139 Hot-work tool steels Chromium base types H11—Chromium-molybdenum-V Good Good Deep Good Good Fair Fair H12—Chromium-molybdenum-tungsten Good Good Deep Good Good Fair Fair H13—Chromium-molybdenum-VV Good Good Deep Good Good Fair Fair Tungsten base types H21—Tungsten Good Good Deep Good Good Fair Fair High-speed tool steels Tungsten base types T1—Tungsten 18-4-1 Good Good Deep Poor Good Good Fair T2—Tungsten 18-4-2 Good Good Deep Poor Good Good Fair T4—Cobalt-tungsten 18-4-1-5 Good Fair Deep Poor Best Good Fair T5—Cobalt-tungsten 18-4-2-8 Good Fair Deep Poor Best Good Fair T8—Cobalt-tungsten 14-4-2-5 Good Fair Deep Poor Best Good Fair Molybdenum base types M1—Molybdenum 8-2-1 Good Fair Deep Poor Good Good Fair M2—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-2 Good Fair Deep Poor Good Good Fair M3—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-3 Good Fair Deep Poor Good Best Fair M4—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-4 Good Fair Deep Poor Good Best Fair Special-purpose tool steels Low-alloy types L6—Nickel-chromium Fair Good Medium Fair Poor Fair Fair L7—Chromium Fair Good Medium Fair Poor Good Fair * These are intended to emphasize major differences between the groups of steels and do not account for the minor dif- ferences in depths of hardening that exist between steels of the same group. This is particularly true of the water -hard- ening W steels which are frequently furnished with varying degrees of hardenability as listed in T able 4.19. † Toughness decreases somewhat with increasing depth of hardening. ‡ W as shown here indicates water quench. O as shown here indicates oil quench. SOURCE: Reprinted with permission, copyright 1992, Society of Automotive Engineers. Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 139 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 140 TABLE 4.19 Approximate Comparison of Tool and Die Steels on the Basis of Some Heat-T reating Characteristics Hardness Hardness Decarburization Preheat Hardening after Tempering after (prevention of Quench temperature, temperature quenching, temperature tempering, during heat SAE steel designation medium ЊF range, ЊF* Rockwell C range, ЊF* Rockwell C treatment) Water-hardening tool steel W108 Water — † 1420–1450 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ W109 Water — † 1420–1450 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ W110 Water — † 1420–1450 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ W112 Water — † 1420–1500 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ W209 Water — † 1420–1500 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ W210 Water — † 1420–1500 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ W310 Water — † 1420–1500 65–67 350–525 65–56 — ‡ Shock-resisting tool steels S1—Chromium-tungsten Oil 1200–1300 1650–1800 57–59 300–1000 57–45 — § S2—Silicon-molybdenum Water — † 1550–1575 60–62 300–500 60–54 — ‡ Oil — † 1600–1625 58–60 300–500 58–54 — ‡ S5—Silicon-manganese Water — † 1550–1600 60–62 300–650 60–54 — ‡ Oil — † 1600–1675 58–60 300–650 58–54 — ‡ Cold-work tool steels Oil-hardening types O1—Low manganese Oil — † 1450–1500 63–65 300–800 62–50 — ‡ O2—High manganese Oil — † 1420–1450 63–65 375–500 62–57 — ‡ O6—Molybdenum graphitic Oil — † 1450–1500 63–65 300–800 63–50 — ‡ Medium-alloy air-hardening types A2—5% Chromium air hard Air 1200–1300 1725–1775 61–63 400–700 60–57 — § High-carbon–high-chromium types D2—High-carbon–high-chromium Air 1200–1300 1800–1875 61–63 400–700 60–58 — § D3—High-carbon–high-chromium Oil 1200–1300 1750–1800 62–64 400–700 62–58 — § D5—High-carbon–high-chromium-cobalt Air 1200–1300 1800–1875 60–62 400–700 59–57 — § D7—High-carbon–high-chromium–high-vanadium Air 1200–1300 1850–1950 63–65 Ά 300–500 Ά 65–63 — § 850–1000 62–58 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 140 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 141 Hot-work tool steels Chromium base types H11—Chromium-molybdenum-V Air 1450–1500 1825–1875 53–55 1000–1100 51–43 — § H12—Chromium-molybdenum-tungsten Oil, Air 1450–1500 1800–1900 53–55 1000–1100 51–43 — § H13—Chromium-molybdenum-VV Air 1400–1450 1825–1875 53–55 1000–1100 51–43 — § Tungsten base types H21—Tungsten Oil, Air 1500–1550 2100–2150 50–52 950–1150 50–47 — § High-speed tool steels Tungsten base types T1—Tungsten 18-4-1 Oil, air, salt 1500–1550 2300–2375 63–65 1025–1100 65–63 — § T2—Tungsten 18-4-2 Oil, air, salt 1500–1550 2300–2375 63–65 1025–1100 65–63 — § T4—Cobalt-tungsten 18-4-1-5 Oil, air, salt 1500–1550 2300–2375 63–65 1025–1100 65–63 — § T5—Cobalt-tungsten 18-4-2-8 Oil, air, salt 1500–1550 2300–2400 63–65 1050–1100 65–63 — § T8—Cobalt-tungsten 14-4-2-5 Oil, air, salt 1500–1550 2300–2375 63–65 1025–1100 65–63 — § Molybdenum base types M1—Molybdenum 8-2-1 Oil, air, salt 1400–1500 2150–2250 63–65 1025–1050 65–63 — § M2—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-2 Oil, air, salt 1450–1500 2175–2250 63–65 1025–1075 65–63 — § M3—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-3 Oil, air, salt 1450–1500 2150–2225 63–65 1025–1075 65–63 — § M4—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-4 Oil, air, salt 1450–1500 2150–2225 63–65 1025–1075 65–63 — § Special-purpose tool steels Low-alloy types L6—Nickel-chromium Oil — † 1500–1600 62–64 400–800 62–48 — ‡ L7—Chromium Oil — † 1525–1550 63–65 350–500 62–60 — ‡ * The purpose of these columns is to show the usual ranges of temperature employed in hardening and tempering and is not to be used as a specification. † For large tools and tools having intricate sections, preheating at 1050 to 1200 ЊF is recommended. ‡ Use moderately oxidizing atmosphere in furnace or a suitable neutral salt bath. § Use protective pack from which volatile matter has been removed, carefully balanced neutral salt bath, or atmosphere controlled furnaces. In the latter case, the furnace atmosphere should be in equilibrium with the carbon content of the steel being treated. Furnace atmosphere dew point is considered a reliable method for measuring and controlling this equilibrium. SOURCE: Reprinted with permission, copyright 1992, Society of Automotive Engineers. Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 141 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 142 TABLE 4.20 Forging, Normalizing, and Annealing Treatments of Tool and Die Steels Forging † Normalizing ‡ Annealing § Maximum Heat Start Do not Heat rate of Approximate slowly forging forge slowly Hold cooling, Brinell Approximate SAE steel designation* to at below to at Temperature ЊF/h hardness Rockwell B Water-hardening tool steels W108 1450 1800–1950 1500 1450 1500 1400–1450 75 159–202 84–94 W109 1450 1800–1950 1500 1450 1500 1375–1425 75 159–202 84–94 W110 1450 1800–1900 1500 1450 1550 1400–1450 75 159–202 84–94 W112 1450 1800–1900 1500 1450 1625 1400–1450 75 159–202 84–94 W209 1450 1800–1950 1500 1450 1500 1375–1425 75 159–202 84–94 W210 1450 1800–1900 1500 1450 1550 1400–1450 75 159–202 84–94 W310 1450 1800–1900 1500 1450 1550 1400–1450 75 159–202 84–94 Shock-resisting tool steels S1—Chromium-tungsten 1500 1800–2000 1600 Do not normalize 1450–1500 50 192–235 92–99 S2—Silicon-molybdenum 1500 1900–2100 1600 1500 1650 1400–1450 50 192–229 92–98 S5—Silicon-manganese 1500 1900–2050 1600 1500 1600 1400–1450 50 192–229 92–98 Cold-work tool steels Oil-hardening types O1—Low manganese 1500 1750–1900 1550 1500 1600 1425–1475 50 183–212 90–96 O2—High manganese 1500 1750–1900 1550 1500 1550 1375–1425 50 183–212 90–96 O6—Molybdenum graphitic 1500 1750–1900 1500 1500 1625 1425–1475 20 183–217 90–96 Medium-alloy air-hardening types A2—5% Chromium air hard 1600 1850–2000 1650 Do not normalize 1550–1600 40 202–229 94–98 High-carbon–high-chromium types D2—High-carbon–high- 1650 1850–2000 1650 Do not normalize 1600–1650 40 207–255 95–102 chromium (air) D3—High-carbon–high- 1650 1850–2000 1650 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 212–255 96–102 chromium (oil) D5—High-carbon–high- 1600 1850–2000 1650 Do not normalize 1600–1650 40 207–255 95–102 chromium-cobalt D7—High-carbon–high- 1650 2050–2125 1800 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 235–262 99–103 chromium–high-vanadium Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 142 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 143 Hot-work tool steels Chromium base types H11—Chromium-molybdenum-V 1650 1950–2100 1650 Do not normalize 1550–1600 50 192–229 92–98 H12—Chromium-molybdenum- 1650 1950–2100 1650 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 192–229 92–98 tungsten H13—Chromium-molybdenum-VV 1650 1950–2100 1650 Do not normalize 1550–1600 50 192–229 92–98 Tungsten base types H21—Tungsten 1600 2000–2150 1650 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 202–235 94–99 High-speed tool steels Tungsten base types T1—Tungsten 18-4-1 1600 1950–2100 1750 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 217–255 96–102 T2—Tungsten 18-4-2 1600 2000–2150 1750 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 223–255 97–102 T4—Cobalt-tungsten 18-4-1-5 1600 2000–2150 1750 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 229–255 98–102 T5—Cobalt-tungsten 18-4-2-8 1600 2000–2150 1800 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 248–293 102–106 T8—Cobalt-tungsten 14-4-2-5 1600 2000–2150 1750 Do not normalize 1600–1650 50 229–255 98–102 Molybdenum base types M1—Molybdenum 8-2-1 1500 1900–2050 1700 Do not normalize 1525–1600 50 207–248 95–102 M2—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-2 1500 1950–2100 1700 Do not normalize 1550–1625 50 217–248 96–102 M3—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-3 1500 2000–2150 1700 Do not normalize 1550–1625 50 223–255 97–102 M4—Molybdenum-tungsten 6-6-4 1500 2000–2150 1700 Do not normalize 1550–1625 50 229–255 98–102 Special-purpose tool steels Low-alloy types L6—Nickel-chromium 1500 1800–2000 1600 1550 1650 1400–1450 50 183–212 90–96 L7—Chromium 1500 1800–2000 1550 1550 1650 1450–1500 50 174–212 88–96 * These tool and die steels are the same as those listed in T able 4.18. † The temperature at which to start forging is given as a range, the higher side of which should be used for large sections and heavy or rapid reductions and the lower side for smaller sections and lighter reductions. As the alloy content of the steel increases, the time of soaking at forging temperature increases proportionately . Like- wise, as the alloy content increases, it becomes necessary to cool slowly from the forg- ing temperature. With very high alloy steels, such as high speed or air hardening steels, this slow cooling is imperative in order to prevent cracking and to leave the steel in a semisoft condition. Either furnace cooling or burying in an insulating medium, such as lime, mica, or silocel, is satisfactory. ‡ The length of time the steel is held after being uniformly heated through at the nor- malizing temperature varies from about 15 min for a small section to about 1 h for large sizes. Cooling from the normalizing temperature is done in still air . The purpose of nor- malizing after forging is to refine the grain structure and to produce a uniform struc- ture throughout the forging. Normalizing should not be confused with low temperature (about 1200ЊF) annealing used for the relief of residual stresses resulting from heavy machining, bending, and forming. § The annealing temperature is given as a range, the upper limit of which should be used for large sections and the lower limit for smaller sections. The length of time the steel is held after being uniformly heated through at the annealing temperature varies from about 1 h for light sections and small furnace charges of carbon or low alloy steel to about 4 hr for heavy sections and large furnace charges of high alloy steel. For information on the forging and heat treating of tool steels, see ASM Handbook, 1948 edition, pp. 653–655. SOURCE: Reprinted with permission, copyright 1992, Society of Automotive Engi- neers. Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 143 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 144 TABLE 4.21 Approximate Equivalent Hardness Numbers* for Brinell Hardness Numbers † for Steel Brinell hardness no., † Rockwell superficial 10-mm ball, hardness no., superficial 3000-kg load Rockwell hardness no. † Brale penetrator B-scale, A-scale, 100-kg C-scale, D-scale, Tensile 60-kg load, 150-kg 100-kg 15-N 30-N 45-N Shore strength Brinell Tungsten- Vickers load, 1.6-mm load, load, scale, scale, scale, scleroscope (approximate) Brinell indentation Standard carbide hardness Brale ( 1 ⁄16-in) Brale Brale 15-kg 30-kg 45-kg hardness in MPa indentation dia, mm ball ball no. penetrator dia ball penetrator penetrator load load load no. (1000 psi) dia, mm Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12 Col. 13 Col. 14 — — — 940 85.6 — 68.0 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97 — — — — — 920 85.3 — 67.5 76.5 93.0 84.0 74.8 96 — — — — — 900 85.0 — 67.0 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95 — — — — (767) 880 84.7 — 66.4 75.7 92.7 83.1 73.6 93 — — — — (757) 860 84.4 — 65.9 75.3 92.5 82.7 73.1 92 — — 2.25 — (745) 840 84.1 — 65.3 74.8 92.3 82.2 72.2 91 — 2.25 — — (733) 820 83.8 — 64.7 74.3 92.1 81.7 71.8 90 — — — — (722) 800 83.4 — 64.0 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 88 — — 2.30 — (712) — — — — — — — — — — 2.30 — — (710) 780 83.0 — 63.3 73.3 91.5 80.4 70.2 87 — — — — (698) 760 82.6 — 62.5 72.6 91.2 79.7 69.4 86 — — — — (684) 740 82.2 — 61.8 72.1 91.0 79.1 68.6 — — — 2.35 — (682) 737 82.2 — 61.7 72.0 91.0 79.0 68.5 84 — 2.35 — — (670) 720 81.8 — 61.0 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 83 — — — — (656) 700 81.3 — 60.1 70.8 90.3 77.6 66.7 — — — 2.40 — (653) 697 81.2 — 60.0 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.5 81 — 2.40 — — (647) 690 81.1 — 59.7 70.5 90.1 77.2 66.2 — — — — — (638) 680 80.8 — 59.2 70.1 89.8 76.8 65.7 80 — — — — 630 670 80.6 — 58.8 69.8 89.7 76.4 65.3 — — — 2.45 — 627 667 80.5 — 58.7 69.7 89.6 76.3 65.1 79 — 2.45 Ά ——677 80.7 — 59.1 70.0 89.8 76.8 65.7 ——2.50 2.50 — 601 640 79.8 — 57.3 68.7 89.0 75.1 63.5 77 — · Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 144 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 145 Ά ——640 79.8 — 57.3 68.7 89.0 75.1 63.5 —— · 2.55 2.55 — 578 615 79.1 — 56.0 67.7 88.4 73.9 62.1 75 — Ά ——607 78.8 — 55.6 67.4 88.1 73.5 61.6 ——2.60 2.60 — 555 591 78.4 — 54.7 66.7 87.8 72.7 60.6 73 2055 (298) · Ά ——579 78.0 — 54.0 66.1 87.5 72.0 59.8 — 2015 (292) 2.65 2.65 — 534 569 77.8 — 53.5 65.8 87.2 71.6 59.2 71 1985 (288) · Ά ——553 77.1 — 52.5 65.0 86.7 70.7 58.0 — 1915 (278) 2.70 2.70 — 514 547 76.9 — 52.1 64.7 86.5 70.3 57.6 70 1890 (274) · (495) — 539 76.7 — 51.6 64.3 86.3 69.9 56.9 — 1855 (269) 2.75 Ά ——530 76.4 — 51.1 63.9 86.0 69.5 56.2 — 1825 (265) · 2.75 — 495 528 76.3 — 51.0 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 68 1820 (264) (477) — 516 75.9 — 50.3 63.2 85.6 68.7 55.2 — 1780 (258) 2.80 Ά ——508 75.6 — 49.6 62.7 85.3 68.2 54.5 — 1740 (252) · 2.80 — 477 508 75.6 — 49.6 62.7 85.3 68.2 54.5 66 1740 (252) (461) — 495 75.1 — 48.8 61.9 84.9 67.4 53.5 — 1680 (244) 2.85 Ά ——491 74.9 — 48.5 61.7 84.7 67.2 53.2 — 1670 (242) · 2.85 — 461 491 74.9 — 48.5 61.7 84.7 67.2 53.2 65 1670 (242) 444 — 474 74.3 — 47.2 61.0 84.1 66.0 51.7 — 1595 (231) 2.90 Ά ——472 74.2 — 47.1 60.8 84.0 65.8 51.5 — 1585 (230) · 2.90 — 444 472 74.2 — 47.1 60.8 84.0 65.8 51.5 63 1585 (230) 2.95 429 429 455 73.4 — 45.7 59.7 83.4 64.6 49.9 61 1510 (219) 2.95 3.00 415 415 440 72.8 — 44.5 58.8 82.8 63.5 48.4 59 1460 (212) 3.00 3.05 401 401 425 72.0 — 43.1 57.8 82.0 62.3 46.9 58 1390 (202) 3.05 3.10 388 388 410 71.4 — 41.8 56.8 81.4 61.1 45.3 56 1330 (193) 3.10 3.15 375 375 396 70.6 — 40.4 55.7 80.6 59.9 43.6 54 1270 (184) 3.15 3.20 363 363 383 70.0 — 39.1 54.6 80.0 58.7 42.0 52 1220 (177) 3.20 3.25 352 352 372 69.3 (110.0) 37.9 53.8 79.3 57.6 40.5 51 1180 (171) 3.25 3.30 341 341 360 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 52.8 78.6 56.4 39.1 50 1130 (164) 3.30 3.35 331 331 350 68.1 (108.5) 35.5 51.9 78.0 55.4 37.8 48 1095 (159) 3.35 3.40 321 321 339 67.5 (108.0) 34.3 51.0 77.3 54.3 36.4 47 1060 (154) 3.40 3.45 311 311 328 66.9 (107.5) 33.1 50.0 76.7 53.3 34.4 46 1025 (149) 3.45 3.50 302 302 319 66.3 (107.0) 32.1 49.3 76.1 52.2 33.8 45 1005 (146) 3.50 3.55 293 293 309 65.7 (106.0) 30.9 48.3 75.5 51.2 32.4 43 970 (141) 3.55 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 145 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 146 TABLE 4.21 Approximate Equivalent Hardness Numbers* for Brinell Hardness Numbers † for Steel ( Continued ) Brinell hardness no., † Rockwell superficial 10-mm ball, hardness no., superficial 3000-kg load Rockwell hardness no. † Brale penetrator B-scale, A-scale, 100-kg C-scale, D-scale, Tensile 60-kg load, 150-kg 100-kg 15-N 30-N 45-N Shore strength Brinell Tungsten- Vickers load, 1.6-mm load, load, scale, scale, scale, scleroscope (approximate) Brinell indentation Standard carbide hardness Brale ( 1 ⁄16-in) Brale Brale 15-kg 30-kg 45-kg hardness in MPa indentation dia, mm ball ball no. penetrator dia ball penetrator penetrator load load load no. (1000 psi) dia, mm Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12 Col. 13 Col. 14 3.60 285 285 301 65.3 (105.5) 29.9 47.6 75.0 50.3 31.2 — 950 (138) 3.60 3.65 277 277 292 64.6 (104.5) 28.8 46.7 74.4 49.3 29.9 41 925 (134) 3.65 3.70 269 269 284 64.1 (104.0) 27.6 45.9 73.7 48.3 28.5 40 895 (130) 3.70 3.75 262 262 276 63.6 (103.0) 26.6 45.0 73.1 47.3 27.3 39 875 (127) 3.75 3.80 255 255 269 63.0 (102.0) 25.4 44.2 72.5 46.2 26.0 38 850 (123) 3.80 3.85 248 248 261 62.5 (101.0) 24.2 43.2 71.7 45.1 24.5 37 825 (120) 3.85 3.90 241 241 253 61.8 100.0 22.8 42.0 70.9 43.9 22.8 36 800 (116) 3.90 3.95 235 235 247 61.4 99.0 21.7 41.4 70.3 42.9 21.5 35 785 (114) 3.95 4.00 229 229 241 60.8 98.2 20.5 40.5 69.7 41.9 20.1 34 765 (111) 4.00 4.05 223 223 234 — 97.3 (18.8) — — — — — — 4.05 4.10 217 217 228 — 96.4 (17.5) — — — — 33 725 (105) 4.10 4.15 212 212 222 — 95.5 (16.0) — — — — — 705 (102) 4.15 4.20 207 207 218 — 94.6 (15.2) — — — — 32 690 (100) 4.20 4.25 201 201 212 — 93.8 (13.8) — — — — 31 675 (98) 4.25 4.30 197 197 207 — 92.8 (12.7) — — — — 30 655 (95) 4.30 4.35 192 192 202 — 91.9 (11.5) — — — — 29 640 (93) 4.35 4.40 187 187 196 — 90.7 (10.0) — — — — — 620 (90) 4.40 4.45 183 183 192 — 90.0 (9.0) — — — — 28 615 (89) 4.45 4.50 179 179 188 — 89.0 (8.0) — — — — 27 600 (87) 4.50 4.55 174 174 182 — 87.8 (6.4) — — — — — 585 (85) 4.55 4.60 170 170 178 — 86.8 (5.4) — — — — 26 570 (83) 4.60 4.65 167 167 175 — 86.0 (4.4) — — — — — 560 (81) 4.65 4.70 163 163 171 — 85.0 (3.3) — — — — 25 545 (79) 4.70 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 146 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 147 4.80 156 156 163 — 82.9 (0.9) — — — — — 525 (76) 4.80 4.90 149 149 156 — 80.8 — — — — — 23 505 (73) 4.90 5.00 143 143 150 — 78.7 — — — — — 22 490 (71) 5.00 5.10 137 137 143 — 76.4 — — — — — 21 460 (67) 5.10 5.20 131 131 137 — 74.0 — — — — — — 450 (65) 5.20 5.30 126 126 132 — 72.0 — — — — — 20 435 (63) 5.30 5.40 121 121 127 — 69.8 — — — — — 19 415 (60) 5.40 5.50 116 116 122 — 67.6 — — — — — 18 400 (58) 5.50 5.60 111 111 117 — 65.7 — — — — — 15 385 (56) 5.60 * This table corresponds to the table in ASM Metals Handbook, 8th Edition, V ol. 1, page 1235. It has been modified to add met- ric equivalents for approximate tensile strength values and to indicate Brinell hardness values that are beyond the recommended range for this test. † Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are given for information only . SOURCE: Reprinted with permission, copyright 1992, Society of Automotive Engineers. Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 147 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 148 TABLE 4.22 Approximate Equivalent Hardness Numbers* for Rockwell C Hardness Numbers for Steel Brinell hardness no., † Rockwell superficial 10-mm ball, hardness no., superficial 3000-kg load Rockwell hardness no. † Brale penetrator B-scale, A-scale, 100-kg D-scale, Tensile Rockwell 60-kg load, 100-kg 15-N 30-N 45-N Shore strength Rockwell C-scale Vickers Tungsten- load, 1.6-mm load, scale, scale, scale, scleroscope (approximate) C-scale hardness hardness Standard carbide Brale ( 1 ⁄16-in) Brale 15-kg 30-kg 45-kg hardness in MPa hardness no. † no. ball ball penetrator dia ball penetrator load load load no. (1000 psi) no. † Col. 1 Col. 2 Col. 3 Col. 4 Col. 5 Col. 6 Col. 7 Col. 8 Col. 9 Col. 10 Col. 11 Col. 12 Col. 13 68 940 ——85.6 — 76.9 93.2 84.4 75.4 97 — 68 67 900 ——85.0 — 76.1 92.9 83.6 74.2 95 — 67 66 865 ——84.5 — 75.4 92.5 82.8 73.3 92 — 66 65 832 — (739) 83.9 — 74.5 92.2 81.9 72.0 91 — 65 64 800 — (722) 83.4 — 73.8 91.8 81.1 71.0 88 — 64 63 772 — (705) 82.8 — 73.0 91.4 80.1 69.9 87 — 63 62 746 — (688) 82.3 — 72.2 91.1 79.3 68.8 85 — 62 61 720 — (670) 81.8 — 71.5 90.7 78.4 67.7 83 — 61 60 697 — (654) 81.2 — 70.7 90.2 77.5 66.6 81 — 60 59 674 — (634) 80.7 — 69.9 89.8 76.6 65.5 80 — 59 58 653 — 615 80.1 — 69.2 89.3 75.7 64.3 78 — 58 57 633 — 595 79.6 — 68.5 88.9 74.8 63.2 76 — 57 56 613 — 577 79.0 — 67.7 88.3 73.9 62.0 75 — 56 55 595 — 560 78.5 — 66.9 87.9 73.0 60.9 74 2075 (301) 55 54 577 — 543 78.0 — 66.1 87.4 72.0 59.8 72 2015 (292) 54 53 560 — 525 77.4 — 65.4 86.9 71.2 58.6 71 1950 (283) 53 52 544 (500) 512 76.8 — 64.6 86.4 70.2 57.4 69 1880 (273) 52 51 528 (487) 496 76.3 — 63.8 85.9 69.4 56.1 68 1820 (264) 51 50 513 (475) 481 75.9 — 63.1 85.5 68.5 55.0 67 1760 (255) 50 49 498 (464) 469 75.2 — 62.1 85.0 67.6 53.8 66 1695 (246) 49 48 484 451 455 74.7 — 61.4 84.5 66.7 52.5 64 1635 (237) 48 47 471 442 443 74.1 — 60.8 83.9 65.8 51.4 63 1580 (229) 47 46 458 432 432 73.6 — 60.0 83.5 64.8 50.3 62 1530 (222) 46 45 446 421 421 73.1 — 59.2 83.0 64.0 49.0 60 1480 (215) 45 44 434 409 409 72.5 — 58.5 82.5 63.1 47.8 58 1435 (208) 44 Walsh CH04 8/30/05 9:32 PM Page 148 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses [...]... Characteristics, and Uses 170 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 32 8.0 33 2.0 33 3.0 33 6.0 33 9.0 35 4.0 35 5.0 C355.0 35 6.0 A356.0 35 7.0 A357.0 35 9.0 36 0.0 A360.0 38 0.0 A380.0 38 3.0 38 4.0 A 032 80 A 033 20 A 033 30 A 033 60 A 033 90 A 035 40 A 035 50... 2 036 -T4 2 038 -T4 2117-T4 30 0 2-0 30 0 3- H14, H24 30 0 4-0 -H32 500 5-0 505 2-0 -H32 -H34 50 8 3- H321, H116 5086-H32 -H34 -H112 518 2-0 -0 2 5252-H25 545 4-0 -H32 -H34 5457-H25 5657-H25 6009-T4 6010-T4 35 275 32 5 195 170 165 40 145 70 170 40 90 195 215 230 205 255 130 130 125 170 115 205 240 160 140 125 165 Yield 0.2% offset, MPa Strength Tension 35 20k 20 24 25 24k 33 8 20 10 25 25 12 10 14k 12 10 14 21 23 11 22 10 10...4 23 412 402 34 5 33 6 32 7 31 8 31 0 30 2 294 286 279 272 266 260 254 248 2 43 238 230 222 2 13 204 196 188 180 1 73 166 160 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 (18) (16) (14) (12) (10) (8) (6) (4) (2) (0) 187 179 171 165 158 152 226 219 212 2 03 194 2 53 247 2 43 237 231 187 179 171 165 158 152 226 219 212 2 03 194 2 53 247 2 43 237 231 286 279 271 264 258 32 7 31 9 31 1 30 1 294 37 1 36 2 35 3... 516–585 516–585 538 –566 538 –566 — 538 –596 546–621 546–621 546–621 546–621 546–621 546–621 546–621 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 557–6 13 5 63 602 557–596 557–596 538 –5 93 538 –5 93 516–582 516–582 30 — 26 26 29 29 35 29 — — 32 43 36 36 42 39 36 37 — 43 39 40 — — 39 — — 39 39 35 — 29 23 — 23 23 121 — 104 104 117 117 138 117 — 117 125 167 142 142 1 63 151 142 146... 20–100ЊC per ЊC 13. 7 13. 7 — 13. 4 13. 4 13. 4 13. 4 13. 4 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 13. 1 13. 6 13. 6 13. 6 13. 6 13. 8 13. 8 13. 8 13. 8 13. 3 13. 3 13. 3 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 — — 68–572ЊF per ЊF Coeff of thermal expan., × 10−6 24.7 24.7 — 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 24.1 23. 6 23. 6 23. 6 23. 6 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.8 24.8 24.8 24.8 23. 9 23. 9 23. 9 22.9 22.9 22.9 22.9 — — 20 30 0ЊC per ЊC Walsh CH04 8 /30 /05 9 :32 PM Page 170 Materials: Physical... 46 44 43 1250 (181) 1215 (176) 1180 (171) 1160 (168) 1115 (162) 57 56 55 (10) (8) (6) (4) (2) (0) 20 (18) (16) (14) (12) 25 24 23 22 21 30 29 28 27 26 35 34 33 32 31 40 39 38 37 36 43 42 41 9 :32 PM 286 279 271 264 258 32 7 31 9 31 1 30 1 294 37 1 36 2 35 3 34 4 33 6 400 39 0 38 1 8 /30 /05 * The values in this table shown in boldface type correspond to the values shown in the corresponding joint SAE-ASM-ASTM Committee... 596– 638 585–629 585–629 596–646 6 13 649 5 93 638 ЊC Approximate melting range§ — 25 — — — — 31 37 37 41 35 21 23 25 25 — 35 35 30 Elec cond., % IACS — 134 — — — — 121 146 142 159 138 88 96 104 104 — 138 138 121 Therm cond., W/(m и K) — 10.0 10.0 10.0 — 11.9† 11.9† 12 .3 12.9† 12.1 13. 4 13. 7 13. 1 13. 1 13. 2 13. 2 13. 4 13. 7 13. 4‡ 68–212ЊF per ЊF — 18.0 18.0 18.0 — 21.4† 21.4† 22.1 23. 2† 21.8 24.1 24.7 23. 6 23. 6... ЊF 535 –650 535 –650 542–650 521–627 521–627 521–627 521–627 521–627 518–624 518–624 518–624 518–624 532 – 635 532 – 635 532 – 635 532 – 635 521–6 43 521–6 43 521–6 43 521–6 43 521– 632 521– 632 521– 632 516–604 516–604 516–604 516–604 — — ЊC Approximate melting range§ Typical Physical Properties of SAE Casting Alloys UNS Alloy TABLE 4 .33 30 30 — 31 — — — — — — 33 — — 34 — 38 — 35 — — — 33 — 27 — — — — — Elec cond.,... 12.0 12.0 — 12.7 13. 7 13. 7 13. 7 13. 7 13. 7 13. 7 13. 7 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.9 12.7 — — — — — — 23. 2 23. 2 22 .3 22 .3 22 .3 22 .3 22 .3 21.6 21.6 — 22.9 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 24.7 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 23. 2 22.9 — — — — — — Walsh CH04 8 /30 /05 9 :32 PM Page 171 Materials: Physical Properties, Characteristics, and Uses 171 Downloaded from Digital... and Uses 1 73 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies All rights reserved Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website 35 5.0 C355.0 35 6.0 A356.0 35 7.0 A357.0 35 9.0 A390.0 B4 43. 0 A444.0 514.0 A 335 50 A 035 60 A 135 60 A 035 70 A 135 70 A 035 90 A 139 00 B24 430 A14440 A05140 ANSI A 035 50 UNS T51 T6 T7 T71 . Leaded version of 1215 used for screw- machine parts. Can be case-hardened. 150 Chapter Four Walsh CH04 8 /30 /05 9 :32 PM Page 150 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright. pitting and most chemicals. Used for paper-mill machinery parts and photographic industry parts and containers. High- temperature strength. 31 6 L. Low-carbon version of 31 6 that is welded more easily without. Poor Good Good Fair T2—Tungsten 1 8-4 -2 Good Good Deep Poor Good Good Fair T4—Cobalt-tungsten 1 8-4 - 1-5 Good Fair Deep Poor Best Good Fair T5—Cobalt-tungsten 1 8-4 - 2-8 Good Fair Deep Poor Best Good