Bioremediation of Relcalcitrant Compounds - Chapter 1 potx

B ioremediation of R elcalcitrant C ompounds © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. B ioremediation of R elcalcitrant C ompounds EDITED BY JEFFREY W. TALLEY Boca Raton London New York Singapore © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published in 2006 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10987654321 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-56670-656-4 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-56670-656-8 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2005043923 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bioremediation of recalcitrant compounds / edited by Jeffrey Talley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-656-4 1. Organic compounds Biodegradation. 2. Organochlorine compounds Biodegradation. 3. Bioremediation. I. Talley, Jeffrey. TD196.O73B558 2005 628.5 dc22 2005043923 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Taylor & Francis Group is the Academic Division of T&F Informa plc. L1656_Discl.fm Page 1 Monday, July 11, 2005 10:41 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Preface This book summarizes many of the results of a 7-year research effort con- ducted by the Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium (FIBRC). The purpose of the work presented in this book was to develop bioremediation technologies for soil, sediment, and groundwater contami- nated with chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP) sponsored this project under its cleanup thrust area and assigned it project number CU-720. The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) directed the FIBRC research program, which was entitled “Biotreatment: Flask to Field Initiative.” Active membership of the FIBRC whose work is represented in this book consisted of the following organizations: U.S. ERDC, Environmental Laboratory, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, MA U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), Baltimore District, Baltimore, MD U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. U.S. Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center Research, Development, Test and Evaluation Division (NRaD), San Diego, CA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, GA USEPA Robert S. Kerr Laboratory, Ada, OK Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic Hazardous Substance Research Center (GLMAC), Ann Arbor, MI In addition, the following organizations participated in the FIBRC in an advisory capacity: ERDC, Cold Regions Research Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, NH L1656_C000.fm Page v Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC ERDC, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL), Champaign, IL U.S. Army Environmental Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL I was the FIBRC director for most of the work, although Dr. Mark Zappi, P.E. (ERDC/Mississippi State University) and Dr. Kurt Preston (ERDC/Army Research Office) served as the initial directors. Dr. Rakesh Bajpai (University of Missouri–Columbia) served as an interim director for 1 year. Thank you, Mark, Kurt, and Rakesh, for providing great leadership. My executive assis- tant was Ms. Deborah Felt, Applied Research Associates (ARA), whose daily contributions were invaluable … thanks, Debbie. To my lead authors, Dr. Jim Tiedje (Michigan State University), Dr. Hap Prichard (Naval Research Laboratory), and Dr. Guy Sewell (EPA Robert S. Kerr Research Laboratory/East Central University), your long hours of work are greatly appreciated. Equally important is the list of other coauthors and contributors. My thanks to all of you. Thank you, SERDP, for funding this work and giving us great folks to work with, such as Ms. Cathy Vogel (SERDP’s program manager for the cleanup thrust area), Dr. Femi Ayorinde (program manager), and Mr. Bradley Smith and Dr. John Harrison (SERDP directors). Special thanks to ERDC and Daniel E. Averett for their support of this project. Thank you, Technical Advisory Committee (all great scholars and too many to mention here) and Mr. Richard Conway (SERDP project shepherd), for keeping us focused to produce this work. Thank you, Dr. Xiangru Zhang (University of Notre Dame) and Mr. Tim Ruggaber (University of Notre Dame) for your valuable assistance in proof- reading this manuscript! Finally, thank you to all the staff at CRC Press and Taylor & Francis. Without your prodding, this book would never have been completed. Jeffrey W. Talley Notre Dame, Indiana L1656_C000.fm Page vi Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The Editor Dr. Jeffrey W. Talley, P.E., is an Assistant Professor of Bioengineering and Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana. He specializes in the treatment of contaminated surface water, groundwater, soil, and sediment. His research interests include the examination of phys- iochemical and microbial processes for application to waste reduction and treatment. Special interests are phase partitioning and the treatment and fate of hydrophobic organic compounds (Dioxins, PCBs, PAHs, DDT), other tightly bound pollutants (TNT, RDX, HMX), and select inorganic contami- nants (Hg, Pb, Cr, and As) in the environment. He is especially interested in the integration of engineering, microbial ecology, and toxicology for pur- poses of enhancing detection, characterization, and remedial strategies. Pro- fessor Talley teaches Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Sci- ence, Hazardous Waste Management and Design, and Physiochemical Processes and Treatment of Pollutants. Professor Talley is noted for his innovative applications of thermal pro- grammed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD/MS) for the assessment of pollutants and his contributions to the development of treatment technolo- gies with focus on field remediation. His work involving the bioavailability of PAHs in sediments was part of the team project honored as 1999 SERDP Research Project of the Year (Cleanup) and best research presented (poster) at the 2000 Gordon Research Conference on Environmental Science. His recent collaborative work involving the detection and analyses of toxic heavy metals and organic acids in herbal dietary supplements was part of a team project honored as best research presented at the 2004 International Sympo- sium on Recent Advances in Pharmacology. Prior to his appointment at Notre Dame, Dr. Talley spent 20 years in design, consulting, and military positions involving more than 100 different environmental sites throughout the United States and abroad. In 2003, Pro- fessor Talley was in the Middle East with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers conducting civil and environmental engineering projects throughout Kuwait and Iraq. Of special significance was his environmental work with Task Force Restore Iraqi Oil (TF RIO), where he assisted in the assessment and remedi- ation recommendations for multiple oil-waste impacted sites in Iraq. L1656_C000.fm Page vii Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contributors Dr. Michael Annable Department of Environmental Engineering and Science University of Florida–Gainesville Gainesville, Florida Dr. Herbert Fredrickson U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory at Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Mississippi John S. Furey U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory at Waterways Experiment Station Vicksburg, Mississippi Dr. Lance D. Hansen U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Hanover, New Hampshire Dr. John Hind Maryland Biotechnology Institute Baltimore, Maryland Desirée P. Howell RMT, Inc. Jackson, Mississippi Dr. William Jones Maryland Biotechnology Institute Baltimore, Maryland Dr. Joanne Jones-Meehan Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C. Susan C. Mravik USEPA-RSK Lab Ada, Oklahoma Cathy Nestler Applied Research Associates, Inc., Southern Division Vicksburg, Mississippi Dr. Kurt D. Pennell School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, Georgia Dr. Hap Prichard Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C. Dr. Guy Sewell East Central University Department of Environmental Health Sciences Ada, Oklahoma L1656_C000.fm Page ix Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Dr. Randy Sillan LFR Levine Fricke Emeryville, California William Straube Geo-Centers, Inc. Washington, D.C. Dr. Jeffrey W. Talley, P.E. Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences University of Notre Dame Notre Dame, Indiana Dr. James M. Tiedje Center for Microbial Ecology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Dr. Tamara V. Tsoi Center for Microbial Ecology Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan Dr. Altaf Wani U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center Vicksburg, Mississippi Kevin Warner LFR Levine Fricke Emeryville, California Dr. A. Lynn Wood USEPA-RSK Lab Ada, Oklahoma L1656_C000.fm Page x Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Introduction This book provides an authoritative state-of-the-art biotreatment review for three key contaminant groups: chlorinated solvents, polychlorinated biphe- nyls (PCBs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Issues such as availability, toxicity, and treatability are discussed along with a summary of the latest bioremediation technologies. Special innovative research and development projects are presented for each contaminant group. These projects are the results of a 7-year concerted effort by the Strategic Environ- mental Research Development Program’s (SERDP) Federal Integrated Biotreatment Research Consortium funded by the Department of Defense (DOD), Department of Energy (DOE), and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The consortium’s objective was to develop field-ready biotechnolo- gies. The technologies developed through this program yielded successful field or large-scale lab demonstrations for each contaminant group. Cosol- vent extraction of chlorinated solvents was validated at a field site, and a guidance document explaining the technology was developed. Bioaugmen- tation-enhanced PAH degradation was compared to traditional land-farming methods and provided new insight on how to optimize biotreatment. Genet- ically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) that enhanced PCB degradation were developed and field tested, and a GEM guidance document was writ- ten. These projects discuss both the science and engineering challenges that were encountered as each project advanced from the flask to the field. They serve as useful guides for the implementation of any new bioremediation technology. L1656_C000.fm Page xi Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to recalcitrant compounds 1 Jeffrey W. Talley Chapter 2 Toxicological exposure of bound recalcitrant compounds 11 Herbert Fredrickson, John S. Furey, and Jeffrey W. Talley Chapter 3 Roadblocks to the implementation of biotreatment strategies 33 Jeffrey W. Talley Chapter 4 The federal integrated biotreatment research consortium (flask to field) 51 Jeffrey W. Talley Chapter 5 Chlorinated solvent contaminated soils and groundwater: field application of the solvent extraction residual biotreatment technology 59 Guy Sewell, Susan C. Mravik, A. Lynn Wood, Michael Annable, Randy Sillan, and Kevin Warner Chapter 6 Enhancing PCB bioremediation 147 James M. Tiedje, Tamara V. Tsoi, Kurt D. Pennell, Lance D. Hansen, Altaf Wani, and Desirée P. Howell Chapter 7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): improved land treatment with bioaugmentation 215 Hap Prichard, Joanne Jones-Meehan, Cathy Nestler, Lance D. Hansen, William Straube, William Jones, John Hind, and Jeffrey W. Talley L1656_C000.fm Page xiii Monday, July 11, 2005 11:25 AM © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC [...]...L1656_C000.fm Page xiv Monday, July 11 , 2005 11 :25 AM Chapter 8 Future needs for research and development 3 01 Jeffrey W Talley © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC L1656_C0 01. fm Page 1 Tuesday, July 5, 2005 3: 21 PM chapter one Introduction to recalcitrant compounds Jeffrey W Talley Contents 1. 1 Introduction 1 1.2 Relevance .2 1. 3 Biodegradation and... Sawhney, B.L 19 87 Persistence of 1, 2-dibromoethane in soils: entrapment in intraparticle micropores Environ Sci Technol 21: 12 01 12 08 © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC L1656_C0 01. fm Page 9 Tuesday, July 5, 2005 3: 21 PM Chapter one: Introduction to recalcitrant compounds 9 Stumm, W 19 92 Adsorption In Chemistry of the Solid-Water Interface John Wiley & Sons, New York, chap 4 Thoma, G 19 94 Summary of the... M., and Marrie, T 19 87 Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease Annu Rev Microbiol 41: 435–464 Edwards, D.A., Liu, Z., and Luthy, R.G.J 19 94 Surfactant solubilization of organic compounds in soil/aqueous systems J Environ Eng 12 0: 5–22 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 19 94 Assessment and Remediation of Contaminate Sediments (ARCS) Program, Final Summary Report, EPA-905-S-9 4-0 01 EPA, Chicago Erickson,... measurement Anal Chem 69: 4 619 –4626 Pignatello, J.J and Xing, B 19 96 Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles Environ Sci Technol 30: 1 11 Putcha, R.V and Domach, M.M 19 93 Fluorescence monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation and the effect of surfactants Environ Prog 12 : 81 85 Schwarzenbach, R.P., Gschwend, P.M., and Imboden, D.M 19 93 Environmental Organic... sorption of organic chemicals: elucidation of rate-limiting processes Environ Sci Technol 25: 13 4 14 2 Bury, S.J and Miller, C.A 19 93 Effect of micellar solubilization on biodegradation rates of hydrocarbons Environ Sci Technol 27: 10 4 11 0 Chung, G.Y., McCoy, B.J., and Scow, K.M 19 93 Criteria to assess when biodegradation is kinetically limited by intraparticle diffusion and sorption Biotechnol Bioeng 41: ... et al., 19 94; Gustafsson et al., 19 97; Boyd and Sun, 19 90) Also, there is a growing awareness that the affinity of nonpolar organics for SOM depends on the SOM’s origin and geologic © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC L1656_C0 01. fm Page 6 Tuesday, July 5, 2005 3: 21 PM 6 Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Compounds history Grathwohl (19 90) showed that organic matter in unweathered shales and high-grade... association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on harbor sediment particles Environ Sci Technol 34: 17 29 17 36 Gillette, J.S., Luthy, R.G., Clemett, S.J., and Zare, R.N 19 99 Direct observation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on geosorbents at the subparticle scale Environ Sci Technol 33: 11 85 11 92 Grathwohl, P 19 90 Influence of organic matter from soils and sediments from various origins on the sorption of. .. assessment and prediction of the bioavailability of recalcitrant compounds for in situ biotreatment © 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC L1656_C0 01. fm Page 7 Tuesday, July 5, 2005 3: 21 PM Chapter one: Introduction to recalcitrant compounds 7 References Alexander, M 19 95 How toxic are toxic chemicals in soils? Environ Sci Technol 29: 2 713 –2 717 Auger, R.L., Jacobson, A.M., and Domach, M.M 19 95 Aqueous phase... (Thoma, 19 94; Luthy et al., 19 94; Loehr and Webster, 19 97) Further reductions are believed to be limited by the availability of the recalcitrant compounds to microorganisms (Bosma et al., 19 97; Erickson, 19 93) Attempts have been made to increase this availability through the use of surfactants, but results have varied (Putcha and Domach, 19 93; Bury and Miller, 19 93; Chung et al., 19 93; Edwards et al., 19 94;... Tuesday, July 5, 2005 3: 21 PM 2 Bioremediation of Recalcitrant Compounds remediation (NCR, 19 94; Moore et al., 19 89) and is challenging our concepts about cleanup standards and risks (Alexander, 19 95) This is particularly the case for biological treatment of recalcitrant compounds, in which one of the most important site-specific factors is the availability of the compounds held within solids and how this . America on acid-free paper 10 9876543 21 International Standard Book Number -1 0 : 1- 5 667 0-6 5 6-4 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number -1 3 : 97 8 -1 -5 667 0-6 5 6-8 (Hardcover) Library of Congress. infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Bioremediation of recalcitrant compounds / edited by Jeffrey Talley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1- 5 667 0-6 5 6-4 1. . compounds Jeffrey W. Talley Contents 1. 1 Introduction 1 1.2 Relevance 2 1. 3 Biodegradation and bioavailability 3 1. 4 The sequestration of recalcitrant compounds 4 References 7 1. 1