg ton, short 0.907 185 ϫ 10 3 kilogram kg gram 35.273 966 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 ounce (avoirdupois) oz av. gram 15.432 32 grains gr kilogram 2.204 622 pound (avoirdupois) lb av. kilogram 1.102 311 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 ton, short ton, tn sh. slug 14.594 kilograms kg slug 32.174 pounds lb Angle degree 17.453 29 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 radian rad radian 57.295 788 degree Temperature degree Fahrenheit (ЊF Ϫ 32)/1.8 degree Celsius ЊC degree Fahrenheit (ЊF ϩ 459.67)/1.8 degree Kelvin K degree Fahrenheit (ЊF ϩ 459.67)/1.8 degree Rankine (absolute) ЊR degree Celsius (1.8 ϫ ЊC) ϩ 32 degree Fahrenheit ЊF degree Celsius ЊC ϩ 273.15 degree Kelvin K degree Celsius (1.8 ϫ ЊC) ϩ 491.67 degree Rankine (absolute) ЊR degree Kelvin (1.8 ϫ K) Ϫ 459.67 degree Fahrenheit ЊF degree Kelvin K Ϫ 273.15 degree Celsius ЊC degree Kelvin 1.8 ϫ K degree Rankine (absolute) ЊR degree Rankine (absolute) ЊR Ϫ 459.67 degree Fahrenheit ЊF degree Rankine (absolute) (ЊR Ϫ 491.67)/1.8 degree Celsius ЊC degree Rankine (absolute) ЊR/1.8 degree Kelvin K Pressure, stress pounds per square inch 6.894 757 kilopascal kPa pounds per square inch 6.894 757 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 megapascals MPa pounds per square inch 6.894 757 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 gigapascal GPa pounds per square inch 6,894.757 newton/meter 2 N/m 2 pounds per square inch 6.894 757 kilonewton/meter 2 kN/m 2 A.5 pounds per square inch 6.894 757 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 newton/millimeter 2 N/mm 2 pounds per square inch 0.070 306 9 kilogram/centimeter 2 kg/cm 2 pounds per square inch 703.069 0 kilograms/meter 2 kg/m 2 pounds per square foot 47.880 3 newton/meter 2 N/m 2 (Pa) pounds per square foot 47.880 3 ϫ 10 Ϫ 3 kilonewton/meter 2 N/m 2 (kPa) pounds per square foot 47.880 3 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 newton/millimeter 2 N/mm 2 pounds per square foot 4.882 4 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 pounds per square foot 4.882 4 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 gigagrams/meter 2 Gg/m 2 pounds/1000 feet 2 0.488 24 kilogram/100 meter 2 kg/100 m 2 pascal 1.450 4 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 pounds/inch 2 psi pascal 1.000 0 newton/meter 2 N/m 2 kilopascal 101.971 6 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 kilopascal 0.145 038 pound per square inch psi kilopascal 0.334 562 foot of water (at 39.2ЊF) ft H 2 O kilopascal 0.295 301 inch of mercury (32ЊF) in. Hg megapascal 101,971.6 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 megapascals 145.038 pounds/inch 2 psi gigapascal 145,039.815 pounds/inch 2 psi gigapascal 1.019 716 ϫ 10 8 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 newton/meter 2 (Pa) 1.000 0 Pascal Pa newton/meter 2 (Pa) 0.101 971 6 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 newton/millimeter 2 20,885.4 pounds/foot 2 psf newton/millimeter 2 145.036 778 pounds/inch 2 psi newton/meter 2 0.000 145 377 8 pounds/inch 2 psi newton/meter 2 0.020 885 44 pounds/foot 2 psf newton/millimeter 2 145.037 78 pounds/inch 2 psi kilonewton/meter 2 0.145 037 78 pounds/inch 2 psi kilonewton/meter 2 20.885 4 pounds/foot 2 psf kilogram/meter 2 9.804 5 newton/meter 2 N/m 2 kilogram/centimeter 2 14.223 35 pounds/inch 2 psi kilogram/meter 2 9.806 7 ϫ 10 Ϫ 9 gigapascal GPa kilogram/meter 2 0.009 806 7 kilopascal kPa kilogram/meter 2 9.806 7 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 megapascal MPa Quantity Multiply By To obtain A.6 Quantity Multiply By To obtain Pressure, stress kilograms/meter 2 0.001 422 355 pounds/inch 2 psi (Continued) kilogram/meter 2 0.204 816 pounds/foot 2 psf gigagrams/meter 2 2.048 16 ϫ 10 Ϫ 7 pounds/foot 2 psf kilogram/100 meter 2 0.204 816 pounds/1000 feet 2 lb/1000 ft 2 foot of water (39.2ЊF) 62.43 lb/ft 2 psf foot of water (39.2ЊF) 2.988 98 kilopascal kPa inch of mercury (32ЊF) 3.386 38 kilopascal kPa meter of water 9,806 newton/meter 2 N/m 2 pound/square foot 0.016 02 feet of water (39.2ЊF) ft H 2 O Density pounds/foot 3 16.018 45 kilogram/meter 3 kg/m 3 pounds/foot 3 0.016 018 465 25 gigagrams/meter 3 Gg/m 3 kilogram/meter 3 0.062428 pounds/foot 3 lb/ft 3 gigagrams/meter 3 62.428 795 132 pounds/foot 3 lb/ft 3 Moment of inch 4 4.162 374 ϫ 10 Ϫ 7 meter 4 m 4 inertia (I) meter 4 2,402,475 inch 4 in 4 Moment of inch 4 /foot of width 1,365.56 millimeter 4 /millimeter of width mm 4 /mm inertia per inch 4 /foot of width 1,365.5 10 3 millimeter 4 /meter of width 10 3 mm 4 /m unit width inch 4 /foot of width 1.365 61 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 meter 4 /meter of width m 4 /m (I/unit) millimeter 4 /millimeter of width 0.000 732 284 9 inch 4 /foot of width in. 4 /ft 10 3 millimeter 4 /meter of width 0.000 732 284 9 inch 4 /foot of width in. 4 /ft meter 4 /meter of width 732,274 inch 4 /foot of width in. 4 /ft Section inches 3 1.638 73 ϫ 10 4 millimeter 3 mm 3 modulus millimeter 3 6.102 30 ϫ 10 Ϫ 5 inches 3 in. 3 Moment inch 3 /foot of width 53,763.3 millimeter 3 /meter of width mm 3 /m section inch 3 /foot of width 53.7633 millimeter 3 /millimeter of width mm 3 /mm modulus millimeter 3 /meter of width 1.860 0 ϫ 10 Ϫ 5 inch 3 /foot of width in. 3 /ft per unit width millimeter 3 /millimeter of width 1.860 0 ϫ 10 Ϫ 2 inch 3 /foot of width in. 3 /ft (S/unit) A.7 Bending pound-inch 0.112 985 newton-meter N-m moment (F b S) pound-foot 1.355 818 newton-meter N-m pound-inch 1.129 848 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 kilonewton-meter kN-m newton-meter 8.850 748 pound-inch lb-in. newton-meter 0.737 562 pound-foot lb-ft kilonewton-meter 124,795.5 pound-inch lb-in. Bending pound-inch/foot of width 370.685 0 newton-millimeter/meter of width N-mm/m strength pound-inch/foot of width 3.706 865 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 kilonewton-meter/meter of width kNm/m per unit width pound-inch/foot of width 0.370 685 newton-millimeter/millimeter of width N-mm/mm (F b S/unit) pound-inch/foot of width 0.037 799 33 kilogram-centimeter/centimeter of width kg-cm/cm newton-millimeter/meter of width 0.002 697 7 pound-inch/foot of width lb-in./ft kilonewton-meter/meter of width 2,697.707 pound-inch/foot of width lb-in./ft newton-millimeter/millimeter of width 2.697 707 pound-inch/foot of width lb-in./ft kilogram centimeter/centimeter of width 26.455 49 pound-inch/foot of width lb-in./ft Stiffness (EI) pound-inch 2 2.869 84 ϫ 10 3 newton-millimeter 2 N-mm 2 pound-inch 2 2.869 837 5 kilonewton-millimeter 2 kN-mm 2 pound-inch 2 2.869 837 5 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 kilonewton-meter 2 kN-m 2 pound-foot 2 0.413 253 3 newton-meter 2 N-m 2 newton-millimeter 2 3.484 515 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 pound-inch 2 lb-ft 2 kilonewton-millimeter 2 3.484 54 ϫ 10 5 pound-inch 2 lb-ft 2 kilonewton-meter 2 345,811.472 9 pound-inch 2 lb-ft 2 newton-meter 2 2.419 823 pound-foot 2 lb-ft 2 Stiffness pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9,415.400 601 newton-millimeter 2 /meter of width N-mm 2 /m capacity per pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9.415 400 601 newton-millimeter 2 /millimeter of width N-mm 2 /mm unit width pound-inch 2 /foot of width 0.009 415 400 601 kilonewton-millimeter 2 /millimeter of width kN-mm 2 /mm (EI/unit) pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9.415 403 234 kilonewton-millimeter 2 /meter of width kN-mm 2 /m pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9.415 4 ϫ 10 Ϫ 6 kilonewton-meter 2 /meter of width kN-m 2 /m pound-inch 2 /foot of width 0.096 010 3 kilogram-centimeter 2 /centimeter of width kg-cm 2 /cm pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9.601 3 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 kilogram-meter 2 /meter of width kg-m 2 /m newton-millimeter 2 /meter of width 1.062 089 7 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft newton-millimeter 2 /millimeter of width 0.106 208 97 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft Quantity Multiply By To obtain A.8 Quantity Multiply By To obtain Stiffness kilonewton-millimeter 2 /millimeter of width 106.208 97 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft capacity per kilonewton-millimeter 2 /meter of width 0.106 208 97 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft unit width kilonewton-meter 2 /meter of width 106,208.97 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft (EI/unit) kilogram-centimeter 2 /centimeter of width 10.415 548 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft (Continued) kilogram-meter 2 /meter of width 1041.554 8 pound-inch 2 /foot of width lb-in. 2 /ft Axial stiffness pounds/foot of width 1.459 390 4 ϫ 10 Ϫ 5 kilonewtons/millimeter of width kN/mm capacity per pounds/foot of width 0.014 593 904 newtons/millimeter of width N/mm unit width pounds/foot of width 14.593 9 newtons/meter of width N/m (EA/unit) kilonewtons/millimeter of width 68,521.76 pound/foot of width lb/ft newtons/millimeter of width 68.5217 6 pound/foot of width lb/ft newtons/meter of width 0.068 521 76 pound/foot of width lb/ft Rolling shear inches 2 /foot 2.117 millimeters 2 /millimeter of width mm 2 /mm constant per inches 2 /foot 2.117 10 3 millimeter 2 /meter of width 10 3 mm 2 /m unit width mm 2 /mm 0.472 4 inches 2 /foot in. 2 /ft [(lb/Q)/unit] 10 3 mm 2 /m 0.472 4 inches 2 /foot in. 2 /ft Rolling shear pound/foot of width 14.593 904 newton/meter of width N/m capacity per pound/foot of width 0.014 593 904 kilonewton/meter of width kN/m unit width pound/foot of width 0.014 593 904 newton/millimeter of width N/mm [F s (lb/Q)/unit] pound/foot of width 0.014 881 63 kilogram / centimeter of width kg/cm newton/meter of width 0.068 521 760 87 pound / foot of width lb/ft kilonewton/meter of width 68.521 76 pound/foot of width lb/ft newton/millimeter of width 65.521 76 pound/foot of width lb/ft kilogram/centimeter of width 67.196 952 pound / foot of width lb/ft Axial tension pounds/foot of width 0.014 593 904 newtons/millimeter N/mm capacity per pounds/foot of width 0.0148 816 kilograms/centimeter of width kg/cm unit width newtons/millimeter of width 68.521 76 pounds/foot of width lb/ft (F t A/unit) kilograms/centimeter of width 67.196 95 pounds/foot of width lb/ft A.9 Compression pounds/foot of width 0.014 593 904 newtons/millimeter of width N/mm capacity per pounds/foot of width 0.014 881 6 kilograms/centimeter of width kg/cm unit width newtons/millimeter of width 68.521 76 pounds/foot of width lb/ft (F c A/unit) kilograms/centimeter of width 67.196 95 pounds/foot of width lb/ft Panel shear- pounds/inch of length 0.175 126 85 newtons/millimeter of length N/mm through-the- pounds / inch of length 0.178 579 53 kilograms/centimeter of length kg/cm thickness newtons/millimeter of length 5.710 146 7 pounds/inch of length lb / in. capacity per kilograms/centimeter of length 5.599 746 pounds/inch of length lb / in. unit length (F v T v /unit length) Panel Area 1 ⁄ 4 -inch-thick-panel area 0.666 7 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) ( 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis) 3 ⁄ 8 -inch-thick-panel area 1.000 0 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 7 ⁄ 16 -inch-thick-panel area 1.166 7 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 15 ⁄ 32 -inch-thick-panel area 1.250 0 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 1 ⁄ 2 -inch-thick-panel area 1.333 3 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 19 ⁄ 32 inch-thick-panel area 1.583 3 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 5 ⁄ 8 -inch-thick-panel area 1.666 7 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 11 ⁄ 16 -inch-thick-panel area 1.833 3 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 23 ⁄ 32 -inch-thick-panel area 1.916 7 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 3 ⁄ 4 -inch-thick-panel area 2.000 0 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 7 ⁄ 8 -inch-thick-panel area 2.333 3 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 1-inch-thick-panel area 2.666 7 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) 1 1 ⁄ 8 -inch-thick-panel area 3.000 0 square feet- 3 ⁄ 8 -inch basis ft 2 (3/8) Panel volume 3 ⁄ 8 -inch-basis square feet 8.849 015 625 ϫ 10 Ϫ 4 cubic meters m 3 Board feet volume in inches cubed 0.006 944 4 board feet bd. ft Cord cubic feet 0.007 812 5 cords cd cords 128 cubic feet ft 3 Quantity Multiply By To obtain A.10 Quantity Multiply By To obtain Permeance perm (gr/h-ft 2 -in. Hg) 0.659 043 grams/meter 2 /day/millimeter of mercury g/m 2 /d/mm Hg g/m 2 /d/mm Hg 1.517 35 grains/hour-square feet-inches of mercury perm (gr/h-ft 2 -in. Hg) Permeability perm inch (gr/h-ft 2 -in. Hg-in.) 0.259 465 grams/square meter/day/millimeter of mercury/centimeter thickness g/m 2 /d/mm Hg/cm g/m 2 /d/mm Hg/cm 3.854 08 grains/hour-square feet-inch of mercury inch of thickness perm inch (gr/h-ft 2 - in. Hg-in.) Water vapor gr/h-ft 2 16.739 752 grams/meter 2 /day g/m 2 /d diffusion g/m 2 /d 0.059 738 grains / hour / square foot gr/h-ft 2 Thermal (ЊFft 2 /Btu/h) 0.176 m 2 K/W R rating m 2 K/W 5.678 (ЊFft 2 /Btu/h) R . inch of mercury (32ЊF) in. Hg megapascal 101,971.6 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 megapascals 145.038 pounds/inch 2 psi gigapascal 145,039. 815 pounds/inch 2 psi gigapascal 1.019 716 ϫ 10 8 kilogram/meter 2 kg/m 2 newton/meter 2 (Pa). pound-foot 2 lb-ft 2 Stiffness pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9, 415. 400 601 newton-millimeter 2 /meter of width N-mm 2 /m capacity per pound-inch 2 /foot of width 9. 415 400 601 newton-millimeter 2 /millimeter of. Celsius ЊC ϩ 273 .15 degree Kelvin K degree Celsius (1.8 ϫ ЊC) ϩ 491.67 degree Rankine (absolute) ЊR degree Kelvin (1.8 ϫ K) Ϫ 459.67 degree Fahrenheit ЊF degree Kelvin K Ϫ 273 .15 degree Celsius