Urethral Reconstructive Surgery - part 6 doc

14 Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra F. Schreiter, B. Schönberger*, R. Olianas 14.1 Introduction – 108 14.2 Acute Management of Posterior Urethral Trauma – 108 14.3 Delayed Repair – 109 14.3.1 Indications – 109 14.3.2 Counterindications – 109 14.3.3 Instruments and Suture Material – 110 14.4 Surgical Technique – 110 14.4.1 Reconstruction of the Bulbar Urethra – 110 14.4.1.1 Stricture Resection and Bulbar End-to-End Anastomosis – 110 14.4.2 Reconstructing the Membranous Urethra (Bulboprostatic Anastomosis) – 114 14.4.2.1 Combined MCU Retrograde Urethrogram – 114 14.4.3 Surgical Approach – 114 14.4.4 Partial Resection of the Symphysis – 117 14.4.5 Finishing the Anastomosis – 117 14.4.6 Results and Risks of the Surgery – 117 14.4.6.1 Stricture Resection and Anastomotic Repair in the Bulbar Stricture – 117 14.4.6.2 Stricture Resection and Anastomotic Repair in Membranous Strictures – 117 14.4.6.3 Alternative Procedures in Bulboprostatic Anastomosis – 118 14.5 Buccal Mucosa Onlay Plasty – 118 14.6 Conclusion – 120 References – 120 * Professor Schönberger has died since this chapter was completed. 14.1 Introduction Destruction or rupture of the posterior urethra is caused mainly by forces that occur during traumatic pelvic rupture. This trauma results in partial or complete rupture of the urethra. A complete rupture often results in destruction of the posterior urethra and may damage the sphincteric structures, while always damaging the neurovascular bundles, which results in impotence and incontinence. For a long time, conventional urological wisdom was that the urethral rupture in men occurs at the prosta- tomembranous junction by a shearing force that avul- ses the prostatic apex from the urogenital diaphragma. Recent studies suggest that this traditional belief may be a misconception. The urethral sphincter extends from the bladder neck to the perineal membrane (diaphragma urogenitale) The muscular lining and surrounding of the membranous urethra are directly continuous with similar muscle fibers of the prostatic urethra and end abruptly at the perineal membrane Hence, the weakness may lie in the bulbomembra- nous junction rather than the membranoprostatic junction at which the posterior urethra is liable to rupture ( ⊡ Fig. 14.1). As the sphincteric component remains intact, incontinence occurs only when the bladder neck is impaired (post-TUR-P) or when the bladder neck is involved in the traumatic rupture, which occurs mainly in children. 14.2 Acute Management of Posterior Urethral Trauma Although the urethral injury is seldom the main problem of these often severally and severely traumatized patients, consequences of the urethral trauma such as urethral strictures, erectile dysfunction, and (in some cases) urinary incontinence may be problems with lifelong ramifications for these patients. In this connection, primary urological treatment should be directed at preventing early complications and minimizing the risk of the aforementioned potential problems. A satisfactory outcome is dependent on a correct diagnosis, along with thorough and well-planned urological therapy. Meanwhile, the controversy surrounding immediate vs delayed treatment of urethral injuries is still unre- solved. The perfect treatment plan still remains to be developed; the value of the different approaches including recent evolution of innovative endourological techniques to achieve urethral continuity needs to be determined. The following treatment strategies are available for acute management: 1. Primary open suturing of the disrupted urethra 2. Endoscopic or surgical realignment by insertion of a transurethral »railroad« catheter 3. Suprapubic cystostomy and delayed repair 4. Acute surgical intervention is indicated for the following: ▬ Concomitant rectal tear ▬ Bladder neck laceration ▬ Serious, life-threatening bleeding, mainly from the inferior or superior gluteal arteries A large gap between the bladder neck and the disrupted urethra, also known as »pie in the sky bladder,« is a relati- ve indication for open surgical exploration ( ⊡ Fig. 14.2). Nevertheless, immediate surgical exploration does not necessarily indicate exploration of the urethral injury site. Exploration of the urethral injury also involves release of the tamponade effect of the hematoma in the small pelvis and may compromise control of the venous bleeding. 108 Chapter 14 · Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra 14 ⊡ Fig. 14.1. Mechanism of membranous urethral disruption Attempts to suture both ends of the urethra are challen- ging – dissection of the periurethral and prostatic tissues can cause additional damage to the neurovascular bundles and the intrinsic urethral sphincter structures. Due to the increased risk of iatrogenic impotency and incontinence, primary anastomotic repair is no longer recommended. Reconstructive procedures should be limited to open surgical placement of the transurethral catheter and suprapubic drainage of the bladder. Therefore, for primary therapy of posterior urethral injury, we recommend urinary diversion using a suprapubic catheter and/or by endoscopically inserting a transurethral catheter. Several researchers have described a number of different railroading techniques to manipulate the catheter across the urethral gap into the bladder. It may be useful to railroad the prostate to the urethra by using a suprapubic sound or an endoscope. Sometimes it is also useful to drain the pelvic hematoma via the endoscope. Additional traction obtained by applying additional weight to the transurethral catheter has been shown to produce pressure damage to the bladder neck and sub- sequently increase the risk of urinary incontinence. In addition, the traction may pull the prostatic gland into an abnormal position, causing misalignment or malrotation. For these reasons, traction has been abandoned, as has »vest sutures,« which are introduced through the prostatic apex and brought out through the perineum. The purpose of the realignment is to reduce the number of secondary urethral strictures, and to decrease the stricture length in comparison to both suprapubic cystostomy and delayed repair. Although the ultimate value of this procedure is still under discussion, there is clear evidence that realignment can significantly decrease the incidence of strictures (Koraitim 1985, 53% vs 97%). On the other hand, this procedure may be associated with an increased risk of erectile dysfunction. (Koraitim 1996, 36% vs 19%). In another study (McAnninch 1997), the incidence of erectile dysfunction was reported at up to 55% after immediate realignment. 14.3 Delayed Repair There is a widespread acceptance of a hands-off-policy in the acute management of posterior urethral injury, i.e., limiting initial treatment to placing a suprapubic cystostomy, which necessitates later stricture repair in most cases. Spontaneous healing after 2–3 weeks can be expected only if the urethral rupture is incomplete. Thus end-to-end anastomosis remains the gold stan- dard in repairing obliterated membranous urethral strictures. Experts are divided on the other treatment options. Endosurgical procedures such as »cutting to the light« have very limited indications and value. In most cases, they do not cure the stricture. 14.3.1 Indications 1. Partial or incomplete rupture of the bulbar urethra following a primary straddle trauma or a secondary development of a stricture 2. Rupture (distraction) of the membranous urethra, usually as a result of pelvic fracture 3. Short strictures (e.g., iatrogenic or inflammatory) the bulbar and membranous urethra 14.3.2 Counterindications 1. Stricture length greater than 3 cm (cave: penile curvature or shortening) 2. Injuries to the membranous urethra, involving the prostate and the bladder neck 3. Circulatory dysfunction of the proximal urethra, e.g., following a anterior urethral plasty, and if the urethra’s corpus spongiosus cannot be mobilized extensively enough 14.3 · Delayed Repair 14 109 ⊡ Fig. 14.2. Pie in the sky bladder 14.3.3 Instruments and Suture Material 1. Special retractor (Scott retractor or Buckwalter retractor) 2. Curved metal probes and flexible cystoscope 3. Extended nose speculum (see ⊡ Fig. 14.18) 4. Microcoagulation 5. Magnifying glasses and headlight 6. Monofilic, absorbable suture material 3–0 to 5–0. 14.4 Surgical Technique 14.4.1 Reconstruction of the Bulbar Urethra Post-traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra are bro- ken down into bulbar strictures (anterior strictures) and membranous strictures (posterior strictures). Bulbar strictures are usually caused by straddle trauma, while membranous strictures are typically the result of urethral disruption due to a pelvic fracture. The anterior and posterior strictures are usually short, which makes them ideally suited for a stricture resection by means of spatulated end-to-end anastomosis. If a stricture is longer than 3 cm, penile curvature or penile shortening usually results. This should be taken into account when choosing this surgical procedure, and the patient should be informed of the repercussions. The literature (Webster et al. 1999) describes satisfactory results up to a stricture length of 7 cm; but in our experience, the resultant penile curvatures and penile injuries cause patients to be dissatisfied with the results of the surgery (Kessler et al. 2002). 14.4.1.1 Stricture Resection and Bulbar End-to-End Anastomosis Lithotomy Position Slightly hyperextended lithotomy position. In our experience, a hyperextended lithotomy position is not necessary ( ⊡ Fig. 14.3). Perineal Approach We prefer a median perineal incision extending close to the anus. However, a lambdoid cut or perianal incision with extension in the midline of the perineum is also possible ( ⊡ Fig. 14.4). Incising the Bulbocavernosus Muscle The bulbocavernosus muscle is split down the middle and the urethral bulbus is laid open in the area of the stricture. Although the urethral injury is rarely the main problem of these often multiple and severely traumatized patients, consequences of the urethral trauma such as urethral strictures, erectile dysfunction, and sometimes urinary incontinence are potential problems with lifelong ramifications. The stricture may be localized using a 20-Fr curved metal probe or with a flexible cystoscope ( ⊡ Fig. 14.5). The urethra is mobilized from the cavernous corpora ( ⊡ Fig. 14.6). Resecting the Stricture The stricture is resected into the healthy corpus spongi- osum, i.e., when blood begins to drip from the urethral stumps. Note that the spongiofibrosis may extend beyond the actual stricture itself, in which case it must also be resected ( ⊡ Fig. 14.7). 110 Chapter 14 · Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra 14 ⊡ Fig. 14.3. Lithotomy position 14.4 · Surgical Technique 14 111 ⊡ Fig. 14.7. Resecting the stricture ⊡ Fig. 14.5. Incising the bulbocavernosus muscle ⊡ Fig. 14.4. Perineal approach ⊡ Fig. 14.6. Mobilizing the stricture Spatulating the Urethral Stumps The adequately mobilized urethral stumps are spatulated at 6 and 12 o’clock, to arrive at a sufficiently wide anastomosis later. Please consider that the anastomosis will shrink by roughly 20% ( ⊡ Fig. 14.8). Suturing the Posterior Wall It should be possible to adapt the mobilized urethral stumps without any tension. First, the posterior wall is sutured with four to six single stitches; the stitches are sewn in two layers (mucous layer and corpus spongio- sum); however, a single-layer suture that catches all layers of the wall is also possible ( ⊡ Fig. 14.9). Suturing the Anterior Wall Finally, the same suture technique is used to suture the anterior wall, to arrive at a wide, tension-free anastomosis. To take some of the tension off the anastomosis suture, the urethral stumps may be fixed to the area surrounding the urethra with several single-stitch sutures ( ⊡ Figs. 14.10, 14.11). Suturing the Bulbocavernosus Muscle Finally, the bulbocavernosus muscle is reconstructed over the urethra. If there is enough cavernous tissue, it may be sutured across the anastomosis as a Turner-War- wick plasty. The wound is drained with suction drainage, and the perineal incision closed layer by layer ( ⊡ Figs. 14.12, 14.13). 112 Chapter 14 · Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra 14 ⊡ Fig. 14.9. Suturing the posterior wall ⊡ Fig. 14.10. Suturing the anterior wall⊡ Fig. 14.8. Spatulating the urethral stumps 14.4 · Surgical Technique 14 113 ⊡ Fig. 14.11. Suturing the anterior wall ⊡ Fig. 14.12. Turner-Warwick roof plasty ⊡ Fig. 14.13. Suturing the bulbocavernous muscle 14.4.2 Reconstructing the Membranous Urethra (Bulboprostatic Anastomosis) 14.4.2.1 Combined MCU Retrograde Urethrogram A combined MCU-retrograde urethrogram, carried out in a 45° Lauenstein position, is the best way to determine the precise length. Any additional spongiofibrosis is best detected using a 10-MHz ultrasound probe. Counterindi- cations for bulboprostatic anastomosis are the same as for bulbobulbar anastomosis. The stricture length should not exceed 2–3 cm ( ⊡ Fig. 14.14). 14.4.3 Surgical Approach A reconstruction of the membranous urethra is usually also possible by perineal access. The abdominal or abdo- minoperineal access is reserved for cases that cannot assume a lithotomy position because of extreme loss of motion, and for rare 6- to 9-cm defects in the membranous and prostatic urethra including a demonstrably severe injury to the bladder neck requiring bladder neck reconstruction ( ⊡ Fig. 14.15). Preparing the Central Tendons The central tendon is dissected to expose the prostatic apex, taking care to completely remove all scar tissue that surrounds the stricture. The end of the stricture may be located using a suprapubically inserted curved metal probe or a flexible cystoscope. The scar tissue must be removed down to the healthy tissue of the prostatic apex, which has sufficient blood supply, keeping as much as possible of the intrinsic sphincter structures intact. The distal end of the stricture is easily determined by inserting a transurethral probe, and is cut off in the healthy tissue ( ⊡ Fig. 14.16). 114 Chapter 14 · Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra 14 ⊡ Fig. 14.14. Combined urethrogram and MCU ⊡ Fig. 14.15A–C. Surgical approach A B C Mobilizing the Posterior Urethra The posterior urethra is extensively dissected proximal- ly. Here, too, the bulbocavernosus muscle is split above the urethra, taking advantage of the bulbar and anterior urethra’s elasticity to suture a tension-free bulboprostatic anastomosis later ( ⊡ Fig. 14.17). 14.4 · Surgical Technique 14 115 Nose Speculum A special long nose speculum was designed, long enough to open the apex of the prostate sufficiently in the depth of situs ( ⊡ Fig. 14.18). Using the Nose Speculum and Applying a Circular Single-Stitch Suture to the Prostatic Apex A nose speculum is used to hold open the prostatic apex. Now, 10–12 anastomosis sutures can easily be sewn in full view ( ⊡ Fig. 14.19). ⊡ Fig. 14.19. Using the speculum to open the prostatic apex ⊡ Fig. 14.18. The special speculum ⊡ Fig. 14.17. Mobilizing of the posterior urethra ⊡ Fig. 14.16. Dissecting the central tendon [...]... Excision des Steissbeins Zbl Chir 1:145–147 5 Mason AY (1974) Trans-sphincteric surgery of the rectum In Progress in Surgery, Vol 13, S Karger, Basel pp 66 –97 6 Mason AY (1975) Malignant tumours of the rectum: local excision Clins Gastroent 4:58 2-5 93 7 Mason AY (19 76) Rectal cancer: the spectrum of selective surgery Proc R Soc Med 69 :237–244 8 Dozois RR (1990) Retrorectal tumours: spectrum of disease,... 30:275–2 86 Kessler TM, Fisch M, Heitz M, Olianas R, Schreiter F (2002) Patients satisfaction with the outcome of surgery for urethral strictures J Urol 167 :2507–2511 Kessler TM, Schreiter F, Kralidis G, Heitz M, Olianas R, Fisch M (2003) Long-term results of surgery for urethral stricture: a statistical analysis J Urol 170:840–844 Koraitim MM (1985) Experience with 170 cases of posterior urethral strictures... stricture in girls: reconstruction using a posterior sagittal pararectal approach J Urol 160 :2194–21 96 19 Marshall DF (1 965 ) Transcoccygeal prostatectomy J Maine Med Assoc 56: 193–199 20 Grahan, SD Jr (1990) Radical transcoccygeal prostatectomy In Glenn JF (ed) Urologic Surgery, 4th edn Harper & Row, Hagerstown, pp 64 6 65 3 21 Rigatti P, Da Pozzo LF, Francesca F, Broglia L, Montorsi F, Guazzoni G, Scattoni... approach to the rectum Proc R Soc Med 65 :66 3 67 0 10 Peña A, deVries P (1982) Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty: important technical considerations and new applications J Pediatr Surg 17:7 96 811 11 Stephens FD (1953) Imperfurate rectum: a new surgical technique Med J Austr1 202:1 26 132 12 Nathan E, Wiseman NE, Decter A (1982) The Kraske approach to repair of recurrent rectourethral fistula J Pediatr Surg... strictures during 7 years J Urol 133:408 Koraitim MM (19 96) Pelvic fracture urethral injuries: evaluation of various methods of management J Urol 1 56: 1288–1291 Morey AF, Mc Anninch JW (1997) Reconstruction of posterior urethral disruption injuries: outcome analysis in 82 patients J Urol 157:5 06 510 Mundy AR (1997) Reconstruction of posterior urethral distraction defects Atlas Urol Clin Am 5 Schreiter... anastomosis The surgery bears the risk of additional loss of erection There may also be postoperative incontinence due to surgery- related damage to the intrinsic sphincter organ when the bladder neck is incompetent, i.e., when the bladder neck is involved in the primary trauma or after a TUR-prostate Our institution has carried out 63 bulboprostatic anastomosis procedures following a complete urethral disruption... 14.26A, B Two-stage posterior mesh-graft inlay 14 120 Chapter 14 · Reconstruction of the Bulbar and Membranous Urethra 14 .6 Conclusion End-to-end anastomosis of the bulbar urethra and the bulboprostatic anastomosis to reconstruct short bulbar and complex membranous urethral strictures are excellent methods for keeping the posterior urethra open over the long term Surgery is usually possible via a perineal... stricture resection and end-to-end anastomosis In only one case (2.4%) did a stricture relapse, requiring another surgical intervention None of the patients suffered incontinence as a result of the surgery Five patients (11.9%) already had erectile dysfunction prior to the operation No additional impotence was observed following the surgery Therefore, bulbar stricture resection with end-to-end anastomosis is... Reconstructive and plastic surgery of the external genitalia, adult and pediatric WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 101–108 27 Zinman L (19 96) Muscle-assisted full-thickness skin graft urethroplasty In McAninch J (ed) Trauma and reconstructive urology WB Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 62 3 63 0 28 Peña A (1987) Anatomical considerations relevant to fecal continence Semin Surg Oncol 3:141–145 ... and two-stage posterior mesh-graft urethroplasty in 14 cases (⊡ Fig 14. 26) All these methods are equally suited for reconstructing the posterior urethra; today, buccal mucosa is preferred because of its simple harvesting, the specific tissue characteristics and the excellent immunity A A B ⊡ Fig 14.25A, B Patch plasty with buccal mucosa (alternative inner prepucial patch) B ⊡ Fig 14.26A, B Two-stage . can be expected only if the urethral rupture is incomplete. Thus end-to-end anastomosis remains the gold stan- dard in repairing obliterated membranous urethral strictures. Experts are divided. buccal mucosa (alternative inner prepucial patch) A B ⊡ Fig. 14.26A, B. Two-stage posterior mesh-graft inlay A B 14 .6 Conclusion End-to-end anastomosis of the bulbar urethra and the bulboprostatic. the outcome of surgery for urethral strictures. J Urol 167 :2507–2511 Kessler TM, Schreiter F, Kralidis G, Heitz M, Olianas R, Fisch M (2003) Long-term results of surgery for urethral stricture:

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