C14500 E E 760–845 E E F F G NR NR NR G 80 S Forgings and screw ma- Free-machining copper, chine parts requiring combined with high elec- high electrical and trical conductivity thermal conductivity, (90–96%). furnace brazing. Elec- trical connectors, mo- tor and switch parts, soldering coppers, and welding torch tips. C14700 E E 760–870 E E NR NR NR NR NR NR G 80 S Transformer and circuit- Free-machining copper , breaker terminals, studs, combined with high elec- bolts, nuts, and current- trical conductivity carrying parts requiring (90–96%). fine machining. C15000 E E 760–870 E G F F F NR NR NR G 20 L Resistance welding Precipitation hardened. electrodes. Miscella- Combined high strength neous current-carry- and conductivity and re- ing components at sistance to softening at elevated temperatures. elevated temperatures. C16200 E G 760–870 E E F F G NR NR NR G 20 L Electrical contacts and Moderate high strength terminals, signal relays. and high electrical Hard temper used for conductivity. spring contact in small apparatus and resis- tance welding electrodes. C17000 G G 705–775 G G NR F G NR NR NR G 20 L Leaf springs, electrical Copper Alloy UNS nos. C17000, C17200 G G 705–775 G G NR F G NR NR NR G 20 L contacts, coil springs and C17200, C17500, and C17500 G G 760–925 G G NR F G NR NR NR G 20 L bellows requiring severe C17600 can develop the forming distributor highest mechanical proper- breaker arm, welding ties by heat treatment tips, and welding wheels. Complete range of properties. 209 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 209 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C17600 G G 760–925 G G NR F G NR NR NR G 20 L Clips, welder tips, and wheels. C18400 E E 900–925 G G NR F G NR NR NR G 20 L Spot welding electrodes Precipitation hardened. and wheels, flash Fairly high electrical con- welding dies, and ductivity. Resistance to commutator segments. softening at elevated temperatures. C18700 G NR — E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 80 S Screw machine parts Free-machining copper , requiring high elec- high electrical conduc- trical and thermal tivity. Unsuited for hot conductivity. working. C19200 E E 815–950 E E G E NR NR NR G 20 Flexible hose, electrical Resistance to softening terminals, fuse clips, gas- and also stress corrosion. kets, air-conditioning and heat-exchanger tubing. C21000 E G 760–870 E E G F G NR NR NR G 20 L Emblems, vitreous Copper Alloy UNS nos. enamel base, ornamental C21000, C22000, and trim, and jewelry. C23000 are generally Copper or copper alloy UNS no. Approx- imate relative suitability for being worked* Approximate relative suitability* for being joined by Resistance welding Typical uses Characteristics Cold Hot Best temperature for hot working, ЊC Soldering Brazing Oxyacetylene welding Carbon arc welding Gas-shielded arc welding Coated-metal arc welding Spot Seam Butt Machinability ‡ Type of chip † TABLE 4.40 Fabrication Properties, Other Characteristics, and Typical Uses of Copper ( Continued ) 210 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 210 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C22000 E G 760–870 E E G F G NR NR NR G 20 L Emblems, vitreous reddish in color, soft and enamel base, ornamental malleable, higher anneal- trim, jewelry, expansion ing point than copper and plugs, valve parts, slightly stronger and simi- escutcheon fasteners, lar in corrosion resistance. and spring clips. Good for drawing and C23000 E G 790–900 E E G F G NR F NR G 30 L Radiator parts, heat- forming. Resistance to de- exchanger tubes, tube zincification and season bends. cracking is excellent. C24000 E F 815–900 E E G F G NR F NR G 30 L Bellows and water tem- Color is light golden, perature switch housing, strength and ductility con- flexible hose, pump lines. tinue to increase. C26000 E F 730–845 E E G F F NR G NR G 30 L Radiator tanks and lock- Color is brass yellow . Great- seam tubes, header est ductility of the copper - plates, reflectors, lamp zinc series. Strength is bases, terminals, ground higher than any of the pre- straps, baffles, ammeter ceding copper-zinc alloys. shells and speedometer counter-weights, washers, wheel covers, trim, carburetor parts. C26800 E NR — E E G F F NR G NR G 30 L Radiator cores and tanks, Strength increases and duc- C27000 E NR — E E G F F NR G NR G 30 L lamp fixtures, socket tility decreases, but is still shells, eyelets, fasteners very good. and grommets, hinges, locks, pins, rivets, screws, and springs. C33000 E NR — E G F F F NR F NR F 60 M Tube carburetor parts, oil Provides some degree of cooler tube, radiator machinability, together and ornamental work, with moderate cold- pump and power cylin- working properties. ders and liners. 211 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 211 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C33100 E NR — E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 70 M Keys. Intended for blanking, piercing, and machining. C34200 E NR — E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 90 S Clock plates and nuts, Provides increased machin- clock and watch backs, ability with moderate cold- keys, gears, and wheels. working properties. C34500 F F 705–790 E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 90 S Screw-machine parts re- Best combination of quiring roll threads, machinability and cold- knurls, or staking working properties. operations. C35000 F NR — E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 70 M Keys. Intended for blanking, piercing, and machining. C36000 NR F 709–790 E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 100 S Automatic screw-machine The standard free-cutting parts and carburetor, brass and its machinability magneto parts, radiator has become the standard drums and other fit- by which other alloys are tings, plugs, inserts, rated. gears, pinions, locks. C37700 NR E 650–815 E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 80 S Forgings and pressings Excellent hot-working prop- of all kinds. Headings, erties and widely used as air-conditioning tube forging rod. At ordinary fittings, convertible top temperatures it is strong, hardware (latches, hard, and free-cutting. hinges, etc.), forged valve bodies. Copper or copper alloy UNS no. Approx- imate relative suitability for being worked* Approximate relative suitability* for being joined by Resistance welding Typical uses Characteristics Cold Hot Best temperature for hot working, ЊC Soldering Brazing Oxyacetylene welding Carbon arc welding Gas-shielded arc welding Coated-metal arc welding Spot Seam Butt Machinability ‡ Type of chip † TABLE 4.40 Fabrication Properties, Other Characteristics, and Typical Uses of Copper ( Continued ) 212 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 212 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C46400 F E 650–815 E E G F F NR G F G 30 L Aircraft turnbuckle Excellent hot and fair cold- C46500 F E 650–815 E E G F F NR G F G 30 L barrels and balls, cold working properties of C46600 F E 650–815 E E G F F NR G F G 30 L headed parts, forgings, somewhat higher strength, C46700 F E 650–815 E E G F F NR G F G 30 L screw-machine parts, good saltwater corrosion marine hardware, con- resistance. denser plates, welding rod, nozzles, and fittings. C51000 E NR — E E F G G F G F E 20 L Springs, bearings, clips, C51100 E NR — E E F G G F G F E 20 L contacts, switch parts, diaphragms, welding C51000 and C52100 have a rod, thermostats, bel- remarkable combination of lows, clutch disks, lock strength, ductility and washers, fasteners. resilience, and fatigue C52100 G NR — E E F G G F G F E 20 L Springs, clips, contacts, resistance. C52400 G NR — E E F G G F G F E 20 L terminal wire and bush- ings, diaphragms, and bellows. C54400 G NR — E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 80 S Bearings, bushings, Free-cutting, good cold- gears, pinions, shafts, working properties, also thrust washers, valve suitable for blanking, parts. forming, and bending. C60800 G F 790–870 F F NR — G G G G G 20 — Condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger tubes, ferrules. C61300 G G 785–925 F F NR G § G G G G 20 L Gibs, wear strips, Good cold-working prop- gears, bushings, nuts, erties and corrosion re- bolts, and threaded sistance. High strength members. and ductility. C61400 G G 785–925 F F NR G § G G G G 20 L Gibs, wear strips, Good cold-working prop- gears, bushings, nuts, erties and corrosion re- bolts, and threaded sistance. High strength members. and ductility. 213 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 213 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C61800 F G 760–885 F G NR — G G G G G 40 — Bushings, bearings, corrosion applications, welding rod. C62300 F G 730–815 F F NR G § G G G G 30 L Valve guides, spark Good hot-working proper- plug inserts, gears, ties; high strength re- valve seat inserts, oil tained well at elevated plugs, and shifter temperatures; acid and forks. oxidation resistant. C62400 NR E 720–775 F F NR G § G G G G 30 L Valve guides, spark plug Excellent hot-working, inserts, gears, valve seat poor cold-working proper - inserts, oil plugs, shifter ties; heat treated for high forks, wear strips, ball mechanical properties. bearings, and hydraulic valve components. C63000 NR G 705–760 F F NR G § G G G G 20 L Retractable landing Very high mechanical gear, propeller gears, properties in the heat- large valve seat in- treated condition; diffi- serts, spacer bearings, cult to cold work; good high-pressure pump hot-working properties, components. excellent corrosion resistance. C64200 NR E 705–760 F F NR — F F F F F 60 — Valve stems, gears, Free machining, high bolts, nuts, valve strength, high corrosion bodies, and components. resistance. Copper or copper alloy UNS no. Approx- imate relative suitability for being worked* Approximate relative suitability* for being joined by Resistance welding Typical uses Characteristics Cold Hot Best temperature for hot working, ЊC Soldering Brazing Oxyacetylene welding Carbon arc welding Gas-shielded arc welding Coated-metal arc welding Spot Seam Butt Machinability ‡ Type of chip † TABLE 4.40 Fabrication Properties, Other Characteristics, and Typical Uses of Copper ( Continued ) 214 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 214 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C65500 E E 705–760 G E G G E F E E E 30 L Hydraulic pressure Relatively high strength, lines, bolts, clamps, marked ductility and piston rings, rivets, capability for being both and shafting. hot- and cold-worked and joined by all procedures. Excellent corrosion resistance C67000 NR E 565–745 NR F NR NR § G G F G 30 S Diesel injector nozzles; High strength and good high pressure hydrau- wear-resistant properties. lic applications, cams, pistons, and other components involving high mechanical loads and sliding contact. C67300 F E 625–745 NR G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 70 S Forged water pump im- Hot-forgeable, free-cutting pellers; gears, axial alloy having fairly high piston pump compo- strength and good corro- nents, bushings, and sion-resistant properties. bearings. C67400 F E 565–745 NR F NR NR § G G F G 30 L Connecting rods, trans- Hot-forgeable, high- mission synchronizing strength alloy with good stop ring, door striker wear-resistant properties plates, shifter shoes, and good corrosion differential idler pins, resistance. forged water pump im- pellers, axial piston pump parts, bushings, and bearings. C67500 NR E 625–790 E E G F F NR G F G 30 L Clutch disks, pump rods, Strong, rigid, and abrasion shafting, balls, valve resistant; adopted to hot stems, and bodies. forging and pressing, hot heading, and upsetting. 215 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 215 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C70600 G G 760–980 E E F NR E G G G E 20 L Condenser and heat- Used where requirements exchanger tubes. are severe. Strong, tough, and very resistant to general corrosion as well as stress-corrosion cracking; also serviceable at higher temperatures than copper and brasses. Well suited for condenser and heat exchanger tube. C71000 G G 760–980 E E G NR E E E E E 20 L Condenser and heat- Copper Alloy UNS nos. exchanger tubes, C71000 and C71500 are ferrules. used where requirements C71500 G G 925–1035 E E G NR E E E E E 20 L Automatic oil coolers, are severe. Strong, tough, heat-exchanger tubes. and very resistant to gen- eral corrosion as well as stress-corrosion cracking; also serviceable at higher temperatures than copper and brasses. Well suited for condenser and heat- exchanger tube. Copper or copper alloy UNS no. Approx- imate relative suitability for being worked* Approximate relative suitability* for being joined by Resistance welding Typical uses Characteristics Cold Hot Best temperature for hot working, ЊC Soldering Brazing Oxyacetylene welding Carbon arc welding Gas-shielded arc welding Coated-metal arc welding Spot Seam Butt Machinability ‡ Type of chip † TABLE 4.40 Fabrication Properties, Other Characteristics, and Typical Uses of Copper ( Continued ) 216 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 216 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses C75200 E NR — E E G NR F NR G F G 20 L Rivets, screws, name Copper Alloy UNS nos. plates, radio dials, C75200 and C77000 are etching stock, trim. manufactured in a wide C77000 G NR — E E G NR F NR G F G 30 L Springs, resistance wire. range of nickel contents. Higher the nickel, the more silver white the alloy. 65% copper alloys have good cold-working properties and are used for cold drawing, spinning, forming, and stamping. The lower-copper-content *E = Excellent; G = Good; F = Fair; NR = Not recommended. † S = Short; M = Medium; L = Long. ‡ Approximate relative machinability rating (free-cutting brass = 100). § Consumable electrode excellent. Tungsten are good, with ac preferred. SOURCE: Reprinted with permission, copyright 1992, Society of Automotive Engineers. 217 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 217 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses TABLE 4.41 Mechanical Properties of Cast Copper Alloys Tensile strength, Yield strength, min min Copper ASTM MPa ksi Elongation, alloy SAE standard Casting method ‡,§ 0.5% ext. min, % UNS no.* suffix †,§ no. and condition MPa ksi under load in 50 mm (2 in) C83600 A B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 205 30 95 14 20 C83600 B B505 Continuous 250 36 130 19 15 C83600 C Continuous 345 50 170 15 12 C83800 A B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 205 30 90 13 20 C83800 B B505 Continuous 205 30 95 15 16 C85200 B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 240 35 85 12 25 C85400 B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 205 30 75 11 20 0.2% Offset C85800 B176 Die ¶ 380 55 205 30 15 C86200 B271, B505, B584 Sand, centrifugal, cont. 620 90 310 45 18 C86300 A B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 760 110 415 60 12 C86300 B B505 Continuous 760 110 425 62 14 C86500 A B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 450 65 170 25 20 C86500 B B505 Continuous 485 70 170 25 25 0.5% Ext. Under Load C87200 B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 310 45 125 18 20 C87400 B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 345 50 145 21 18 C87500 B271, B584 Sand, centrifugal 415 60 165 24 16 0.2% Offset C87800 B176 Die ¶ 585 85 345 50 25 C87900 B176 Die ¶ 485 70 240 35 25 218 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 218 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses [...]... B107 B91 43 75, 43 76, 43 77 — — — QQ-M -4 4 QQ-M-31 WW- T-825 QQ-M -4 0 M11610 AZ61A 520 Bar, rod, shapes Tube Wire (welding rod) Forgings B107 B107 — B91 43 50 43 50 — 43 58* QQ-M-31 WW- T-825 Mil-R-6 944 QQ-M -4 0 M11800 AZ80A 523 Bar, rod, shapes Forgings B107 B91 — 43 60* QQ-M-31 QQ-M -4 0 M 141 41 LA 141 A Sheet and plate B90 — — M13310 HK31A Sheet and plate B90 43 84, 43 85 Mil-M-26075 M13210 HM21A Sheet and plate Forgings... Forgings B90 — 43 83, 43 90 43 63 Mil-M-8917 QQ-M -4 0 M13312 HM31A Bar, rod, shapes — 43 88, 43 89 Mil-M-8916 M15100 M1A 522 Bar, rod, shapes Forgings B107 — — — QQ-M-31 QQ-M -4 0 M16100 ZE10A 5 34 Mil-M -4 6 037 M1 640 0 ZK40A M16600 ZK60A UNS ASTM and SAE Old SAE 507 Form 5 24 Sheet and plate B90 — Bar, rod, shapes B107 — — Bar, rod, shapes Tube Forgings B107 B107 B91 43 52 43 52 43 62 QQ-M-31 WW- T-825 QQ-M -4 0 * Noncurrent... Three-quarter hard Hard Extra hard Spring Extra spring Standard M20 H01 H02 H03 H 04 H06 H08 H10 M20 H01 H02 H03 H 04 H06 H08 H10 Temper designation 33 40 47 52 57 64 69 72 43 50 57 62 66 72 77 80 42 47 52 56 59 64 68 69 Max Max Min Max 290 325 355 385 40 5 44 0 47 0 47 5 — 20 40 50 57 64 68 69 — 48 56 61 64 70 73 74 230 275 325 355 395 44 0 47 5 49 5 295 345 395 42 5 45 5 49 5 530 550 — 27 50 59 65 72 76 78 — 52 63 68 72... 240 260 240 275 250 275 235 260 240 275 275 305 275 305 40 45 75 21 21 26 25 30 35 40 28 30 30 35 45 35 38 35 40 36 40 34 38 35 40 40 44 40 44 140 140 345 — 95 95 110 85 140 170 85 110 95 140 170 125 140 125 165 110 130 110 130 125 170 125 170 125 150 20 20 50 — 15 14 16 12 20 25 12 16 14 20 25 18 20 18 24 16 19 16 19 18 25 18 25 18 22 20 25 5 10 7 12 5 15 6 6 15 12 15 10 8 10 8 10 10 18 16 24 18 10... H 04 H06 H08 H10 M20 H01 H02 H03 H 04 H06 H08 H10 M20 H01 H02 H03 H 04 H06 H08 H10 40 49 55 62 68 79 86 90 50 59 65 72 78 89 95 99 — 38 59 69 76 83 87 88 — 61 70 76 82 87 90 91 350 40 5 46 0 510 560 635 690 715 — 40 60 72 79 85 89 91 — 61 74 79 84 89 92 94 275 340 380 42 5 47 0 545 595 620 345 40 5 45 0 49 5 540 615 655 685 — 40 57 70 76 83 87 88 — 61 71 77 82 87 90 91 Copper Alloy UNS No C26800 285 340 395 44 0... 44 0 49 0 570 625 655 Copper Alloy UNS No C26000 350 40 0 45 0 49 0 530 600 640 670 Copper Alloy UNS No C 240 00 285 330 380 42 0 47 0 540 585 615 — 44 60 73 78 85 89 90 — 44 63 75 81 87 90 92 — 42 62 72 78 85 89 90 — 65 74 80 84 89 92 93 — 65 77 82 86 91 93 95 — 65 73 79 84 89 92 93 — 43 54 65 68 73 75 76 — 43 56 65 70 74 76 77 — 42 56 63 68 72 75 76 — 57 64 69 72 75 77 78 — 57 66 70 73 76 78 79 — 57 64 68... 0.250–1 .49 9 1.500–2 .49 9 2.500 4. 999 Hollow shapes Tubes Bars, rods, shapes, and wire Bars, rods, shapes, and wire 0. 249 and under 0.250–1 .49 9 1.500–2 .49 9 0. 249 and under 0.250–2 .49 9 2.500 4. 999 39.0 40 .0 All All Bars, rods, shapes, and wire 38.0 30.0 32.0 32.0 All All 48 .0 45 .0 All All All 47 .0 All 36.0 36.0 32.0 All 0. 249 and under 0.250–2 .49 9 2.500 4. 999 32.0 32.0 35.0 34. 0 32.0 All All All All 6.000 and. .. 0.062–0.500 Bars, rods, shapes, and wire All Tubes All Bars, rods, shapes, and wire Hollow shapes 3.000 and under 3.001–8.500 3.000 and under 4. 999 and under All All 3.000 and under 4. 999 and under 5.000–39.999 6.000 and under 4. 999 and under All 44 .0 46 .0 46 .0 45 .0 40 .0 (303) (317) (317) (310) (276) (276) (296) 43 .0 40 .0 (296) (276) (276) (276) (193) (193) (200) 43 .0 40 .0 40 .0 40 .0 28.0 28.0 29.0 — b 33.0... Max Min Max 350 40 5 45 5 505 550 625 — 40 57 71 76 82 — 61 74 78 82 87 275 345 40 0 41 5 48 5 565 380 42 5 48 5 515 585 655 — 40 50 55 60 65 — 65 75 80 85 92 Copper Alloy UNS No C28000 285 340 385 43 5 48 5 560 Copper Alloy UNS No C27200 Min Tensile strength, MPa† — 45 52 55 60 65 — 44 60 74 78 85 Min — 70 80 82 87 90 — 65 76 81 84 89 Max Over 0.036 in (0.9 14 mm) — 45 50 52 55 60 — 43 54 64 67 71 Min — 65 70... page 248 .) Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 20 04 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 35 50 65 80 130 120 50 90 35 70 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 11 12 240 345 45 0 550 895 830 345 620 240 48 3 MPa 25 40 55 70 120 115 40 70 25 50 ksi 170 275 380 48 5 830 795 275 48 5 170 345 . (90–96%). furnace brazing. Elec- trical connectors, mo- tor and switch parts, soldering coppers, and welding torch tips. C 147 00 E E 760–870 E E NR NR NR NR NR NR G 80 S Transformer and circuit- Free -machining. together and ornamental work, with moderate cold- pump and power cylin- working properties. ders and liners. 211 Walsh CH 04 8/30/05 9:33 PM Page 211 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill. piercing, and machining. C36000 NR F 709–790 E G NR NR NR NR NR NR F 100 S Automatic screw-machine The standard free-cutting parts and carburetor, brass and its machinability magneto parts, radiator