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To Guess or Not to Guess If you aren’t sure about the answer to a question, should you guess? In most cases, the answer is yes. While it’s true you’re penalized a quarter of a point for an incorrect answer, if you can eliminate even one incor- rect answer, it is to your advantage to guess. 21 absolute word such as always,never,all,or none included within an answer. While it is possible to find a correct answer that uses such an absolute, if you are unsure, it is wise to avoid an answer that uses one of these words. In Chapters 3–5, you will learn how to identify other types of distracters and eliminate them from your answer choices.  The Endgame Your routine in the last week before the test should vary from your study routine of the preceding weeks. The Final Week Saturday morning, one week before you take the SAT, is a good time for your final practice test. Then, use your next few days to wrap up any loose ends. This week is also the time to read back over your notes on test-taking tips and techniques. This final week, however, it’s a good idea to actu- ally cut back on your study schedule. Cramming on vocabulary words and math concepts now will only make you feel less prepared and more anxious. Anxi- ety is your enemy when it comes to test taking. It’s also your enemy when it comes to restful sleep, and it’s extremely important that you be well-rested and relaxed on test day. During that last week before the exam, make sure you know where you’re taking the test. If it’s an unfa- miliar place, drive there so you will know how long it takes to get there, how long it will take to park, and how long you can expect to walk from the parking lot to the building where you will take the SAT. You should do this to avoid a last-minute rush to the test, causing unnecessary anxiety. Be sure you get adequate exercise during this last week. It will help you sleep soundly, and exercise also helps rid your body and mind of the effects of anxiety. Don’t tackle any new physical skills, though, or overdo any old ones. You don’t want to be sore and uncom- fortable on test day! Check to see that your test admission ticket and your personal identification are in order and easily located. Go out and buy new batteries for your calcu- lator, and put them in. The Day Before It’s the day before the SAT. Here are some do’s and don’ts: Do: 1. Relax! 2. Find something amusing to do the night before—watch a good movie, have dinner with a friend, or read a good book. 3. Get some light exercise. Walk, dance, or swim. 4. Get together everything you need for the test: admission ticket, ID, #2 pencils, calculator, watch, bottle of water, and snacks. 5. Practice your visualization of succeeding on the SAT. 6. Go to bed early. Get a good night’s sleep. Don’t: 1. Do not study. You’ve prepared. Now relax. 2. Don’t party. Keep it low key. 3. Don’t eat anything unusual or adventurous— save it for another time! 5658 SAT2006[02](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:41 PM Page 21 4. Don’t try any unusual or adventurous activity— save it, too, for another time! 5. Don’t allow yourself to get into an emotional exchange with anyone—a parent, a sibling, a friend, or a significant other. If someone starts something, remind him or her you are taking the SAT tomorrow and need to postpone the discus- sion so you can focus on the exam. Test Day On the day of the test, get up early enough to allow yourself extra time to get ready. Set your alarm and ask a family member or friend to make sure you are up. Eat a light, healthy breakfast, even if you usually don’t eat in the morning. If you don’t normally drink coffee, don’t do it today. If you do normally have cof- fee, have one cup. More than that may make you jittery today. If you plan to take snacks for the break, take something healthy. Nuts and raisins are a great source of long-lasting energy. Stay away from cookies and candy during the exam. Remember to take water. Give yourself plenty of time to get to the test site and avoid a last-minute rush. Plan to get to the test room ten to fifteen minutes early. Once the exam begins, keep an eye on the time. Remember not to spend too long on questions you don’t understand. Mark them (in your test booklet, not your answer sheet) so you can come back to them if there’s time. Check periodically (every five to ten ques- tions) to make sure you are transposing correctly. Look at the question number, and then check your answer sheet to see that you are marking the bubble by that question number. If you find yourself getting anxious during the test, remember to breathe. If you need to, take a minute or two to slip into your relaxation visualization or your visualization of success. You have worked hard to pre- pare for this day. You are ready. –SAT STUDY SKILLS AND STRATEGIES– 22 5658 SAT2006[02](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:41 PM Page 22  What to Expect in the Critical Reading Section The SAT has three critical reading sections: two 25-minute sections and one 20-minute section. There are three types of critical reading questions: sentence completions, passage-length critical reading questions, and paragraph-length critical reading questions. All of them are multiple-choice questions with five answer choices, a–e. There may be a fourth critical reading section. If so, it means that one of the four sections is an experimental, or equating, section. You cannot determine which is the equating section, however, so it is important to do your best on each section. Sentence Completions Sentence completion questions test your vocabulary and your ability to follow the logic of complicated sen- tences. Each of these questions has either one or two blanks within a single sentence. Often, the sentences are long and difficult to follow, but with practice, you can learn to master them. There will be approximately 19 of these questions. CHAPTER The SAT Critical Reading Section 3 23 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 23 SAT Critical Reading Section at a Glance The critical reading section of the SAT has 67 questions. There are three kinds of questions: Sentence Completions Questions test your vocabulary skills and ability to follow the logic of a sentence. Passage-Length Critical Reading Questions test your ability to understand the meaning of material in a long passage. Paragraph-Length Critical Reading Questions test your ability to understand and analyze material in a short (one paragraph) passage or two related passages. 24 Passage-Length Critical Reading These questions test your understanding of fairly long passages. The passages, typically 400–850 words in length, are drawn from texts in the humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences. There are also a variety of writing styles, including narrative, expository, and persuasive. You will have to analyze the passages in advanced ways, making inferences from the authors’ statements, inter- preting rhetorical and stylistic devices, and/or selecting the correct meaning of one of the words used. Again, practice will make perfect—or nearly so. Paragraph-Length Critical Reading Paragraph-length critical reading passages will be 100–200 words long, followed by two to five questions each. You will also find at least one (or more) pair of related passages. Like long-passage questions, the ques- tions following short passages test your ability to under- stand college-level readings on a range of topics and styles. And again, you will be asked about a range of reading comprehension issues, from specific details to the author’s purpose or main idea, from the meaning of specific vocabulary words to inferences that can log- ically be drawn from the text.  The Power of Words If you have a good vocabulary, you’re in good shape for the SAT. All three kinds of critical reading questions test your knowledge of and ability to use words. If you don’t consider yourself a word person, don’t despair. The fact is, we are all word people. Words shape our perceptions of the world. Even math can be thought of as another language; it is explained through the use of words. No matter what kind of word power you already possess, your SAT critical reading score will improve dramatically as you increase your vocabulary. Other than reading this book, the single most productive thing you can do in studying for the SAT is to learn additional vocabulary. The best way to go about this is to read; check out LearningExpress’s Vocabulary and Spelling Success in 20 Minutes a Day, which makes it easy to boost your vocabulary and your critical reading test score. 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 24  Test for Success Another important way to increase your chances for SAT success is to become familiar with the test itself. This sec- tion focuses on the critical reading test questions. The following pretest will help you assess what your strengths and weaknesses are when it comes to the critical reading skills tested on the SAT. Take this test without studying ahead in this book. Don’t worry if you don’t do as well as you wanted; there’s no better way to focus your studies than by pinpointing the topics and question types you know well and those in which you need more practice. Use the answer sheet below to record your answers. –LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET– 25 ANSWER SHEET 1.abcde 2.abcde 3.abcde 4.abcde 5.abcde 6.abcde 7.abcde 8.abcde 9.abcde 10.abcde 11.abcde 12.abcde 13.abcde 14.abcde 15.abcde 16.abcde 17.abcde 18.abcde 19.abcde 20.abcde 21.abcde 22.abcde 23.abcde 24.abcde 25.abcde 26.abcde 27.abcde 28.abcde 29.abcde 30.abcde 31.abcde 32.abcde 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 25 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 26  Critical Reading Pretest There are 32 questions in this section. Set a timer for 30 minutes. Stop working at the end of 30 minutes and check your answers. Sentence Completions In each of the following sentences, one or two words have been omitted (indicated by a blank). Choose the word(s) from the answer choices provided that makes the most sense in the context of the sentence. 1. Although skinny as a rail, the young girl had a(n) appetite. a. eager b. demanding c. ravenous d. breathless e. primal 2. Because the rajah was sagacious, he ruled his subjects with a. rapacity b. ignorance c. compassion d. fortitude e. willfulness 3. Percival’s approach to life caused him to miss the kind of experience his more friv- olous peers enjoyed. a. careless cerebral b. unhealthy choleric c. busy understated d. amiable intense e. utilitarian ecstatic 4. Scientific knowledge is usually , often resulting from years of hard work by numerous investigators. a. ponderous b. implacable c. precarious d. cumulative e. egregious 5. Even though meals cause her digestive trouble, my grandmother insists on eating her food as as possible. a. piquant spicy b. foreign often c. astringent slowly d. cold quickly e. purgative daintily 6. Although conditions in Antarctica are quite , scientists and others who go there to work have managed to create a comfortable envi- ronment for themselves. a. audacious b. inimical c. felicitous d. incalculable e. oblivious 7. Because the king was heedful of , he ensured that his would survive him. a. posterity legacy b. venerability heir c. tradition sociopath d. empathy advisors e. artifice architect –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 27 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 27 8. The famous daredevil was actually quite by temperament, as illustrated by the fact that he did not until he was two years old. a. daring tussle b. arbitrary contradict c. careful perambulate d. mendacious vocalize e. prosaic masticate –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 28 Passage-Length Critical Reading Read the passage below and the questions that follow it. As you form your answers, be sure to base them on what is stated in the passage and introduction, or the inferences you can make from the material. This passage, written by John Fiske in the late 1800s, offers the author’s perspective on what he says are two kinds of genius. There are two contrasted kinds of genius, the poetical and the philosophical; or, to speak yet more generally, the artistic and the critical. The former is distinguished by a concrete, the latter by an abstract, imagination. The former sees things synthetically, in all their natural complexity; the latter pulls things to pieces analytically and scrutinizes their relations. The former sees a tree in all its glory, where the latter sees an exogen with a pair of cotyledons. The former sees wholes, where the latter sees aggregates. Corresponding with these two kinds of genius, there are two classes of artistic productions. When the critical genius writes a poem or a novel, he constructs his plot and his characters in conformity to some prearranged theory, or with a view to illustrate some favorite doctrine. When he paints a picture, he first thinks how certain persons would look under certain given circumstances, and paints them accordingly. When he writes a piece of music, he first decides that this phrase expresses joy, and that phrase disap- pointment, and the other phrase disgust, and he composes accordingly. We therefore say ordinarily that he does not create, but only constructs and combines. It is far different with the artistic genius, who, with- out stopping to think, sees the picture and hears the symphony with the eyes and ears of imagination, and paints and plays merely what he has seen and heard. When Dante, in imagination, arrived at the lowest circle of hell, where traitors like Judas and Brutus are punished, he came upon a terrible frozen lake, which, he says, “Ever makes me shudder at the sight of frozen pools.” I have always considered this line a marvelous instance of the intensity of Dante’s imagination. It shows, too, how Dante composed his poem. He did not take counsel of himself and say: “Go to, let us describe the traitors frozen up to their necks in a dismal lake, for that will be most terrible.” But the picture of the lake, in all its iciness, with the haggard faces staring out from its glassy crust, came unbidden before his mind with such intense reality that, for the rest of his life, he could not look at a frozen pool without a shudder of horror. He described it exactly as he saw it; and his description makes us shudder who read it after all the centuries that have intervened. So Michelangelo, a kindred genius, did not keep cutting and chipping away, thinking how Moses ought to look, and what sort of a nose he ought to have, and in what position his head might best rest upon Line (5) (10) (15) (20) 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 28 his shoulders. But, he looked at the rectangular block of Carrera marble, and beholding Moses grand and lifelike within it, knocked away the environing stone, that others also might see the mighty figure. And so Beethoven, an artist of the same colossal order, wrote out for us those mysterious harmonies which his ear had for the first time heard; and which, in his mournful old age, it heard none the less plainly because of its complete physical deafness. And in this way, Shakespeare wrote his Othello; spinning out no abstract thoughts about jealousy and its fearful effects upon a proud and ardent nature, but revealing to us the liv- ing concrete man, as his imperial imagination had spontaneously fashioned him. 9. In line 2 of this passage, the word concrete is con- trasted with the word a. imagination b. wholes c. complexity d. abstract e. aggregates 10. The author’s use of the phrase prearranged theory in line 8 suggests that a. it is wise to plan ahead b. a non-genius uses someone else’s theories c. a critical genius is not truly creative d. a true genius first learns from others e. a writer should follow an outline 11. In line 27, the use of the word colossal to describe Beethoven implies a. no one really understands Beethoven’s music b. Beethoven’s symphonies are often performed in coliseums c. Beethoven was a large man d. Beethoven wrote music to his patrons’ orders e. Beethoven was a musical genius 12. In lines 26–29, the author uses the example of Beethoven’s deafness to illustrate a. Beethoven’s sadness b. Beethoven’s inherent creativity c. Beethoven’s continuing musical relevance d. Beethoven’s genius at overcoming obstacles e. Beethoven’s analytical genius 13. In this passage, the author suggests that a. a good imagination is crucial to artistic genius b. a genius sees things that aren’t there c. no one understands a genius’s thought process d. many artists are unusual people e. a genius doesn’t need to think –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 29 (25) (30) 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 29 The following passages are excerpted from Abraham Lincoln’s two inaugural addresses. The first was given in 1861, before the Civil War began. The second was delivered in 1865 as the fighting between North (anti-slavery) and South (pro-slavery) raged. (1865 was the final year of the Civil War.) Passage 1 One section of our country believes slavery is RIGHT, and ought to be extended, while the other believes it is WRONG, and ought not to be extended. This is the only substantial dispute. The fugitive-slave clause of the Constitution, and the law for the suppression of the foreign slave-trade, are each as well enforced, perhaps, as any law can ever be in a community where the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself. The great body of the people abide by the dry legal obligation in both cases, and a few break over in each. This, I think, cannot be perfectly cured; and it would be worse in both cases AFTER the sep- aration of the sections than BEFORE. The foreign slave-trade, now imperfectly suppressed, would be ulti- mately revived, without restriction, in one section, while fugitive slaves, now only partially surrendered, would not be surrendered at all by the other. Physically speaking, we cannot separate. We cannot remove our respective sections from each other, nor build an impassable wall between them. A husband and wife may be divorced, and go out of the pres- ence and beyond the reach of each other; but the different parts of our country cannot do this. They can- not but remain face to face, and intercourse, either amicable or hostile, must continue between them. Is it possible, then, to make that intercourse more advantageous or more satisfactory after separation than before? Can aliens make treaties easier than friends can make laws? Can treaties be more faithfully enforced between aliens than laws can among friends? Suppose you go to war, you cannot fight always; and when, after much loss on both sides, and no gain on either, you cease fighting, the identical old questions as to terms of intercourse are again upon you. This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it. Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their CONSTITUTIONAL right of amending it, or their REVOLUTIONARY right to dismember or overthrow it. I cannot be ignorant of the fact that many worthy and patriotic citizens are desirous of having the national Constitution amended. While I make no recommendation of amendments, I fully recognize the rightful authority of the people over the whole sub- ject, to be exercised in either of the modes prescribed in the instrument itself; and I should, under exist- ing circumstances, favor rather than oppose a fair opportunity being afforded the people to act upon it. I will venture to add that to me the convention mode seems preferable, in that it allows amendments to originate with the people themselves, instead of only permitting them to take or reject propositions orig- inated by others not especially chosen for the purpose, and which might not be precisely such as they would wish to either accept or refuse. I understand a proposed amendment to the Constitution—which amend- ment, however, I have not seen—has passed Congress, to the effect that the Federal Government shall never interfere with the domestic institutions of the States, including that of persons held to service. To avoid misconstruction of what I have said, I depart from my purpose not to speak of particular amendments so far as to say that, holding such a provision to now be implied Constitutional law, I have no objection to its being made express and irrevocable. –THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION– 30 Line (5) (10) (15) (20) (25) (30) 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11/21/05 6:42 PM Page 30 [...]... the answer sheet below to record your answers ANSWER SHEET 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d d e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 47 a a a a a a a a a a a a a a... abstract 10 c In the second paragraph, the author discusses two kinds of genius, the critical and the artistic To answer this question, you first have to read the entire paragraph In line 8, the author says the critical genius creates according to a prearranged theory In line 12 , the author says 36 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 37 – THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION – 11 e 12 b 13 a 14 d... elections e state political parties 31 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 32 – THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION – 18 Lincoln’s tone in the last paragraph of Passage 1 (lines 19 –34) is a conciliatory b hostile c grandiose d humble e firm 21 In Passage 2, whom does Lincoln blame for the war? a the North b the South c both sides d neither side e himself 19 In Passage 2, lines 35–36, why does... easy to handle, portable, and friend-friendly, so you can study with a 40 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 41 5 Words a Day = SAT Success Try this: 1 Figure out how many days there are until you take the SAT 2 Multiply that number by 5 3 If you have 30 days until the exam, you can learn 15 0 new words, if you learn only 5 new words each day! unit This question is taken from the pretest,... your thought process by continuing to exist as a possibility Promise yourself, however, that you will never eliminate an answer choice just because 45 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 46 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 47 – LEARNINGEXPRESS ANSWER SHEET – 40 Practice Sentence Completion Questions In each of the following sentences, one or two words have been omitted (indicated... sentence 31 e According to Aristotle, befriending someone simply because he or she provides you with 39 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 40 – THE SAT CRITICAL READING SECTION – Part 1: Complete That Sentence! buddy You and your friends can drill each other If you can make games out of learning vocabulary, studying will be more fun; and you will learn more, too! There will be approximately 19 ... crisis in the modern industrial world, the Great Depression in the United States had devastating consequences for American society At its worst (19 32 19 33), more than 16 million people were unemployed, more than 5,000 banks had closed, and over 85,000 businesses had failed Millions of Americans lost their jobs, their savings, and even their homes The homeless built shacks for temporary shelter—these... (lines 16 17 ), the author’s purpose is to a demonstrate that human beings are selfish b extrapolate one of Aristotle’s points on friendships c leave the reader in a quandary d justify human beings’ behavior e illustrate for the reader that Aristotle’s teachings are complex 30 The word disparity in line 9 means a similarity b anomaly c fluctuation d incongruity e shift 35 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05... less fundamental and astounding 14 In lines 4–5, when Lincoln says the moral sense of the people imperfectly supports the law itself, he means a slavery is wrong b the law is imperfect c it is moral to follow the law d not everyone agrees about the law e some people in the community are law breakers 16 What is Lincoln’s point in the second paragraph (lines 10 18 ) of Passage 1? a Divorce leads to estrangement... law which forbids the importation of slaves into the country, a law aimed at curtailing the slave trade He says that each law is as well enforced as any law can be when the community itself is 15 b 16 c 17 b 18 a 19 e 20 c 37 so divided on the moral issues involved In other words, someone who supports the fugitive-slave law would be pro-slavery; and someone who supports forbidding the foreign slave trade . SHEET– 25 ANSWER SHEET 1. abcde 2.abcde 3.abcde 4.abcde 5.abcde 6.abcde 7.abcde 8.abcde 9.abcde 10 .abcde 11 .abcde 12 .abcde 13 .abcde 14 .abcde 15 .abcde 16 .abcde 17 .abcde 18 .abcde 19 .abcde 20.abcde 21. abcde 22.abcde 23.abcde 24.abcde 25.abcde 26.abcde 27.abcde 28.abcde 29.abcde 30.abcde 31. abcde 32.abcde 5658. SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 31 18. Lincoln’s tone in the last paragraph of Passage 1 (lines 19 –34) is a. conciliatory b. hostile c. grandiose d. humble e. firm 19 . In Passage 2, lines. SHEET 1. abcde 2.abcde 3.abcde 4.abcde 5.abcde 6.abcde 7.abcde 8.abcde 9.abcde 10 .abcde 11 .abcde 12 .abcde 13 .abcde 14 .abcde 15 .abcde 16 .abcde 17 .abcde 18 .abcde 19 .abcde 20.abcde 21. abcde 22.abcde 23.abcde 24.abcde 25.abcde 26.abcde 27.abcde 28.abcde 29.abcde 30.abcde 31. abcde 32.abcde 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 25 5658 SAT2006[03](fin).qx 11 / 21/ 05 6:42 PM Page 26  Critical Reading Pretest There