CHAPTER 14 AM/FM/GIS Applications At present our water and wastewater infrastructure, especially in the older cities, is in critical stages of deterioration and has started to crumble. AM/FM/GIS technology provides a spatial infrastructure management approach that is very effective in prioritizing your infrastructure improvement and maintenance needs. Field inspection crews inspecting a combined sewer overflow (CSO) diversion chamber located near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2097_C014.fm Page 293 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis LEARNING OBJECTIVE The learning objective of this chapter is to find out how GIS is integrated with automated mapping/facilities management (AM/FM) systems for efficient inspection and maintenance of water industry infrastructure. MAJOR TOPICS • Infrastructure maintenance issues • AM/FM/GIS basics • AM/FM/GIS software • AM/FM/GIS application examples LIST OF CHAPTER ACRONYMS AM/FM/GIS Automated Mapping/Facilities Management/Geographic Information System CAD Computer-Aided Drafting/Computer-Aided Design CAFM Computer-Aided Facility Management CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CIFM Computer Integrated Facility Management CMMS Computerized Maintenance Management System GASB Government Accounting Standards Board RBE Rule Base Engine RDBMS Relational Database Management Systems SDE Spatial Database Engine HAMPTON’S WASTEWATER MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT Hampton, Virginia, has a population of 150,000 and has 12,000 manholes and valves. The City conducted a GPS survey to collect coordinates of more than 8000 manholes located in alleys, buried in yards, or covered with asphalt. The City utilizes more than 35 licenses of ArcView GIS. The City stored attribute data in an external infrastructure database from GBA Master Series and linked it to ArcView GIS. The GBA software performs infrastructure inventory of manholes and pipes, work-order management, and parts inventory management. It can also interface with the City’s WinCan system used for CCTV inspection of sewers. The GBA GIS Toolkit, an GIS software ArcView, GBA GIS Toolkit Extension for ArcView, MapObjects Internet Map Server (IMS) Other software GBA Master Series and WinCan TV system GIS data Sewers, manholes, water mains, valves, hydrants, roads, street centerlines, buildings, and digital orthophotos Study area City of Hampton, Virginia Project duration 1998–2001 Organization Public Works Department, Hampton, Virginia 2097_C014.fm Page 294 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis extension of ArcView GIS, is used to synchronize data consistency between ESRI Shapefiles, CAD, and the infrastructure management database. This application pro- vides a GIS map linked to a comprehensive inventory, inspection, and maintenance management software program. The system also provides a graphical display of main- tenance history and profile plots of user-specified sewer segments (ArcNews, 2001). Although GIS applications in water, wastewater, and stormwater systems are not new, getting beyond the basic inventory and mapping functions is challenging. After a utility GIS database has been set up, GIS applications must be developed or else the GIS would be nothing but a pretty map. For instance, a GIS-based computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) can be implemented for more efficient maintenance of a utility because it can track problems within the utility network more accurately. The GIS and CMMS integration can facilitate proactive (preventive) maintenance, compliance with regulatory mandates, and systemwide planning activities. According to the U.S. Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB), an infrastructure asset management system is a requirement for reporting capital asset activity. Electronic asset management systems extend the life of existing infrastruc- ture, thereby optimizing maintenance schedules and deferring major capital expen- ditures until they become necessary and economically justified. Such systems can also identify risky assets and schedule rehabilitation projects that can save the cost of total replacement (Irrinki, 2000). INFRASTRUCTURE PROBLEM A civilization’s rise and fall is linked to its ability to feed and shelter its people and defend itself. These capabilities depend on infrastructure — the underlying, often hidden foundation of a society’s wealth and quality of life. Infrastructure is a Latin word meaning the structure underneath. According to a 1992 report from the Civil Infrastructure Systems Task Group of the U.S. National Science Foundation, “ A society that neglects its infra- structure loses the ability to transport people and food, provide clean air and water, control disease, and conduct commerce ” (Tiewater, 2001). The water, wastewater, and stormwater infrastructure is aging fast throughout the world, including in the U.S. For example, according to the 2001 counts, the U.S. has 54,000 drinking water and 16,000 wastewater systems. America’s water and wastewater systems incur an expenditure of $23 billion per year on infrastructure projects. Much of the existing sewerage system in the U.S. was constructed in the 1950s and 1960s — some date back to the early 1900s and late 1800s. According to 2001 estimates, U.S. sewer systems are approaching 100 years in age. Even the newest U.S. water infrastructure systems are over 50 years old. What is worse, because of their material, they are more likely to be deteriorating than some systems dating back to 100 years. Many water systems are structurally obsolete and are now serving two to three times as many people as their design capacity. Many systems have not received the essential maintenance and repairs necessary to keep them 2097_C014.fm Page 295 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis working properly. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) projects $1.3 trillion in infrastructure needs in the U.S. during 1999 to 2004, of which approxi- mately one third is needed for water and wastewater improvements. Unfortunately, adequate government funds are not available for this expensive fix. This problem can be partially blamed on the “out-of-sight, out-of-mind” men- tality of the decision makers. The lack of funding for the badly needed infrastructure improvements is making people worried. This is evident in the recently conducted public opinion polls. According to a recent Water Environment Federation (WEF) survey, 31% of Americans would not swim in their own rivers. A 1998 ASCE poll showed that more than 75% of the U.S. voters were concerned about the quality of roads, drinking water, and school buildings. In Boston, more voters were concerned about roads, bridges, and drinking water than Social Security and taxes. In New York City, concerns about school buildings and drinking water outscored drug abuse worries (ASCE, 1998). Many indicated that they would vote for a candidate whose election campaign addressed waste disposal (78%), drinking water (73%), and roads and bridges (62%). These surveys indicate that water industry infrastructure is particularly important because it is so closely related to public health and safety. In the U.S., it has been recently observed that a combination of reduced federal spending and increased federal mandates is taking its toll on the infrastructure of the country. For instance, according to American Water Works Association (AWWA), annual pipe replacement costs will jump to $3 billion by 2020 and $6 billion by 2030. Replacement expenses projected into the future indicate that sewer main replacements are more urgent than water mains and will require more money. As of 2001, ASCE estimates that the U.S. must invest nearly $277 billion in drinking water and wastewater infrastructure repairs over the next two decades. U.S. water systems have an $11-billion annual investment shortfall and need $151 billion by 2018. U.S. sewer systems have a $12-billion annual shortfall in investment and need $126 billion by 2016. The largest need, $45 billion, is for projects to control combined sewer overflows (CSOs). The second-largest category of needs, at $27 billion, is for new or improved secondary treatment. In a report “Water Infrastructure Now” published in February 2001, a water conservation organization called Water Infrastructure Network (WIN) estimated a $23-billion per year gap between infrastructure needs and current spending. The report indicated that U.S. water and wastewater systems faced infrastructure funding needs of nearly $1 trillion over the next 20 years and a shortfall of half a trillion dollars. The report called for a 5-year, $57-billion federal investment in water infrastructure to replace aging pipes and upgrade treatment systems. WIN estimates that household water bills must double or triple in most U.S. communities if utilities are forced to absorb the entire infrastructure bill. For instance, the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts, is charging $20,000 per home (to be paid over the next 20 years) to finance the city’s conversion from septic to sewer systems (CE News, 2001). According to a 2001 statement by ASCE President Robert W. Bein, “Something is terribly wrong … America has been seriously underinvesting in its infrastructure.” 2097_C014.fm Page 296 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis In March 2001, ASCE released its 2001 Report Card (Figure 14.1) for America’s infrastructure in which the nation’s infrastructure received a cumulative grade of D+ for 12 infrastructure areas. Causes for such a dismal grade include: explosive pop- ulation growth and school enrollment, which outpace the rate and impact of current investment and maintenance efforts; local political opposition and red tape, which outpace the development of effective solutions; and the growing obsolescence of an aging system — evident in the breakdown of California’s electrical generation system and the nation’s decaying water infrastructure. The 2001 Report Card follows the one released in 1998, at which time the ten infrastructure categories rated were given an average grade of D. The 2001 wastewater grade declined from a D+ to a D, while drinking water remained a D. Solid waste and schools scored the highest and the lowest grades, respectively (ASCE, 2001; EWRI, 2001). Despite the disturbing findings contained in the 2001 Report Card, the nation failed to heed the call to improve its deteriorating infrastructure, according to an update to the assessment released by ASCE in September 2003 (ASCE, 2003). When the infrastructure condition is bad and funding is scarce, we need infra- structure management tools that can: • Accurately define (or map) our infrastructure • Identify the worst portions of the infrastructure • Determine how to most cost-effectively improve (replace or repair) the worst parts of the infrastructure AM/FM/GIS products provide an efficient infrastructure management system. AM/FM/GIS BASICS Many solutions for managing facilities have spawned from CAD-based archi- tectural applications. Database solutions have evolved from the financial sector to Figure 14.1 ASCE Infrastructure Report Card for the U.S. 2097_C014.fm Page 297 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis include scheduling, inventory, and purchasing functions. Implementation of facility management automation can occur at any scale, from a small spreadsheet recording preventative maintenance items to a full corporate system with CAD capabilities managing the complete maintenance process with integrated contracting, accounting, inventory, asset, and personnel records. CAD-based products have normally been classified as computer-aided facility management (CAFM), whereas the database solutions, dealing with work-order management without a CAD component, have been termed computerized maintenance management systems (CMMS). The FM user community reflects this polarization, because the majority of current imple- mentations are oriented either one way or the other. Computer integrated facility management (CIFM) brings both CMMS and CAFM capabilities into synergy, thereby addressing the implementation of a true facility management automation program. The core consideration is that, in practice, CMMS and CAFM capabilities augment and are essential to each other. For example, maintenance activities keep the data required for planning accurate and up-to-date (GEOTELEC, 2004). AM/FM/GIS is a combination of four separate systems: • Automated Mapping (AM) • Facilities Management (FM) • Automated Mapping/Facilities Management (AM/FM) • Geographic Information System (GIS) The differences between the three systems are summarized in Table 14.1 and illustrated in Figure 14.2. Automated Mapping (AM) Automated mapping (AM), also known as computer-aided mapping (CAM), is a CAD application for producing maps. It can be considered an alternative to the traditional manual cartographic maps. Data are organized in layers that are concep- tually like registered film overlays. Layers organize data by theme (streams vs. roads) and type (linework vs. text). Table 14.1 Comparison of AM, FM, AM/FM, GIS, and AF/FM/GIS Feature AM FM AM/FM GIS AM/FM/GIS Layers Y N Y Y Y Topology N N N Y Y Network definition N Y/N Y Y Y Lines Y N Y Y Y Nodes N Y/N Y Y Y Polygons (areas) N N N Y Y Attributes N Y Y Y Y Actual locations Y/N N Y Y Y Map intelligence N N N Y Y Facilities management N Y Y N Y Notes: Y = Yes; N = No; and Y/N = Both Yes and No. 2097_C014.fm Page 298 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Figure 14.2 Comparison of AM, FM, AM/FM, and AM/FM/GIS. 2097_C014.fm Page 299 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis There are no spatial relations (topology) among data elements except orientation. Figure 14.2(A) shows AM capabilities. Facilities Management (FM) Facilities management (FM), also referred to as asset management, is a CAD technology for managing utility system data. FM consists of such activities as inven- tory, inspection, and maintenance performed by cities, utilities, and government agencies. Organizations incur considerable expenses and resources as these functions are performed on a routine basis. FM includes an infrastructure management database. Compared with AM, there is less emphasis on graphical detail or precision and more emphasis on data storage, analysis, and reporting. Relationships among utility system components are defined as networks. Because FM systems have network definitions, an FM system “knows” the pipes connected upstream or downstream of a given pipe. As shown in Figure 14.2(B), FM systems generally do not have full topology; they offer connectivity and orientation only. Automated Mapping (AM)/Facilities Management (FM) AM/FM is a combination of AM and FM technologies. AM/FM software is used to automate maintenance. It allows the integration and automation of maintenance management. AM/FM systems have both orientation and network definitions as shown in Figure 14.2(C). The benefits of AM/FM are improved work-order man- agement, better integrated inventory control, capture of maintenance data and costs, and allocation of costs. AM/FM/GIS Systems GIS and AM/FM are different systems but each has its own advantages and applications (Shamsi and Fletcher, 2000). A GIS can help locate the worst pipe. An AM/FM can help users prioritize the work required to bring their worst pipes up to a minimum operating standard. For many years, people have used the GIS and AM/FM systems separately. Developing and maintaining two different systems is expensive and inefficient. Thanks to the latest advances in computer hardware and software, integrated AM/FM and GIS systems called AM/FM/GIS systems are now available. These systems are especially useful for asset inventory, inspection and maintenance, and work management. They are especially popular among visual learners who prefer maps over tables and databases. Visual learners like to click on a manhole in a GIS map to initiate a work order rather than locate it by querying a database. As shown in Figure 14.2(D), AM/FM/GIS systems have more capabilities than AM/FM systems, such as orientation, network, database, and topology. AM/FM/GIS SOFTWARE There are currently a variety of computer applications on the market, which were developed for specific components of facility management. In applying automation 2097_C014.fm Page 300 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis to these diverse functions, vendors have taken approaches that originate from two different technical directions: CAD or relational database management systems (RDBMS) (GEOTELEC, 2004). GIS-based facilities management requires AM/FM software extensions that can be run from within the GIS software. These add-on programs are also referred to as AM/FM/GIS software. Representative AM/FM/GIS software are listed in Table 14.2. According to this table, there are two types of AM/FM/GIS software: 1. AM focus: These software provide more mapping (AM) capabilities. ArcFM is an example of this type of software. 2. FM focus: These software provide more database (FM) capabilities. Cityworks is an example of this type of software. Software with an AM focus provide better data editing and mapping capabilities and generally require an FM add-on to provide work-order management functions. Software with an FM focus provide maintenance management functions (e.g., work- order management) but may lack the map maintenance functions. Projects that require both strong AM and FM capabilities may have to use two software products. For example, ArcFM’s strong suite of CAD-like map-editing capabilities can be supplemented by Cityworks’ work-order management functions. All the packages listed in Table 14.2 are available for purchase from their respective companies except CASS WORKS, IMS-AV, and IMS-ARC, which are proprietary software programs that are installed by the vendors in their turnkey projects. Figure 14.3 shows Hansen’s Infrastructure Management System CCTV- inspection database. Note that each defect has been linked to its location on the sewer pipe and a picture of the defect captured from the inspection videotape. Table 14.2 AM/FM/GIS Software Examples Software Company Web Site AM Focus ArcFM Miner and Miner www.miner.com ArcFM Water ESRI www.esri.com FRAMME Intergraph www.intergraph.com GeoWater and GeoWasteWater MicroStation www.bentley.com FM Focus Cityworks Azteca Systems www.azteca.com GBA Water Master and Sewer Master GBA Master Series www.gbamasterseries.com GeoPlan Regional Planning Technologies www.rpt.com WATERview, SEWERview, STORMview CarteGraph Systems www.cartegraph.com Proprietary Systems CASS WORKS RJN Group, Inc. www.rjn.com IMS-AV and IMS-ARC Hansen Information Technologies www.hansen.com 2097_C014.fm Page 301 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis ArcFM Developed jointly by ESRI and Miner & Miner, ArcFM is an off-the-shelf AM/FM/GIS application for the utility industry and for enterprise implementations. It is designed for editing, maintenance, modeling, and data management of utility information. The first version was written in Visual Basic 5.0 for the Windows NT platform. ArcFM has two components: (1) ArcFM, the main program for creating and editing maps and (2) ArcFM Viewer, the companion program for querying and viewing maps created in ArcFM. ArcFM is suitable for data conversion work by GIS technicians. ArcFM Viewer is a simple program that enables managers to review the finished maps. The relationship between ArcFM and ArcFM Viewer is similar to the relationship between ArcInfo 7.x and ArcView 3.x packages. In ArcFM, features are modeled as objects with drag-and-drop capabilities. For example, as shown in Figure 14.4, to draw a butterfly valve, users can simply select the valve symbol from the objects library and drag-and-drop it to its correct location. In ArcFM software, GIS tools deal with features that are not simply points and lines, but valves, pipes, manholes, inlets, drainage basins, and more. ArcFM has a rule base engine (RBE) that determines how features are drawn (symbology, placement, rotation, etc.). The RBE can be individualized for different applications. For example, the stormwater RBE may define pipes, their associated features, and the methods that pertain to them. RBE can also validate user-entered data to ensure valid attribute values. With the help of these capabilities, ArcFM can perform routine editing functions, such as adding a new catch basin or service connection or splitting a pipe, with remarkable simplicity. Figure 14.3 Hansen’s Infrastructure Management System CCTV-Inspection Database (Photo courtesy of Hansen Information Technologies). 2097_C014.fm Page 302 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis [...]... AM/FM and GIS programs AM/FM /GIS software is available in AM-centric and FM-centric flavors Software selection should be made based on user-specific needs Applications of AM/FM /GIS technology are presented in the next chapter CHAPTER QUESTIONS 1 What is AM/FM /GIS, and how does it differ from AM/FM and GIS? 2 What is work-order management, and how is it done using AM/FM /GIS software? 3 List ten applications. ..2097_C 014. fm Page 303 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Figure 14. 4 ArcFM screenshot showing water objects ArcFM has powerful and user-friendly data editing capabilities for routine map maintenance functions, e.g., for adding a new valve or hydrant, splitting pipes, or adding a service connection ArcFM provides sample data models and business-rule templates for water, wastewater, and stormwater systems. .. screenshot Cityworks Cityworks (formerly known as Pipeworks) is available as ArcView 3.x or ArcGIS 8.x and 9.x Extension, helps users integrate their GIS and facilities management Cityworks’ water, wastewater, and stormwater module which for ArcView 3.x costs approximately $4000 per license and works with ESRI coverages and Shapefiles Cityworks can store project data in any SQL database, such as SQL Anywhere,... Greenville and operates electric, water, sewer, and gas utilities for the City of Greenville and a portion of Pitt County Greenville Utilities water operations serve 25,000 customers with 475 mi of main, and sewer operations serve 20,000 customers with 333 mi of main Greenville Utilities used ArcFM, SDE for its SQL server, and ArcInfo software for implementing an enterprise-wide GIS project for its electric,... work-order management, work-order scheduling, network tracing, maintenance histories, inspections, and condition ratings Cityworks can also be used for managing and recording CCTV inspection programs for sewers Figure 14. 5 shows the Pipeworks menu in ArcView 3.x The Cityworks extension provides additional capabilities to make ArcView 3.x or ArcGIS 8.x a complete work-management system Cityworks work-order... all inventoried features be created and maintained as coverage data types, i.e., line, node, or point feature The difference between Cityworks and other workmanagement solutions is its GIS- centric approach Cityworks does not treat the GIS as subordinate to the work-management system Instead of integrating the work-management system with GIS, it uses the GIS as a work-management system (Azteca, 1999)... ArcGIS Interface simplifies the ArcGIS interface by providing a subset of key ArcGIS functionality (presented using large icons) commonly used by maintenance and operations staff Cityworks Desktop ArcGIS Extension is an extension of the standard ArcGIS interface It is accessible from a palette of tools that can be positioned anywhere on the map document CHAPTER SUMMARY Deteriorating infrastructure and. .. templates, called modules, can be modified for project-specific applications ArcFM does not have maintenance management capability but it can be integrated with other work management or customer information systems ArcFM is not a stand-alone program It requires ArcInfo and Spatial Database Engine (SDE) software and an RDBMS, such as Oracle or Microsoft Access (Shamsi and Fletcher, 2000) Greenville Utilities... lowest possible cost AM/FM /GIS systems can be used to determine optimal infrastructure improvement strategies to accomplish this goal Today, AM/FM /GIS systems are helping the water industry with their planning, design, and operational needs AM/FM /GIS software is engineered to organize asset information, optimize maintenance activities, and prioritize necessary improvements AM/FM /GIS software offers the... electric, water, sewer, and gas services ArcFM Viewer was used by casual users, customer-service representatives, field crews, and others to easily query, plot, and analyze spatial and related attribute data ArcFM was used as an engineering tool (ESRI, 1999) Copyright © 2005 by Taylor & Francis 2097_C 014. fm Page 304 Monday, December 6, 2004 7:33 PM Figure 14. 5 Pipeworks menu screenshot Cityworks Cityworks (formerly . provides sample data models and business-rule templates for water, wastewater, and stormwater systems. These templates, called modules, can be modified for project-specific applications. ArcFM does. integrate their GIS and facilities management. City- works’ water, wastewater, and stormwater module which for ArcView 3.x costs approx- imately $4000 per license and works with ESRI coverages and Shapefiles maintenance data and costs, and allocation of costs. AM/FM /GIS Systems GIS and AM/FM are different systems but each has its own advantages and applications (Shamsi and Fletcher, 2000). A GIS can help