The Water Encyclopedia: Hydrologic Data and Internet Resources - Chapter 13 (end) pdf

CHAPTER 13 Constants and Conversion Factors Pedro Fierro, Jr CONTENTS Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section 13A 13B 13C 13D 13E 13F 13G 13H 13I 13J 13K 13L Physical Properties of Water Water Quality Length Area Volume Velocity Flow Rate Weight Pressure Permeability Power Temperature 13-2 13-6 13-7 13-8 13-9 13-12 13-12 13-14 13-14 13-15 13-16 13-17 13-1 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-2 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Table 13A.1 Variation of Properties of Pure Water with Temperature Temperature (8C) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 a Temperature (8F) Density at Atmosphere (gm/cm3) Dynamic Viscosity, in Centipoises (10L2 dynesec/cm2) Kinematic Viscosity, in Centistokes (10L2 cm2/sec) Surface Tension Against Air (dyne/cm) Vapor Pressure (mm Hg) 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 50.0 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2 68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 89.6 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.4 0.999965 0.999941 0.999902 0.999849 0.999781 0.999700 0.999605 0.999498 0.999377 0.999244 0.999099 0.998943 0.998774 0.998595 0.998405 0.998203 0.997992 0.997770 0.997538 0.997296 0.997044 0.996783 0.996512 0.996232 0.995944 0.995646 0.995340 0.995025 0.994702 0.994371 0.99403 0.99368 0.99333 0.99296 1.5188 1.4726 1.4288 1.3872 1.3476 1.3097 1.2735 1.2390 1.2061 1.1748 1.1447 1.1156 1.0875 1.0603 1.0340 1.0087 0.9843 0.9608 0.9380 0.9161 0.8949 0.8746 0.8551 0.8363 0.8181 0.8004 0.7834 0.7670 0.7511 0.7357 0.7208 0.7064 0.6925 0.6791 1.5189 1.4727 1.4289 1.3874 1.3479 1.3101 1.2740 1.2396 1.2069 1.1757 1.1457 1.1168 1.0889 1.0618 1.0357 1.0105 0.9863 0.9629 0.9403 0.9186 0.8976 0.8774 0.8581 0.8395 0.8214 0.8039 0.7871 0.7708 0.7551 0.7399 0.7251 0.7109 0.6971 0.6839 74.92 74.78 74.64 74.50 74.36 74.22 74.07 73.93 73.78 73.64 73.49 73.34 73.19 73.05 72.90 72.75 72.59 72.44 72.28 72.13 71.97 71.82 71.66 71.50 71.35 71.18 71.02a 70.86a 70.70a 70.53a 70.38 70.21a 70.05a 69.88a 6.543 7.013 7.513 8.045 8.609 9.209 9.844 10.518 11.231 11.987 12.788 13.634 14.530 15.477 16.477 17.535 18.650 19.827 21.068 22.377 23.756 25.209 26.739 28.349 30.043 31.824 33.695 35.663 37.729 39.898 42.175 44.563 47.067 49.692 Interpolated Source: From U.S Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1977, Ground Water Manual q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 13-3 Table 13A.2 Density of Water Density (gm/cm3) Temperature (8F) 32 35 39.2 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 212 0.99987 0.99996 1.00000 0.99999 0.99975 0.99907 0.99802 0.99669 0.99510 0.99318 0.98870 0.98338 0.97729 0.97056 0.96333 0.95865 Note: Density of sea water: approximately 1.025 gm/cm3 at 158C Table 13A.3 Weight of Water Weight (lb/ft3) Temperature 32 35 39.2 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 212 62.416 62.421 62.424 62.423 62.408 62.366 62.300 62.217 62.118 61.998 61.719 61.386 61.006 60.586 60.135 59.843 Note: cu in.Z0.0360 lb; cu ftZ62.4 lb; galZ 8.33 lb; Imperial galZ10.0 lb: Weight of sea water: Approximately 63.93 lb/ft3 at 158C Table 13A.4 Properties of Water at Various Altitudes Altitude (Feet) K500 (Seasonal) 500 1000 1500 2000 4000 6000 8000 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Barometric Pressure (Inches Hg) Atmospheric Pressure (psia) Feet Water 30.5 29.9 29.4 28.9 28.3 27.8 25.8 24.0 22.2 15.0 14.7 14.5 14.2 13.9 13.7 12.7 11.8 10.9 34.6 33.9 33.4 32.8 32.1 31.5 29.2 27.2 25.2 13-4 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 13A.5 Properties of Water at Various Temperatures Vapor Pressure Temperature (8F) psfa Feet Water Specific Weight pcf Specific Gravity 32.0 39.2a 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 100.0 12.7 16.9 25.6 36.8 52.3 73.0 136.0 0.20 0.27 0.41 0.59 0.84 1.17 2.19 62.42 62.427 62.41 62.37 62.30 62.22 62.00 0.9999 1.0000 0.9997 0.9990 0.9980 0.9966 0.9931 a Temperature when specific gravityZ1.0000 Source: From Soil Conservation Service, U.S Department of Agriculture, 1971, Drainage of Agricultural Land Table 13A.6 Variation of Boiling Point of Water with Elevation Elevation, Feet above Mean Sea Level Boiling Point (8F) 213.8 212.0 210.2 208.4 206.5 204.7 202.9 201.1 199.2 197.4 195.6 193.7 191.9 190.1 188.2 186.4 K1,000 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 11,000 12,000 13,000 14,000 Note: U.S standard atmosphere is assumed Table 13A.7 Heat of Vaporization, Viscosity, Vapor Pressure, Surface Tension, and Elastic Modulus of Water Temperature (8F) 32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 120 140 160 180 200 212 Heat Vaporization (Btu/lb) 1073 1066 1059 1054 1049 1044 1039 1033 1021 1010 999 988 977 970 Viscosity Absolute (lb-sec/ft2) Kinematic (ft2/sec) 0.374!10K4 0.323 0.273 0.235 0.205 0.180 0.160 0.143 0.117 0.0979 0.0835 0.0726 0.0637 0.0593 1.93!10K5 1.67 1.41 1.21 1.06 0.929 0.828 0.741 0.610 0.513 0.440 0.385 0.341 0.319 Note: Heat of fusion at 328F: 143.5 Btu/lb q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Vapor Pressure Millibars lb/in.2 6.11 8.36 12.19 17.51 24.79 34.61 47.68 64.88 — — — — — — 0.09 0.12 0.18 0.26 0.36 0.51 0.70 0.95 1.69 2.89 4.74 7.51 11.52 14.70 Surface Tension (lb/ft) Elastic Modulus (lb/in.2) 0.00518 0.00514 0.00508 0.00504 0.00497 0.00492 0.00486 0.00479 0.00466 287,000 296,000 305,000 313,000 319,000 325,000 329,000 331,000 332,000 CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 13-5 Table 13A.8 Thermal Conductivity of Water Temperature 8C (8F) (32) (39.2) 15 (59.0) 20 (68.0) Cal/sec/cm2 under 18C/cm Btu/sec/ft2 under 18F/in 0.00139 0.00138 0.00144 0.00143 0.00111 0.00110 0.00115 0.00114 Table 13A.9 Velocity of Sound in Water and Sea Water Temperature (8C) 10 20 30 Pure Water (m/sec) Sea Water (m/sec) 1,400 1,445 1,480 1,505 1,445 1,485 1,520 1,545 Note: Assuming atmospheric pressure and sea water salinity of 35,000 ppm Source: From Berry, Bollay, and Beers, Handbook of Meteorology, McGraw-Hill, Copyright 1945 With permission q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-6 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13B WATER QUALITY Table 13B.10 Constants and Conversion Factors for Water Quality To Convert To Grains per Imperial gallon Grains per gallon Parts per million Parts per million Parts per million CaC2 CaCl2 HCOK1 HCOK1 MgC2 MgCl2 Na2CO3 FeC3 NOK1 N Multiply By Parts per million Parts per million Grains per gallon Tons per acre-foot Tons per day CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 COK2 CaCO3 CaCO3 CaCO3 H2SO4 N NOK1 14.3 17.12 0.05841 0.00136 Second-feet!0.0027 2.497 0.9018 0.8202 0.4917 4.116 1.051 0.9442 2.634 0.2259 4.4266 Parts Per Million to Equivalent Per Million Ion Multiply By Aluminum (Al ) Barium (BaC2) Bicarbonate (HCOK1) Bromide (BrK1) Calcium (CaC2) Carbonate (COK1) Chloride (ClK1) C6 Chromium (Cr ) Copper (CuC2) Fluoride (FK1) Hydrogen (HC1) Hydroxide (OHK1) Iodide (IK1) Iron (FeC2) C3 1 1 grain per gallon part per million English, or Clark, degree French degree German degree Ion Multiply By 0.11119 Iron (Fe ) 0.01456 Lead (PbC3) 0.01639 Lithium (LiC1) 0.01251 Magnesium (MgC2) 0.04990 Manganese (MnC2) 0.03333 Manganese (MnC4) 0.02820 Nitrate (NOK1) 0.11536 Phosphate (POK3) 0.03148 Potassium (KC1) 0.05263 Sodium (NaC1) 0.99206 Strontium (SrC2) 0.05880 Sulfate (SOK2) 0.00788 Sulfide(SK1) 0.03581 Zinc (ZnC2) Expressions of Hardness C3 0.05372 0.00965 0.14409 0.08224 0.03640 0.07281 0.01613 0.03159 0.02558 0.04350 0.02282 0.02082 0.06237 0.03059 Z1 grain CaCO3 per U.S gallon Z1 part CaCO3 per 1,000,000 parts of water Z1 grain CaCO3 per Imperial gallon Z1 part CaCO3 per 100,000 parts of water Z1 part CaO per 100,000 parts of water Conversions 1 1 grain per U.S gallon English degree French degree German degree Z17.1 ppm, as CaCO3 Z14.3 ppm, as CaCO3 Z10 ppm, as CaCO3 Z17.9 ppm, as CaCO For most waters, part per millionZ1 mg/l The U.S Geological Survey has arbitrarily selected 7,000 ppm as the concentration above which a density correction must be made: the determined concentration of each constituent must be divided by the density to give the correct parts per million The computation is made before rounding the results Parts per million are converted to equivalents per million by multiplying ppm by the reciprocals of combining weights of the appropriate ions (see table) The combining weight is equal to the molecular or ionic weight divided by the ionic charge, or valence Specific Conductance Relations (Adapted from USGS Water Supply Paper 1454) For most natural waters of a mixed type, the specific conductance, in micromhos (1 micromhoZ10K6 mho The mho is unit of conductance; thus, a body has a conductance of one mho if one ampere of electric current flows when the potential difference is one volt The conductance of a body in mhos is the reciprocal of the value of its resistance in ohms.), multiplied by 0.65 approximates the residue on evaporation in parts per million This does not approach an exact relation, and usually increases as the total dissolved solids exceed 2000– 3000 ppm For waters containing appreciable concentrations of free acid, caustic alkalinity, or sodium chloride, the factor may be much less than 0.65 The relationship for any water becomes indefinite as saturation is approached With similar limitations, the specific conductance divided by 100 approximates the equivalents per million of cations or anions q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 13-7 Table 13B.11 Formula Weights and Equivalent Weights of Ions Found in Water Ion AI BaC2 HCOK1 BrK1 CaC2 COK2 CIK1 C6 Cr CuC2 FC1 HC1 OHK1 IK1 FeC2 FeC3 PbC2 LiC1 MnC2 MnC4 NOK1 POK3 C1 K NaC1 SrC2 SOK2 SK2 ZnC2 C3 Formula Weight Equivalent Weight 27.00 137.00 61.00 79.90 40.10 60.00 35.50 52.00 63.60 19.00 1.01 17.00 127.00 55.80 55.80 207.00 6.94 54.90 54.90 62.00 95.00 39.10 23.00 87.60 96.10 32.10 65.40 9.00 68.70 61.00 79.90 20.00 30.00 35.50 8.67 31.80 19.00 1.01 17.00 127.00 27.90 18.60 104.00 6.94 27.50 13.70 62.00 31.70 39.10 23.00 43.80 48.00 16.00 32.70 Note: Weights expressed to three significant figures SECTION 13C LENGTH Table 13C.12 Conversion Factors for Length mil in ft yd mi Z1!10K3 in Z0.0254 mm Z0.08333 ft Z0.0278 yd Z25.4 mm Z2.54 cm Z0.0254 m Z12 in Z0.3333 yd Z1.89!10K4 mi Z30.48 cm Z0.3048 m Z3.048!10K4 km Z36 in Z3 ft Z5.68!10K4 mi Z91.44 cm Z0.9144 m Z9.144!10K4 km Z5280 ft Z1760 yd Z1609.3 m Z1.609 km (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-8 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 13C.12 (Continued) mm Z1!10K3 mm Z3.937!10K5 in Z0.03937 in Z0.1 cm Z1!10K3 m Z0.3937 in Z0.03281 ft Z0.01094 yd Z10 mm Z1!10K5 km Z39.37 in Z3.281 ft Z1.094 yd Z6.21!10K4 mi Z1000 mm Z100 cm Z1!10K3 km Z3280.8 ft Z1093.6 yd Z0.621 mi Z1!105 cm Z1000 m Z6 ft Z5280 yd Z3 mi Z4.828 km Z6076.1 ft Z1.151 mi Z1.852 km Z1 cm Z1 dm Z1 m Z1 dam Z1 hm Z1 km mm cm 1m km fathom league (land) International nautical mile 10 mm 10 cm 10 dm 10 m 10 dam 10 hm SECTION 13D AREA Table 13D.13 Conversion Factors for Area sq in sq ft sq yd Acre Z6.944!10K3 ft2 Z7.716!104 yd2 Z6.452 cm2 Z144 in.2 Z0.1111 yd2 Z2.296!10K5 acre Z3.587!10K8 mi2 Z929.0 cm2 Z1296 in.2 Z9 ft2 Z2.066!104 acres Z3.228!10K7 mi2 Z0.8361 m2 Z8.361!10K5 hectare Z43,560 ft2 Z4840 yd2 Z1.562!10K3 mi2 Z4046.9 m2 Z0.4047 hectare Z4.047!10K3 km2 (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 13-9 Table 13D.13 sq mi Township sq cm sq m Hectare sq km (Continued) Z2.788!107 ft2 Z3.098!106 yd2 Z640 acres Z2.590!106 m2 Z259.0 hectares Z2.590 km2 Z1 section (of land) Z36 mi2 Z36 sections (of land) Z0.1550 in.2 Z1.076!10K3 ft2 Z1.196!10K4 yd2 Z1!10K4 yd2 Z1550.0 in.2 Z10.76 ft2 Z1.196 yd2 Z2.471!10K4 acre Z1!10K4 hectare Z1!108 km2 Z1.076!105 ft2 Z1.196!104 yd2 Z2.471 acres Z3.861!10K3 mi2 Z1!104m2 Z0.01 km2 Z1.076!107 ft2 Z1.196!106 yd2 Z247.1 acres Z0.3861 mi2 Z1!106 mi2 Z100 hectares SECTION 13E VOLUME Table 13E.14 Conversion Factors for Volume cu in gal cu ft cu yd Acre-in Acre-ft Z4.329!10K3 gal Z5.787!104 ft3 Z16.39 cm3 Z0.01639 l Z231 in.3 Z0.1337 ft3 Z4.951!10K3 yd3 Z3.785!10K3 cm3 Z3.785 l Z3.785!10K3 m3 Z1728 in.3 Z7.481 gal Z0.03704 yd3 Z2.832!104 cm3 Z28.32 l Z0.02832 m3 Z4.666!104 in.3 Z27 ft3 Z0.7646 m3 Z6.198!10K4 acre-ft Z2.715!104 gal Z3630 ft3 Z3.259!105 gal Z43,560 ft3 Z1234 m3 (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-10 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES Table 13E.14 (Continued) Z0.06102 in.3 Z2.642!104 gal Z3.532!10K5 ft3 Z1!10K3 l Z61.02 in.3 Z0.2642 gal Z0.03532 ft3 Z1000 cm3 Z1!10K3 m3 Z264.2 gal Z35.32 ft3 Z1.307 yd3 Z1!106 cm3 Z1000 l Z277.4 in.3 Z1.201 gal Z0.1604 ft3 Z4.546 l Z1.98 acre-ft Z0.0372 in mi2 Z5.610 gal/yd2 Z2.715!104gal/acre Z2.323!106 ft3 Z53.3 acre-ft Z26.9 cfs-days Z42 gal Z3.069 acre-ft Z28.875 in.3 Z0.5 qt Z0.473 l Z57.75 in.3 Z2 pt Z0.25 gal Z0.946 l cu cm 1l cu m Imperial gallon cfs-day in of rain in.-mi2 Barrel (oil) Million gallons Pint Quart Table 13E.15 Areas and Volumes of Vertical Cylindrical Tanks and Wells Diameter 10 1 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 11 00 20 00 2 00 00 00 00 00 00 Area, sq ft or cu ft per ft of Depth U.S gal per ft of Depth 0.785 0.922 1.069 1.227 1.396 1.576 1.767 1.969 2.182 2.405 2.640 2.885 3.142 3.409 3.637 3.976 4.276 4.587 4.909 5.241 5.87 6.89 8.00 9.18 10.44 11.79 13.22 14.73 16.32 17.99 19.75 21.58 23.50 25.50 27.58 29.74 31.99 34.31 36.72 39.21 Diameter 60 00 6 00 00 70 00 00 00 80 00 00 00 90 00 00 9 00 10 10 00 11 11 00 Area, sq ft or cu ft per ft of Depth 28.27 30.68 33.18 35.78 38.48 41.28 44.18 47.17 50.27 53.46 56.75 60.13 63.62 67.20 70.88 74.66 78.54 86.59 95.03 103.9 U.S gal per ft of Depth 211.5 229.5 248.2 267.7 287.9 308.8 330.5 352.9 376.0 399.9 424.5 449.8 475.9 502.7 530.2 558.5 587.5 647.7 710.9 777.0 Diameter 28 28 00 29 29 00 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Area, sq ft or cu ft per ft of Depth U.S gal per ft of Depth 615.8 637.9 660.5 683.5 706.9 754.8 804.3 855.3 907.9 962.1 1,018 1,075 1,134 1,195 1,257 1,320 1,385 1,452 1,521 1,590 4,606 4,772 4,941 5,113 5,288 5,646 6,016 6,398 6,792 7,197 7,616 8,043 8,483 8,940 9,404 9,876 10,360 10,860 11,370 11,900 (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS Table 13E.15 (Continued) 00 00 10 00 11 00 30 00 00 3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 11 00 40 00 00 00 4 00 00 00 00 00 00 10 00 11 00 50 00 00 00 Area, sq ft or cu ft per ft of Depth U.S gal per ft of Depth 5.585 5.940 6.305 6.681 7.069 7.467 7.876 8.296 8.727 9.168 9.621 10.08 10.56 11.04 11.54 12.05 12.57 13.10 13.64 14.19 14.75 15.32 15.90 16.50 17.10 17.72 18.35 18.99 19.63 21.65 23.76 25.97 Diameter 13-11 41.78 44.43 47.16 49.98 52.88 55.86 58.92 62.06 65.28 68.58 71.97 75.44 78.99 82.62 86.33 90.13 94.00 97.96 102.0 106.1 110.3 114.6 119.0 123.4 128.0 132.6 137.3 142.0 146.9 161.9 177.7 194.3 Diameter 12 12 00 13 13 00 14 14 00 15 15 00 16 16 00 17 17 00 18 18 00 19 19 00 20 20 00 21 21 00 22 22 00 23 23 00 24 24 00 25 25 00 26 26 00 27 27 00 Area, sq ft or cu ft per ft of Depth U.S gal per ft of Depth 113.1 122.7 132.7 143.1 153.9 165.1 176.7 188.7 201.1 213.8 227.0 240.5 254.5 268.8 283.5 298.6 314.2 330.1 346.4 363.1 380.1 397.6 415.5 433.7 452.4 471.4 490.9 510.7 530.9 551.5 572.6 594.0 846.0 918.0 992.9 1,071 1,152 1,235 1,322 1,412 1,504 1,600 1,698 1,799 1,904 2,011 2,121 2,234 2,350 2,469 2,591 2,716 2,844 2,974 3,108 3,245 3,384 3,527 3,672 3,820 3,972 4,126 4,283 4,443 Diameter Area, sq ft or cu ft per ft of Depth 46 47 48 49 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 1,662 1,735 1,810 1,886 1,964 2,124 2,290 2,463 2,642 2,827 3,019 3,217 3,421 3,632 3,848 4,072 4,301 4,536 4,778 5,027 5,281 5,542 5,809 6,082 6,362 6,648 6,940 7,238 7,543 7,854 U.S gal per ft of Depth 12,430 12,980 13,540 14,110 14,690 15,890 17,130 18,420 19,760 21,150 22,580 24,060 25,590 27,170 28,790 30,450 32,170 33,930 35,740 37,600 39,500 41,450 43,450 45,490 47,590 49,720 51,920 54,140 56,420 58,750 Table 13 E.16 Volumes of Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks Percent Full Diameter (ft) 10 11 12 13 14 15 Note: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.3 1.2 2.7 4.9 7.6 11.0 15.0 19.0 25.0 30.0 37.0 44.0 51.0 60.0 68.0 0.8 3.3 7.5 13.4 20.0 30.0 41.0 52.0 67.0 83.0 101.0 120.0 141.0 164.0 188.0 1.4 5.9 13.6 23.8 37.0 53.0 73.0 96.0 112.0 149.0 179.0 214.0 250.0 291.0 334.0 2.1 8.8 19.8 35.0 55.0 78.0 107.0 140.0 178.0 219.0 265.0 315.0 370.0 430.0 494.0 2.9 11.7 26.4 47.0 73.0 106.0 144.0 188.0 238.0 294.0 356.0 423.0 496.0 576.0 661.0 3.6 14.7 33.0 59.0 92.0 133.0 181.0 235.0 298.0 368.0 445.0 530.0 621.0 722.0 829.0 4.3 17.5 39.4 70.2 110.0 158.0 215.0 281.0 352.0 440.0 531.0 632.0 740.0 862.0 988.0 4.9 20.6 45.2 80.5 126.0 182.0 247.0 322.0 408.0 504.0 610.0 714.0 850.0 989.0 1134.0 5.5 22.2 50.1 89.0 139.0 201.0 272.0 356.0 450.0 556.0 672.0 800.0 940.0 1084.0 1253.0 5.87 23.50 52.88 94.00 146.9 211.5 287.9 376.0 475.9 587.5 710.9 846.0 992.9 1152.0 1322.0 U.S gallons per foot of length q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-12 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13F VELOCITY Table 13F.17 Conversion Factors for Velocity ft/sec mi/h International knot m/sec km/h SECTION 13G Z0.682 mi/h Z0.3048 m/sec Z1.467 ft/sec Z0.869 International knots Z1.609 km/h Z1.151 mi/h Z1.852 km/h Z3.6 km/h Z3.28 ft/sec Z2.237 mi/h Z1.94 knots Z0.621 mi/h Z0.540 International knot FLOW RATE Table 13G.18 Conversion Factors for Flow Rate gal/min Million gallons per day Cubic foot per second acre-foot per day l/sec Cubic meter per day second Cubic per day Z1.44!10K3 mgd Z2.23!10K3 cfs Z4.42!10K3 AF/day Z0.0631 l/sec Z6.31!10K5 m3/sec Z5.42 m3/day Z694 gpm Z1.55 cfs Z3.07 AF/day Z43.7 l/sec Z0.0437 m3/sec Z3770 m3/day Z449 gpm Z0.646 mgd Z1.98 AF/day Z28.3 l/sec Z0.0283 m3/sec Z2450 m3/day Z226 gpm Z0.326 mgd Z0.505 cfs Z14.2 l/sec Z0.0142 m3/sec Z1230 m3/day Z15.9 gpm Z0.0228 mgd Z0.0353 cfs Z0.0703 AF/day Z0.001 m3/sec Z86.4 m3/day Z1.58!104 gpm Z22.8 mgd Z35.3 cfs Z70.0 AF/day Z1000 l/sec Z8.64!104 m3/day Z0.183 gpm Z2.64!10K4 mgd Z4.09 x:10K4 cfs (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS Table 13G.18 13-13 (Continued) Z8.11!10K4 AF/day Z0.0116 l/sec Z1.16!10K5 m3/sec Z0.025 cubic foot per second (in Arizona, California, Montana, and Oregon) Z0.02 cubic foot per second (in Idaho, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, North and South Dakota, and Utah) Z0.026 cubic foot per second (in Colorado) Z0.028 cubic foot per second (in British Columbia) Miner’s inch Table 13G.19 Conversion of Daily Consumptive Use Rates to Equivalent Continuous Flow Rates per Unit Area Equivalent Continuous Flow Rates Consumptive Use of Water by Crop Millimetres per Day 10 a per Hectare per Acre Inches per Day Litres per Second Cubic Metres per Day Cubic Feet per Second U.S Gallons per Minutea 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.23 0.35 0.46 0.58 0.69 0.81 0.92 1.04 1.15 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.0033 0.0050 0.0067 0.0083 0.0100 0.0117 0.0133 0.0150 0.0167 1.5 2.2 3.0 3.7 4.5 5.2 6.0 6.7 7.5 To convert to imperial gallons per minute, multiply values by 0.833 Source: From Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1974, Surface Irrigation Copyright FAO Reprinted with permission Table 13G.20 Time Required to Supply One Acre with in of Water Flow Rate Time gpm Hr Min 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC cfs 0.22 0.33 0.45 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.34 1.56 1.78 2.01 2.23 2.45 2.67 2.90 3.12 3.34 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 32 01 16 48 30 18 08 00 54 46 39 34 30 27 24 22 21 20 18 13-14 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13H WEIGHT Table 13H.21 Conversion Factors for Weight Grain Ounce Pound Short ton Long ton Metric ton 1g kilogram Z2.286!10K3 oz Z1.429!10K4 lb Z437.5 gr Z0.0625 lb Z28.35 gm Z7000 gr Z16 oz Z453.6 gm Z0.4536 kg Z2000 lb Z907.2 kg Z0.9072 m ton Z2240 lb Z1016.0 kg Z1.016 m ton Z2204.6 lb Z1000 kg Z1.102 short ton Z0.9842 long ton Z15.43 gr Z0.03527 oz Z2.205!10K3 lb Z0.001 kg Z35.27 oz Z2.205 lb Z1000 gm Z0.001 m ton SECTION 13I PRESSURE Table 13I.22 Conversion Factors for Pressure in of water at 628F ft of water at 628F Atmosphere Pound per sq in in of mercury at 328F kg/sq cm Bar q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Z0.0361 lb/in.2 Z5.196 lb/ft2 Z0.0735 in of mercury at 628F Z0.433 lb/in.2 Z62.36 lb/ft2 Z0.833 in of mercury at 628F Z2.950!10K2 atmosphere Z14.7 lb/in.2 Z2116 lb/ft2 Z33.95 feet of water at 628F Z29.92 in of mercury at 328F Z1013.2 millibars Z760 mm of mercury at 328F Z1033 gm/cm2 Z1.033 kg/cm2 Z2.309 feet of water at 628F Z2.036 in of mercury at 328F Z0.06804 atmosphere Z0.07031 kg/cm2 Z0.4192 lb/in.2 Z1.133 feet of water at 328F Z14.22 lb/in.2 Z1!106 dynes/cm2 Z1019.8 gm/cm2 Z0.9869 atmosphere Z14.50 lb/in.2 Z1000 millibars CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 13-15 SECTION 13J PERMEABILITY Table 13J.23 Units and Conversion Factors for Permeability Permeability Unitsa Laboratory (standard) coefficient of permeability Field coefficient of permeability Specific (intrinsic) permeability gal: of water at 608F=day ð1 ft2 Þð1 ft=ftÞ gal: of water at field temperature=day 1Kf Z ð1 ft !1 miÞð1 ft=miÞ centipoise !1 cm3 =secÞ=1 cm2 darcyZ atmosphere=1 cm 1Ks Z Conversion Factors Permeability Ks Darcy Millidarcy cm/sec m/sec m/day Transmissivity m2/sec m2/day a Z4.72!10K5 cm/sec Z0.0408 m/day Z0.134 ft /day Z1.43!10K6 ft/sec Z0.987!10K8 cm2 Z1.062!10K11 ft2 Z18.2 Ks for water at 608F Z0.966!10K3 cm/sec for water at 208C Z1.82!10K2 Ks for water at 608F Z1.02!10K5 cm2 for water at 208C Z2.12!106 gpd/ft2 Z24.5 gpd/ft2 Z6.96!106 gpd/ft Z80.5 gpd/ft In groundwater investigations, the water-transmitting capability of an aquifer is commonly expressed in terms of a Coefficient of Transmissivity, which is the product of the Coefficient of Permeability of the aquifer material and the thickness of the aquifer q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-16 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13K POWER Table 13K.24 Conversion Factors for Power hp Z.746 kW or 746 W Z33,000 ft lb/min Z550 ft lb/sec Z8760 hp-h/yr Z6535 kWh/yr ZHorsepower input to motor Z1.34!kilowatts input to motor ZH.P required to lift water at a definite rate to a given distance assuming 100% efficiency G:P:M: !total head ðin: ftÞ Z 3960 ZH.P delivered by motor ZH.P required by pump ZH.P input motor!efficiency Z1.34!KW input!motor efficiency Water H:P: Z pump efficiency G:P:M: !total headðftÞ Z 3960 !pump efficiency G:P:H: !total headðlb=sq in:Þ Z 103; 000 !pump efficiency H.P Input Water H.P Brake H.P kilowatt Z1.3405 Horsepower Z8760 kWh/yr Efficiency Z Motor Efficiency Pump Efficiency Plant Efficiency Power output Power input H:P: output Z KW input !1:34 G:P:M: !total headðftÞ Z 3960 !B:H:P G:P:M: !total headðftÞ Z 5300 !KW input Table 13K.25 Horsepower Required to Pump Water Gallons per Minute 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1250 1500 Note: Horsepower Required for Elevations of Cubic Feet per Second 10 ft 20 ft 30 ft 40 ft 50 ft 60 ft 70 ft 80 ft 0.22 0.33 0.45 0.56 0.67 0.78 0.89 1.00 1.11 1.34 1.56 1.78 2.01 2.23 2.78 3.34 0.5 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.3 7.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.0 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 12.6 15.2 1.5 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.6 5.3 6.1 6.8 6.7 9.1 10.6 12.1 13.6 15.2 18.9 22.7 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.2 18.2 20.2 25.2 30.3 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.6 8.8 10.1 11.4 12.6 15.2 17.7 20.2 22.7 25.2 31.6 37.9 3.0 4.6 6.1 7.6 9.1 10.6 12.1 13.6 15.2 18.2 21.2 24.2 27.3 30.3 37.9 45.4 3.5 5.3 7.1 8.8 10.6 12.4 14.1 15.9 17.7 21.2 24.8 28.3 31.8 35.4 44.2 53.0 4.0 6.1 8.1 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.2 18.2 20.2 24.2 28.3 32.3 36.4 40.4 50.5 60.6 Efficiency of pumping plant 50 percent of theoretical Use for estimating only q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS 13-17 Table 13K.26 Theoretical Power of American Multiblade Windmills of Different Diameters for Several Wind Velocities Horsepowera from Wheel Diameter (in feet) of Wind Velocity (mi/h) a 10 12 14 16 18 0.05 0.09 0.18 0.40 0.79 10 12 15 20 25 0.05 0.09 0.15 0.31 0.72 1.41 0.07 0.14 0.24 0.48 1.12 2.21 0.05 0.10 0.21 0.36 0.68 1.62 3.20 0.06 0.14 0.28 0.49 0.94 2.20 4.34 0.08 0.18 0.36 0.63 1.21 2.88 5.67 0.09 0.23 0.46 0.81 1.55 3.65 7.20 HorsepowerZCD V Where C, the power coefficient for American multiblade type wheelZ0.45!10K6, when the tip speed is approximately the same as the velocity of the wind; DZdiameter of the wheel in feet; and VZindicated velocity of the wind in feet per second (Robinson anemometer) Source: From U.S Dept of Agriculture SECTION 13L TEMPERATURE Table 13L.27 Conversion Factors for Temperature, Temperature Conversion Fahrenheit Centigrade 8F to 8C (Range 0–2798F) 8F 8C 8F 8C 8F 8C 8F 8C 8F 8C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 K17.78 K17.22 K16.67 K16.11 K15.56 K15.00 K14.44 K13.89 K13.33 K12.78 K12.22 K11.67 K11.11 K10.56 K10.00 K9.44 K8.89 K8.33 K7.78 K7.22 K6.67 K6.11 K5.56 K5.00 K4.44 K3.89 K3.33 K2.78 K2.22 K1.67 K1.11 K0.56 0.00 0.56 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 13.33 13.89 14.44 15.00 15.56 16.11 16.67 17.22 17.78 18.33 18.89 19.44 20.00 20.56 21.11 21.67 22.22 22.78 23.33 23.89 24.44 25.00 25.56 26.11 26.67 27.22 27.78 28.33 28.89 29.44 30.00 30.56 31.11 31.67 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 44.44 45.00 45.56 46.11 46.67 47.22 47.78 48.33 48.89 49.44 50.00 50.56 51.11 51.67 52.22 52.78 53.33 53.89 54.44 55.00 55.56 56.11 56.67 57.22 57.78 58.33 58.89 59.44 60.00 60.56 61.11 61.67 62.22 62.78 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 75.56 76.11 76.67 77.22 77.78 78.33 78.89 79.44 80.00 80.56 81.11 81.67 82.22 82.78 83.33 83.89 84.44 85.00 85.56 86.11 86.67 87.22 87.78 88.33 88.89 89.44 90.00 90.56 91.11 91.67 92.22 92.78 93.33 93.89 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 106.67 107.22 107.78 108.33 108.89 109.44 110.00 110.56 111.11 111.67 112.22 112.78 113.33 113.89 114.44 115.00 115.56 116.11 116.67 117.22 117.78 118.33 118.89 119.44 120.00 120.56 121.11 121.67 122.22 122.78 123.33 123.89 124.44 125.00 (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 13-18 Table 13L.27 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES (Continued) 8F to 8C (Range 0–2798F) 8F 8C 8F 34 1.11 35 1.67 36 2.22 37 2.78 38 3.33 39 3.89 40 4.44 41 5.00 42 5.56 43 6.11 44 6.67 45 7.22 46 7.78 47 8.33 48 8.89 49 9.44 50 10.00 51 10.56 52 11.11 53 11.67 54 12.22 55 12.78 8F to 8C (Range 280–3008F) 8F 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 8C 8F 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 32.22 32.78 33.33 33.89 34.44 35.00 35.56 36.11 36.67 37.22 37.78 38.33 38.89 39.44 40.00 40.56 41.11 41.67 42.22 42.78 43.33 43.89 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 8C 8F 8C 63.33 202 94.44 63.89 203 95.00 64.44 204 95.56 65.00 205 96.11 65.56 206 96.67 66.11 207 97.22 66.67 208 97.78 67.22 209 98.33 67.78 210 98.89 68.33 211 99.44 68.89 212 100.00 69.44 213 100.56 70.00 214 101.11 70.56 215 101.67 71.11 216 102.22 71.67 217 102.78 72.22 218 103.33 72.78 219 103.89 73.33 220 104.44 73.89 221 105.00 74.44 222 105.56 75.00 223 106.11 8C to 8F (Range 0–1508C) 8F 8C 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 125.56 126.11 126.67 127.22 127.78 128.33 128.89 129.44 130.00 130.56 131.11 131.67 132.22 132.78 133.33 133.89 134.44 135.00 135.56 136.11 136.67 137.22 8C 8C 8F 8C 8F 8C 8F 137.78 138.33 138.89 139.44 140.00 140.56 141.11 141.67 142.22 142.78 143.33 143.89 144.44 145.00 145.56 146.11 146.67 147.22 147.78 148.33 148.89 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 32.0 33.8 35.6 37.4 39.2 41.0 42.8 44.6 46.4 48.2 50.0 51.8 53.6 55.4 57.2 59.0 60.8 62.6 64.4 66.2 68.0 69.8 71.6 73.4 75.2 77.0 78.8 80.6 82.4 84.2 86.0 87.8 89.6 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 132.8 134.6 136.4 138.2 140.0 141.8 143.6 145.4 147.2 149.0 150.8 152.6 154.4 156.2 158.0 159.8 161.6 163.4 165.2 167.0 168.8 170.6 172.4 174.2 176.0 177.8 179.6 181.4 183.2 185.0 186.8 188.6 190.4 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 233.6 235.4 237.2 239.0 240.8 242.6 244.4 246.2 248.0 249.8 251.6 253.4 255.2 257.0 258.8 260.6 262.4 264.2 266.0 267.8 269.6 271.4 273.2 275.0 276.8 278.6 280.4 282.2 284.0 285.8 287.6 289.4 291.2 (Continued) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Table 13L.27 CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS (Continued) Table 13L.27 (Continued) 8F to 8C (Range 280–3008F) 8F 8C 13-19 8C to 8F (Range 0–1508C) 8C 8F 8C 8F 8C 8F 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 91.4 93.2 95.0 96.8 98.6 100.4 102.2 104.0 105.8 107.6 109.4 112.2 113.0 114.8 116.6 118.4 120.2 122.0 123.8 125.6 127.4 129.2 131.0 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 192.2 194.0 195.8 197.6 199.4 201.2 203.0 204.8 206.6 208.4 210.2 212.0 213.8 215.6 217.4 219.2 221.0 222.8 224.6 226.4 228.2 230.0 231.8 145 146 147 148 149 150 293.0 294.8 296.6 298.4 300.2 302.0 Note: Temperature Conversions: 8FZ9/5 (8C)C32; 8CZ5/9 (8FK32) q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ... 127.78 128.33 128.89 129.44 130 .00 130 .56 131 .11 131 .67 132 .22 132 .78 133 .33 133 .89 134 .44 135 .00 135 .56 136 .11 136 .67 137 .22 8C 8C 8F 8C 8F 8C 8F 137 .78 138 .33 138 .89 139 .44 140.00 140.56 141.11... of the aquifer material and the thickness of the aquifer q 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 1 3-1 6 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13K POWER Table 13K.24...1 3-2 THE WATER ENCYCLOPEDIA: HYDROLOGIC DATA AND INTERNET RESOURCES SECTION 13A PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER Table 13A.1 Variation of Properties of Pure Water with Temperature