TABLE 12-15 Stress concentration factor, K Stress concentration factor, K Weld type and metal Low-carbon steel Low-alloy steel Weld metal Butt welds with full penetration 1.2 1.4 End fillet welds 2 2.5 Parallel fillet welds 3.5 4.5 Base metal Toe of machined butt weld 1.2 1.4 Toe of unmachined butt weld 1.5 1.9 Toe of machined end fillet weld with leg ratio 1 : 1.5 2 2.5 Toe of unmachined end fillet weld with leg ratio 1 :1.5 2.7 3.3 Parallel fillet weld 3.5 4.5 Stiffening ribs and partitions welded with end fillet welds having smooth transitions at the toes 1.5 1.9 Butt and T-welded corner plates 2.7 3.3 Butt and T-welded corner plates, but with smooth transitions in the 1.5 1.9 shape of the plates and with machined welds Lap-welded corner plates 2.7 3.3 TABLE 12-16 Allowable stresses for welds under static loads Allowable stresses Tension, Compression, Shear, Weld type and process ta ca a Automatic and hand welding with shielded arc and butt welding t a t 0.65 t Hand welding with ordinary quality electrodes 0.9 t t 0.6 t Resistance spot welding 0.9 t t 0.5 t a t is the allowable stress in tension of the base metal of the weld. 12.20 CHAPTER TWELVE Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS CHAPTER 13 RIVETED JOINTS SYMBOLS 2;3;4 A area of cross-section, m 2 (in 2 ) the cross-sectional area of rivet shank, m 2 (in 2 ) b breadth of cover plates (also with suffixes), m (in) c distance from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet, m (in) d diameter of rivet, m (in) D i internal diameter of pressure vessel, m (mm) e or l eccentricity of loading, m (in) F force on plate or rivets (also with suffixes), kN (lbf) h thickness of plate or shell, m (in) h c , h 1 , h 2 thickness of cover plate (butt strap), m (in) i number of rivets in a pitch fine (also with suffixes 1 and 2, respectively, for single shear and double shear rivets) I moment of inertia, area, m 4 ,cm 4 (in 4 ) J moment of inertia, polar, m 4 ,cm 4 (in 4 ) K ¼ F F 0 coefficient (Table 13-11) m margin, m (in) M b bending moment, N m (lbf in) p pitch on the gauge line or longitudinal pitch, m (in) p c pitch along the caulking edge, m (in) p d diagonal pitch, m (in) p t transverse pitch, m (in) P f intensity of fluid pressure, MPa (psi) Z section modulus of the angle section, m 3 ,cm 3 (in 3 ) hoop stress in pressure vessel or normal stress in plate, MPa (psi) a allowable normal stress, MPa (psi) c crushing stress in rivets, MPa (psi) shear stress in rivet, MPa (psi) a allowable shear stress, MPa (psi) efficiency of the riveted joint angle between a line drawn from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet and the horizontal (Fig. 13-5) 13.1 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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Source: MACHINE DESIGN DATABOOK PRESSURE VESSELS Thickness of main plates The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with longitudinal joint For thickness of boiler plates and suggested types of joints The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with circumferential joint For allowable stress and efficiency of joints PITCHES Lap joints The diagonal pitch (staggered) (Fig. 13-1) for p, p t , and p d The distance between rows or transverse pitch or back pitch (staggered) The rivet diameter FIGURE 13-1 Pitch relation h ¼ P f D i 2 ð13-1Þ Refer to Tables 13-1 and 13-2. h ¼ P f D i 4 ð13-2Þ Refer to Tables 13-3, 13-4, 13-5, and 13-6. p d ¼ 2p þ d 3 ð13-3Þ Refer to Tables 13-7 and 13-8 for rivets for general purposes and boiler rivets. p t ¼ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 2p þ d 3 2 À p 2 2 s ð13-4Þ d ¼ 0:19 ffiffiffi h p to 0:2 ffiffiffi h p SI ð13-5aÞ where h and d in m d ¼ 1:2 ffiffiffi h p to 1:4 ffiffiffi h p USCS ð13-5bÞ where h and d in in d ¼ 6 ffiffiffi h p to 6:3 ffiffiffi h p CM ð13-5cÞ where h and d on mm Particular Formula TABLE 13-1 Suggested types of joint Diameter of shell, mm (in) Thickness of shell, mm (in) Type of joint 600–1800 (24–72) 6–12 (0.25–0.5) Double-riveted 900–2150 (36–84) 7.5–25 (0.31–1.0) Triple-riveted 1500–2750 (60–108) 9.0–44 (0.375–1.75) Quadruple-riveted 13.2 CHAPTER THIRTEEN RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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TABLE 13-2 Minimum thickness of boiler plates Shell plates Tube sheets of firetube boilers Diameter of shell, Minimum thickness after flanging, Diameter of tube sheet, Minimum thickness, mm (in) mm (in) mm (in) mm (in) 900 (36) 6.0 (0.25) 1050 (42) 9.5 (0.375) 900–1350 (36–54) 8.0 (0.3125) 1050–1350 (42–54) 11.5 (0.4375) 1350–1800 (54–72) 9.5 (0.375) 1350–1800 (54–72) 12.5 (0.50) !1800 (72) 12.5 (0.5) 1800 (72) 14.0 (0.5625) TABLE 13-3 Efficiency of riveted joints () % Efficiency, Type of joint Normal range Maximum Lap joints Single-riveted 50–60 63 Double-riveted 60–72 77 Triple-riveted 72–80 86.6 Butt joints (with two cover plates) Single-riveted 55–60 63 Double-riveted 76–84 87 Triple-riveted 80–88 95 Quadruple-riveted 86–94 98 TABLE 13-4 Allowable stresses in structural riveting ( b ) Rivets acting in single shear Rivets acting in double shear Rivet-driving Load-carrying member Type of stress method MPa kpsi MPa kpsi Rolled steel SAE 1020 Tension 124 18.0 124 18.0 Shear Power 93 13.5 93 13.5 Rivets, SAE 1010 Shear Hand 68 10.0 68 10.0 Crushing Power 165 24.0 206 30.0 Crushing Hand 110 16.0 137 20.0 RIVETED JOINTS 13.3 RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. TABLE 13-5 Allowable stress for aluminum rivets, a Allowable stress a , a Shear Bearing Rivet alloy Procedure of drawing MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 2S (pure aluminum) Cold, as received 20 3.0 48 7.0 17S Cold, immediately after quenching 68 10.0 179 26.0 17S Hot, 500–5108C 62 9.0 179 26.0 615–T6 Cold, as received 55 8.0 103 15.0 53S Hot, 515–5278C 41 6.0 103 15.0 a Actual safety factor or reliability factor is 1.5. TABLE 13-6 Values of working stress a at elevated temperatures Minimum of the specified range of tensile strength of the material, MPa (kpsi) Maximum temperatures (45) 311 (50) 344 (55) 380 (60) 413 (75) 517 8F 8C MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 0–700 0–371 61 9.0 68 10.0 76 11.00 82 12.00 103 15.00 750 399 56 8.22 62 9.11 68 10.00 77 11.20 89 13.00 800 427 45 6.55 53 7.33 54 8.00 61 9.00 70 10.20 850 455 37 5.44 41 6.05 46 6.75 51 7.40 57 8.30 900 482 29 4.33 33 4.83 37 5.50 38 5.60 41 6.00 950 511 22 3.20 26 3.60 27 4.00 27 4.00 27 4.00 a Design stresses of pressure vessels are based on a safety factor of 5. TABLE 13-7 Pitch of butt joints Type of joint Diameter of rivets, d, mm Pitch, p Double-riveted— Any 5.5d (approx.) use for h 12:5 mm (0.5 in) Triple-riveted— 1.75–23.80 8d–8.5d use for h 25 mm 27.00 7.5d (1 in) 30.15–36.50 6.5d–7d Quadruple-riveted— 17.50–23.80 16d–17d use for h 31:75 mm 27.00 15d (approx.) (1.25 in) 30.15 14d (approx.) 33.30–36.50 13d–14d 13.4 CHAPTER THIRTEEN RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Butt joint The transverse pitch For rivets, rivet holes, and strap thick p t ¼ 2d to 2:5d ð13-6aÞ p t ! ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 0:5pd þ 0:25d 2 q ð13-6bÞ Refer to Tables 13-9, 13-10, and Fig. 13-2. Particular Formula TABLE 13-8 Transverse pitch ( p t ) as per ASME Boiler Code Value of p=d 123456 7 Value of p t 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2.2d 2.3d TABLE 13-9 Rivet hole diameters Diameter of rivet, mm Rivet hole diameters, mm (min) 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28.5 30 31.5 33 34.5 36 37.5 39 41.0 42 44 48 50 TABLE 13-10 Rivet hole diameters and strap thickness Minimum Minimum Plate strap Hole Plate strap Hole thickness, thickness, diameter, thickness, thickness, diameter, h,mm h c mm d,mm h,mm h c mm d,mm 6.25 14.25 11.10 7.20 6.25 17.50 27.0 8.00 15.90 12.50 8.75 20.50 19.00 30.15 9.50 10.30 8.00 22.25 15.90 33.30 11.10 25.00 12.50 12.00 9.50 24.00 28.50 19.00 36.50 12.50 31.75 22.25 13.50 11.10 83.10 25.00 39.70 FIGURE 13-2 Quadruple-riveted double-strap butt joint. RIVETED JOINTS 13.5 RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. 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Minimum transverse pitch as per ASME Boiler Code For transverse pitches Haven and Swett formula for permissible pitches along the caulking edge of the outside cover plate Diagonal pitch, p d , is calculated from the relation MARGIN Margin for longitudinal seams of all pressure vessels and girth seams of power boiler having unsupported heads Margin for girth seams of power boilers having supported heads and all unfired pressure vessels COVER PLATES The thickness of cover plate p t ¼ 1:75d if p d 4 ð13-7aÞ p t ¼ 1:75d þ0:001ðp ÀdÞ if p d > 4 SI ð13-8aÞ where p t , p, and d in m p t ¼ 1:75d þ0:1ðp ÀdÞ if p d > 4 USCS ð13-8bÞ where p t , d, and p in in Refer to Table 13-8. p c À d ¼ 14 ffiffiffiffiffiffi h 3 c P f 4 s CM ð13-9aÞ where p c , d, h c in cm, and P f in kgf/cm 2 p c À d ¼ 21:38 ffiffiffiffiffiffi h 3 c P f 4 s USCS ð13-9bÞ where p c , d, h c in in, and P f in psi p c À d ¼ 77:8 ffiffiffiffiffiffi h 3 c P f 4 s SI ð13-9cÞ where p c , d, h c in m, and P f in N/m 2 2ð p d À dÞ!ðp ÀdÞð13-10Þ m ¼ 1:5d to 1: 75d ð13-11aÞ m ! 1:25d ð13-11bÞ h c ¼ 0:6h þ0:0025 if h 0:038 m SI ð13-12aÞ where h c and h in m h c ¼ 0:6h þ0:1ifh 1:5in USCS ð13-12bÞ where h c and h in in h c ¼ 0:67h if h > 0:038 m SI ð13-12cÞ where h c and h in m h c ¼ 0:67h if h > 1:5in USCS ð13-12dÞ where h c and h in in Particular Formula 13.6 CHAPTER THIRTEEN RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. 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TABLE 13-11 Rivet groups under eccentric loading value of coefficient K K ¼ 1 lp p 2 1 þ p 2 þ 1 4 K ¼ n ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 6l ðn þ1Þp t 2 þ 1 s } K ¼ n Alcn 2I þ ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Alcn 2I 2 þ 1 s K ¼ n ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi lðn À1Þp t p 2 þ 1 3 ðn 2 À 1Þp 2 t 2 þ lp p 2 þ 1 3 ðn 2 À 1Þp 2 t þ 1 2 2 s K ¼ n ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi lðn À1Þp t p 2 þ 1 2 ðn À1Þp 2 t 2 þ lp p 2 þ 1 3 ðn 2 À 1Þp 2 t þ 1 3 2 s K ¼ n ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi lðn À1Þp t p 2 1 þ p 2 þ 2 3 ðn 2 À 1Þp 2 t 2 þ lp p 2 1 þ p 2 þ 2 3 ðn 2 À 1Þp 2 t þ 1 4 2 s Key: n ¼ total number of rivets in a column F ¼ permissible load, acting with lever arm, l, kN (lbf) F 0 ¼ permissible load on one rivet, kN (lbf) K ¼ F=F 0 , coefficient Source: K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962; K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983; and K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986. RIVETED JOINTS 13.7 RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. Thickness of the cover plate according to Indian Boiler Code Thickness of single-butt cover plate Thickness of single-butt cover plate omitting alternate rivet in the over rows Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width omitting alternate rivet in the outer rows Thickness of the double-butt cover plates of unequal width For thickness of cover plates The width of upper cover plate (narrow strap) The width of lower cover plate (wide strap) STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF TYPICAL RIVETED JOINT (Fig. 13-2) The tensile strength of the solid plate The tensile strength of the perforated strip along the outer gauge line The general expression for the resistance to shear of all the rivets in one pitch length The general expression for the resistance to crushing of the rivets The resistance against failure of the plate through the second row and simultaneous shearing of the rivets in the first row The resistance against failure of the plate through the second row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in the first row The resistance against shearing of the rivets in the outer row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in the two inner rows h 1 ¼ 1:125h ð13-13Þ h 2 ¼ 1:25h p À d p À 2d ð13-14Þ h c ¼ h 1 ¼ h 2 ¼ 0:625h ð13-15Þ h c ¼ h 1 ¼ h 2 ¼ 0:625h p À d p À 2d ð13-16Þ h 1 ¼ 0:625h for narrow strap ð13-17aÞ h 2 ¼ 0:750h for wide strap ð13-17bÞ Refer to Table 13-10. b 1 ¼ 4m þ2p t1 ð13-18Þ b 2 ¼ b 1 þ 2p t2 þ 4m ð13-19Þ F ¼ ph ð13-20Þ F ¼ðp ÀdÞh ð13-21Þ F ¼ð2i 2 þ i 1 Þ d 2 4 ð13-22Þ F c ¼ði 2 h þ i 1 h 2 Þd c ð13-23Þ F 1 ¼ðp À2dÞh þ d 2 4 ð13-24Þ F c1 þðp À 2dÞh þ dh c ð13-25Þ F c ¼ 4 d 2 þ idh c ð13-26Þ Particular Formula 13.8 CHAPTER THIRTEEN RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. EFFICIENCY OF THE RIVETED JOINT The efficiency of plate The efficiency of rivet in general case For efficiency of joints The diameter of the rivet in general case The pitch in general case For pitch of joint THE LENGTH OF THE SHANK OF RIVET (Fig. 13-3) FIGURE 13-3 ¼ p À d p ð13-27Þ ¼ d 2 ði 1 þ 2i 2 Þ 4ph ¼ i 2 þ i 1 h 2 h c i 2 þ i 1 h 2 h c þ ð13-28Þ Refer to Table 13-3. d ¼ 4hi 2 þ i 1 h 2 c ði 1 þ 2i 2 Þ ð13-29Þ Note: for lap joint i 2 ¼ 0 for butt joint i 1 ¼ 0 p ¼ ð2i 2 þ i 1 Þd 2 4h þ d ð13-30Þ Refer to Table 13-7. L ¼ h þh 1 þ h 2 þð1:5to1:7ÞD ð13-31aÞ L ¼ h þh c þð1:5to1:7ÞD ð13-31bÞ for butt joint with single cover plate L ¼ 2h þð1:5to1:7ÞD ð13-31cÞ for lap joint where D ¼ diameter of rivet Particular Formula RIVETED JOINTS 13.9 RIVETED JOINTS Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com) Copyright © 2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website. [...]... 5 :62 5 4  ph 2 d 5 :62 5 4  ph 2 d 5 :62 5 4  ph 2 d 5 :62 5 4  ph Efficiency of rivets, r Longitudinal pitch, p, mm 4 :63 h þ 40 4 :63 h þ 40 4 :63 h þ 40 p À 2d 4 :63 h þ 40 þ 1:875 p 2 d  ph 4 Combined efficiency, c 0:33p þ 0 :67 d 0:2p þ 1:15d 2d 0:33p þ 0 :67 d or 2d (whichever is greater) Transverse pitch, pt , mm 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d Margin, m, mm  pÀd p À 2d 0 :62 5h... K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 19 86 5 Bureau of Indian Standards 6 Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994 BIBLIOGRAPHY Faires, V M., Design of Machine Elements, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1 965 Norman, C A., E S Ault, and I F Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, The... Use as given at the website RIVETED JOINTS 13.14 CHAPTER THIRTEEN TABLE 13-12 Preferred length (Â) and diameter combinations for rivets (Fig 13 -6) Diameter, mm Length, mm 1 .6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70       — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —       — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —         — — — — — — — — — — — — —... Hartmen, Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1954 2 Lingaiah, K., and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook ( fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1 962 3 Lingaiah, K., and B R Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983 4 Lingaiah, K., Machine. .. ph Efficiency of rivets, r 3:5h þ 40 3:5h þ 40 5:52h þ 40 5:52h þ 40 Longitudinal pitch, p, mm 2d 0:33p þ 0 :67 d 0:2p þ 1:15d 0:33p þ 0 :67 d or 2d (whichever is greater) Transverse pitch, pt , mm 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d 0:75h 0:75h 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h Margin, Inner h2 m, mm (wider) 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h Outer, h1 (narrower) Thickness of cover plate, mm RIVETED JOINTS 13.21 Downloaded from Digital Engineering... context, are not given at this stage Note: and with the initial subscript s designates strength properties of material used in the design which will be used and observed throughout this handbook In some books on machine design and in this Machine Design Data Handbook the ratios of design stresses sd =fd and sd = fd ; and design stresses yd , yd 0 , fd , and fd have been used instead of sy =sf... p Longitudinal pitch, p, mm 3:5h þ 40 3:5h þ 40 1:75h þ 40 p À 2d 4:05h þ 40 p 2 d þ ph 4 Combined efficiency, c 0:33p þ 0 :67 d 2d 0:2p þ 1:15d Transverse pitch, pt , mm 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d Margin, m, mm 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h Inner h2 (wider) 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h 1:125h pÀd p À 2d Outer, h1 (narrower) Thickness of cover plate, mm RIVETED JOINTS 13.19 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library... r p À 2d d 2 d þ ph 4 p À 2d d 2 d þ ph 4 Combined efficiency, c 4 :63 h þ 40 4 :63 h þ 40 4 :63 h þ 40 Longitudinal pitch, p, mm 0:2p þ 1:15d 2d 0:33p þ 0 :67 d or 2d (whichever is greater) Transverse pitch, pt , mm 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d 0:75h 0:75h 0:75h Margin, Inner h2 m, mm (wider) 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h Outer, h1 (narrower) Thickness of cover plate, mm RIVETED JOINTS 13.22 Downloaded from... 1:15d 2d 0:33p þ 0 :67 d or 2d (whichever is greater) Transverse pitch, pt , mm 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d 1:5d Margin, m, mm  pÀd p À 2d 0 :62 5h pÀd p À 2d 0 :62 5h pÀd p À 2d 0 :62 5h  pÀd p À 2d 0 :62 5h  0 :62 5h 0 :62 5h Outer, h1 (narrower) 0 :62 5h  0 :61 5h Inner h2 (wider) Thickness of cover plate, mm RIVETED JOINTS 13.20 Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)... ð14-4Þ ð14-5Þ DESIGN OF SHAFTS 14.3 DESIGN OF SHAFTS Particular Formula The diameter of shaft subjected to axial load, bending, and torsion:1À3 " (a) According to maximum normal theory D¼ ( 16 yd FD Mb þ 8 ( Mb þ þ FD 8 2 ) )# 1=2 1=3 þ Mt2 2 (b) According to maximum shear stress theory ( FD Mb þ 8 16 D¼4 yd (c) According to maximum shear energy theory ð14 -6 2 ( FD Mb þ 8 16 D¼4 yd . 53 7.33 54 8.00 61 9.00 70 10.20 850 455 37 5.44 41 6. 05 46 6.75 51 7.40 57 8.30 900 482 29 4.33 33 4.83 37 5.50 38 5 .60 41 6. 00 950 511 22 3.20 26 3 .60 27 4.00 27 4.00 27 4.00 a Design stresses. 380 (60 ) 413 (75) 517 8F 8C MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi 0–700 0–371 61 9.0 68 10.0 76 11.00 82 12.00 103 15.00 750 399 56 8.22 62 9.11 68 10.00 77 11.20 89 13.00 800 427 45 6. 55. 68 10.0 179 26. 0 17S Hot, 500–5108C 62 9.0 179 26. 0 61 5–T6 Cold, as received 55 8.0 103 15.0 53S Hot, 515–5278C 41 6. 0 103 15.0 a Actual safety factor or reliability factor is 1.5. TABLE 13 -6 Values