Open AccessResearch Oxidative stress increases Fas ligand expression in endothelial cells Mayumi Suzuki, Kazutetsu Aoshiba* and Atsushi Nagai Address: First Department of Medicine, Tokyo
Trang 1Open Access
Research
Oxidative stress increases Fas ligand expression in endothelial cells
Mayumi Suzuki, Kazutetsu Aoshiba* and Atsushi Nagai
Address: First Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
Email: Mayumi Suzuki - kaoshiba@chi.twmu.ac.jp; Kazutetsu Aoshiba* - kaoshiba@chi.twmu.ac.jp; Atsushi Nagai - kaoshiba@chi.twmu.ac.jp
* Corresponding author
Abstract
Background: Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas-bearing target cells, such as leukocytes,
and up-regulation of FasL expression on the endothelium may contribute to anti-inflammatory
reactions that attenuate leukocyte extravasation during inflammation Since oxidants generated
during inflammation and cigarette smoking may modulate endothelial function, we examined the
effect of H2O2 and cigarette smoke on endothelial FasL expression
Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to nontoxic
concentrations of H2O2 and cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) Membrane FasL expression was
assessed by immunostaining with anti-FasL antibody followed by either monolayer-cell-based
spectrofluorimetry or flow cytometry Soluble FasL in culture supernatants was measured by
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay For the cytotoxic assay, HUVECs were exposed to H2O2 and
co-cultured with neutrophils Neutrophils were stained by a peroxidase/diaminobenzidine-based
reaction, and apoptosis was evaluated on the basis of nuclear morphology after Giemsa staining
To analyze in vitro FasL expression in arteries, rat thoracic aortas were incubated with H2O2, and
paraffin-embedded sections were prepared for immunohistochemistry with anti-FasL antibody
Results: Exposure of HUVECs to H2O2 dose-dependently increased their levels of both
membrane and soluble forms of FasL expression CSE exposure also caused increased levels of FasL
expression, but the increase was partially inhibited by the addition of catalase When co-cultured
with neutrophils, HUVECs exposed to H2O2 significantly promoted neutrophil apoptosis Rat
thoracic aortas incubated with H2O2 exhibited increased FasL expression on their endothelium
Conclusion: Low levels of oxidative stress increase FasL expression on endothelial cells, thereby
potentially reducing leukocyte extravasation and tissue damage
Background
Fas ligand (FasL) is a type II membrane protein belonging
to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that induces
apoptosis in target cells bearing the receptor Fas [1] The
role of the Fas-FasL system has been best characterized in
the immune system Interactions between Fas and FasL
are functionally involved in tissue-specific regulation of
various immune processes For example, FasL expression
has been detected in immune-privileged tissues, such as the eye and testis, which are protected from destructive immune responses by inducing apoptosis of infiltrating Fas-bearing immune cells [2] In this way FasL expression
in some tissues contributes to their immune-privileged status
Published: 19 July 2006
Journal of Inflammation 2006, 3:11 doi:10.1186/1476-9255-3-11
Received: 23 January 2006 Accepted: 19 July 2006 This article is available from: http://www.journal-inflammation.com/content/3/1/11
© 2006 Suzuki et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Trang 2Endothelial cells express Fas but are normally resistant to
Fas-mediated apoptosis [3,4] On the other hand, recent
studies have shown that endothelial cells express FasL
constitutively and therefore regulate leukocyte
extravasa-tion [5] Administraextravasa-tion of the proinflammatory cytokine
TNFα down-regulates FasL expression on endothelial cells
and promotes inflammation, whereas over-expression of
FasL on the endothelium attenuates leukocyte
extravasa-tion [5] FasL over-expression on the endothelium of
arteries also inhibits intimal hyperplasia and
ischemia-reperfusion injury in animals [6,7] Thus, up-regulation of
FasL expression on the endothelium may contribute to
anti-inflammatory reactions by reducing leukocyte
trans-migration in tissue
Oxidants are potential mediators involved in the
regula-tion of FasL expression Oxidants are highly reactive
com-pounds generated during normal metabolism as well as in
various pathological states, such as inflammation,
ischemia/reperfusion injury, hyperoxia, and radiation
injury Previous studies have shown that increased
oxida-tive stress induces FasL expression by T-lymphocytes [8],
microglial cells [9], and intestinal epithelial cells [10],
suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in the
FasL-mediated apoptotic mechanism of Fas-bearing target cells
However, little information exists about the role of
oxida-tive stress in FasL expression by endothelial cells Since
endothelial cells are targets of the oxidative stress
gener-ated by inflammatory cells, endothelial cells themselves,
and exogenous pro-oxidants, such as hyperoxia and
ciga-rette smoke [11], we investigated whether oxidative stress
up-regulates FasL expression in endothelial cells
Methods
Preparation of the cigarette smoke extracts (CSE)
Aqueous CS extracts (CSE) were prepared by the method
described previously, with a modification [12]
Immedi-ately before use, mainstream smoke was generated with
one cigarette (Peace®; Japan Tobacco Inc.) by drawing
con-secutive puffs into a 20-ml plastic syringe with a stopcock
connected through one port to a glass vessel containing 3
ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) A 20-ml puff
drawn over 1 second was obtained at 10-second intervals
Each puff was held for 3 seconds and bubbled through the
PBS for 5 seconds One cigarette yielded an average of 45
puffs by this procedure The aqueous CSE was diluted in
culture medium before use, and the CSE solutions were
prepared by the same person (M.S.) by exactly the same
method, and they were used within 5 minutes after
prep-aration
Cell culture
Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells
(HUVECs) were obtained from Clonetics (San Diego,
dish (Falcon® Becton Dickinson Labware, Franklin Lakes, NJ) precoated with bovine type I collagen (Vitrogen®; Cohesion Technologies, Palo Alto, CA), and grown in endothelial growth medium (EBM-2 containing hydro-cortisone, hFGF-B, VEGF, R3-IGF-1, ascorbic acid, heparin, 2% FBS, hEGF, gentamicin, and amphotericin B; Clonetics CC-4176) When the cells reached 70% conflu-ence, they were trypsinized with 0.1% trypsin (Gibco BRL® Life Technologies, Inc., Grand Island, NY), and 2% EDTA (Gibco BRL®), neutralized with soybean trypsin inhibitor (Gibco BRL®), rinsed once with PBS, and seeded onto a new dish Cells between passages 3 and 5 were used in the experiments Human neutrophils from EDTA-anticoagu-lated venous blood specimens obtained from healthy vol-unteers were isolated by dextran sedimentation and centrifugation on a Histopaque gradient (without endo-toxin; Sigma-Aldrich Japan, Tokyo, Japan), as previously described [12] The purity of the neutrophil populations was >95% based on May-Grunewald-Giemsa staining, and neutrophil viability determined by trypan blue dye exclusion was >98%
Cell treatment
HUVECs at a density of (104 cells/mm2) were plated onto 96-well plates (Falcon®), 8-well chamber slides (Lab-Tek Nalge® Nunc International, Tokyo, Japan), or onto 60-mm plates (Falcon®) precoated with type I collagen, and grown
in endothelial growth medium When the cells reached confluence, they were incubated for 8 hours with EBM-2 medium lacking growth factors, and then exposed to dif-ferent concentrations of H2O2 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) or CSE for 16 hours in the presence or absence of catalase (500 U/ml; Sigma-Aldrich) Cell viability after exposure to H2O2 or CSE was assessed by staining with 40 µg/ml of propidium iodide (Sigma-Aldrich) and spectrofluorimetry at an excitation wavelength of 530 nm and emission wavelength of 590
nm, as described previously [13]
Analysis of FasL expression
Membrane FasL expression in HUVECs was analyzed by cell-monolayer-based spectrofluorimetry or flow cytome-try For cell monolayer-based spectrofluorimetry, HUVECs cultured on 96-well plates (Falcon®) were fixed with cold 1% paraformaldehyde for 15 min After rinsing with PBS, plates were blocked with blocking buffer (PBS containing 3% bovine serum albumin and 2% goat serum: Sigma-Aldrich) and incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature with monoclonal mouse anti-FasL antibody (NOK1, 8 µg/ml; Pharmingen, San Diego, CA)
or isotype-matched mouse nonimmune IgG in blocking buffer The plates were rinsed 3 times with PBS and incu-bated with FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG antibody (5 µg/ml; Southern Biotechnology Associates, Inc.,
Trang 3Briming-was measured on a Cytofluor II multiplate fluorometer
(Perceptive Biosystems, Framingham, MA) at an
excita-tion wavelength of 485 nm and emission wavelength of
530 nm
For flow cytometry, cells were detached from 60-mm
cul-ture plates with 0.5% EDTA solution containing matrix
metalloproteinase inhibitor (KB8301, 10 µg/ml;
Pharmingen) and incubated for 1 hour at room
tempera-ture with anti-FasL mAb (NOK1, 8 µg/ml) or
isotype-matched mouse nonimmune IgG (Dako Cytomation
Japan, Tokyo, Japan) in blocking buffer Cells were then
washed 3 times with PBS and stained with
FITC-conju-gated anti-mouse IgG antibody for 1 hour at room
tem-perature FITC-labeled cells were detected using a flow
cytometer (FACS) on an FL-1 channel
Amounts of soluble Fas L in samples of the supernatant
from the 96-well plate cultures of HUVECs were analyzed
by using a soluble FasL enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA) kit (R&D systems Inc., Minneapolis, MN)
according to manufacturer's instructions
Cytotoxicity assay
The ability of FasL on endothelial cells to induce
apopto-sis in Fas-positive target cells was assessed by
co-incubat-ing neutrophils with HUVECs HUVECs were grown to
confluence in 96-well plates and exposed to 100 µM H2O2 for 16 hours The plates were then washed 3 times with PBS, and neutrophils (105 cells) suspended in EBM-2 medium lacking growth factors were added to HUVECs
The plates were centrifuged at 200 × g for 2 minutes, and
after incubation at 37°C for 16 hours, non-adherent cells were collected and attached to glass slides by cytocentrif-ugation The slides were fixed with a cold mixture of 60% acetone and 2% glutaraldehyde, reacted with a solution consisting of 250 µg/ml 3,3'-diaminobenzidine (Dako Cytomation) and 0.01% H2O2 for 10 minutes at room temperature, and stained with a Giemsa solution Apop-totic neutrophils were identified as cells exhibiting nuclear pyknosis or chromatin condensation [12] together with brown-colored cytoplasmic staining when examined by oil immersion microscopy Three hundred cells were scored in each experiment to determine the per-centage of apoptotic neutrophils cells
In vitro culture of rat thoracic aortas
The Animal Care and Use Committee of Tokyo Women's Medical University approved the animal protocol Tho-racic aortas were obtained from male SD rats (Sankyo Labo Service Co., Tokyo, Japan) weighing 250 g, and they were cultured in the presence or absence of 100 µM H2O2 for 16 hours in EBM-2 medium lacking growth factors The thoracic aortas were then fixed in 3%
paraformalde-Cell viability after exposure to H2O2 and CSE
Figure 1
Cell viability after exposure to H 2 O 2 and CSE HUVECs were incubated for 16 hours in 96-well plates with or without
1–500 µM H2O2 or 0.5–5% CSE Non-adherent cells were removed, and the number of adherent cells was counted by propid-ium iodide staining and spectrofluorimetry (13) **p < 0.01 vs cells not exposed to H2O2 or CSE
Trang 4Membrane FasL expression on HUVECs
Figure 2
Membrane FasL expression on HUVECs HUVECs were incubated for 16 hours with or without 1–100 µM H2O2 or 0.5% and 0.5 and 1% CSE, in the presence or absence of 500 U/ml catalase Membrane FasL expression on HUVECs analyzed
by cell-monolayer-based spectrofluorimetry (A and B) and flow cytometry (C) (A and B) Data are reported as the means ± SEM
of the values obtained from 5 experiments *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs cells not exposed to H2O2 or CSE †p < 0.05 vs cells
exposed to 1% CSE only (C) Data are representative of 3 separate experiments Background; fluorescence levels generated by
replacement of anti-FasL antibody with nonimmune IgG
Trang 5hyde, and paraffin-embedded specimens were cut into
3-µm sections Sections were deparaffinized, digested with a
pepsin solution (Research Genetics, Huntsville, AL) for 5
minutes at 40°C, and exposed to 3% H2O2 for 20 minutes
to inhibit endogenous peroxidase After blocking with 3%
bovine serum albumin and 2% goat serum, sections were
incubated with polyclonal rabbit anti-FasL antibody
(Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) or
non-immune rabbit IgG (Dako Cytomation) for 1 hour at
room temperature The primary antibody was reacted
with biotin-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG antibody and
streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase (Research Genetics)
Immunoreactants were visualized with a substrate
solu-tion of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole (Dako Cytomasolu-tion)
and nuclear counterstaining with a hematoxylin solution
Statistics
All data are reported as means ± SEM The mean values
were compared by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
with Fisher's protected least significance difference
(PLSD) post hoc analysis and the unpaired t test A p value
< 0.05 was considered significant
Results
Oxidative stress increases FasL expression by HUVECs
Since as shown in Figure 1, exposure to H2O2 at concen-trations of 1–100 µM and to CSE at concenconcen-trations of 0.5% and 1% did not affect HUVEC viability, we used these concentrations of H2O2 and CSE to assess their effect
on FasL expression The results showed that exposure of HUVECs to H2O2 dose-dependently increased the level of membrane FasL expression as assessed by cell-monolayer-based spectrofluorimetry (Figure 2A), and flow cytometry also showed an increased level of membrane FasL expres-sion on HUVECs after H2O2 exposure (Figure 2C) Since cigarette smoke is an important source of oxidants that may affect endothelial function, we investigated whether CSE enhances membrane FasL expression by HUVECs As shown in Figure 2B, HUVEC exposure to 0.5% and 1% CSE increased the level of membranous FasL expression The increase was significantly inhibited in the presence of catalase, which catalyzes H2O2, suggesting that CSE induces FasL expression at least in part by oxidative mech-anisms
Since membrane FasL is converted to a soluble form, we measured the amount of soluble FasL released by HUVECs exposed to H2O2 As shown in Figure 3, HUVEC exposure to H2O2 increased the amount of soluble FasL in the culture medium
Oxidative-stress-induced FasL expression by HUVECs induces neutrophil apoptosis
To determine the functional capacity of HUVECs to induce apoptosis, we quantified Fas-positive neutrophils [14] co-cultured with HUVECs after exposure to H2O2 As shown in Figure 4, exposure of HUVECs to 100 µM H2O2 significantly promoted neutrophil apoptosis, suggesting that oxidative stress renders HUVECs cytotoxic to neu-trophils
Oxidative stress increases FasL expression on the endothelium of the thoracic aorta
The results obtained thus far had suggested that oxidative stress enhanced FasL expression in a HUVEC monolayer
We then investigated whether oxidative stress increases FasL expression on the endothelium of vascular tissues cultured in vitro Since arteries have been shown to express low levels of FasL [4], we obtained thoracic aortas from rats and incubated them with or without 100 µM
H2O2 Very weak immunoreactivity against anti-FasL was observed on the endothelium of thoracic aortas cultured with medium alone (Figure 5A), whereas culturing the thoracic aortas with H2O2 considerably enhanced endothelial immunoreactivity against anti-FasL (Figure 5B), suggesting that oxidative stress increases FasL expres-sion on the endothelium of arteries
Soluble FasL release by HUVECs
Figure 3
Soluble FasL release by HUVECs Supernatant samples
were obtained from cultures of HUVECs incubated for 16
hours with or without 1–100 µM H2O2 The amount of
solu-ble FasL in the samples was determined by ELISA Data are
reported as the means ± SEM of values obtained from 5
experiments *p < 0.05 vs cells not exposed to H2O2
Trang 6The results of the present study showed that oxidative
stress induced by nontoxic concentrations of H2O2 and
cigarette smoke induces FasL expression on endothelial
cells Increased exposure of the endothelium to oxidants
is involved in many pathological states, such as
inflamma-tion, ischemia/reperfusion, and atherosclerosis [11]
H2O2 is one of the most important oxidants derived from
leukocytes and endothelial cells It exerts a toxic effect on
susceptible cells at high concentrations, but alters cell
functions at low concentrations by modulating signal
transduction pathways in certain cells, including
endothe-lial cells [11] Cigarette smoke is an important source of
oxidants, including H2O2, and is thought to be a
signifi-cant risk factor for chronic endothelial damage leading to
atherosclerosis [15] Our results suggest that low oxidant
levels induce over-expression of FasL on the endothelium,
which prevents inflammatory cell infiltration in tissue
This notion is consistent with our results showing that
H2O2-exposed endothelial cells have increased ability to
induce apoptosis in neutrophils bearing the Fas receptor
may function to control inflammatory responses by reducing leukocyte extravasation
Our results corroborate those of previous studies examin-ing the effect of oxidative stress on membrane FasL expres-sion in different types of cells, including T-lymphocytes [8], microglial cells [9], and intestinal epithelial cells [10] However, the mechanism of FasL expression induced by oxidative stress is unclear A previous report documented
an association between oxidative stress-induced FasL expression and NF-κB activation, although the functional role of NF-κB has not been fully demonstrated [9,16] Another possible mechanism of oxidative stress-induced FasL expression is tyrosine phosphorylation of signaling molecules, because tyrosine kinase-dependent signals, such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Jun-N-terminal kinase, have been implicated in FasL expression [17] This possibility is supported by our preliminary experiments showing that H2O2-induced FasL expression
in endothelial cells is enhanced by vanadate, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, but reduced by genistein, a
tyro-Cytotoxicity toward neutrophils of HUVECs exposed to H2O2
Figure 4
Cytotoxicity toward neutrophils of HUVECs exposed to H 2 O 2 (A) A representative photomicrograph of neutrophils
cultured for 16 hours with 100 µM H2O2-pretreated HUVECs and stained with diaminobenzidine and Giemsa solutions Arrows
point to apoptotic neutrophils with condensed and/or fragmented nuclei and cytoplasm positively stained with
diaminobenzi-dine (brown in the original photograph) Original magnification, × 1000 (B) The number of apoptotic neutrophils co-cultured
with HUVECs exposed to or not exposed to H2O2 Data are reported as the means ± SEM of values obtained from 5 experi-ments *p < 0.05 vs cells not exposed to H2O2
Trang 7Our results show that exposing HUVECs to H2O2 also
increases the production of soluble FasL Although the
conversion of membranous FasL to its soluble form
reduces its pro-apoptotic activity [18], soluble Fas ligand
retains its capacity to interact with Fas, and serum
concen-trations of soluble FasL are related to the development of
vascular diseases For example, a recent study has shown
that patients with familial combined hyperlipidemia or
carotid atherosclerosis have decreased serum FasL levels,
suggesting endothelial dysfunction that may allow
leuko-cyte infiltration of the vessel wall and lead to
atheroscle-rotic plaque formation [19] In this context, the oxidative
stress-induced increase in endothelial soluble FasL
pro-duction observed in this study may contribute to
main-taining homeostasis of the systemic vasculature
Oxidative stress has been shown to alter various aspects of
endothelial functions [11], for example, by increasing
endothelial adhesiveness to neutrophils via signaling
pathways dependent on activation of protein kinase C
[20], production of platelet-activating factor [21], and expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 [22] Thus, oxidative stress is generally thought to promote endothelial injury by enhancing leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium In this sense, the endothelial FasL expression in response to oxidative stress demonstrated in this study may play a critical role in preventing endothe-lial injury by inducing apoptosis of adhering leukocytes
We found that the addition of catalase only reduced CSE-induced FasL expression by HUVECs (Figure 2) Thus, an oxidative mechanism mediated by species other than
H2O2 or non-oxidative mechanisms may also be involved
in the increase in FasL expression by HUVECs after CSE exposure [23] Alternatively, CSE may have inhibited cat-alase activity [24]
Conclusion
The results of our study show that oxidative stress induced
by nontoxic concentrations of H2O2 and CSE increase
Immunohistochemistry of thoracic aortas
Figure 5
Immunohistochemistry of thoracic aortas Thoracic aortas were excised from rats and exposed to (B, C) or not exposed
to (A) 100 µM H2O2 in vitro for 16 hours Tissue sections were immunostained with rabbit polyclonal anti-FasL antibody, and immunoreactants were visualized with a substrate solution of 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole Cell nuclei were counterstained with a hemtoxylin solution Exposure of thoracic aortas to 100 µM H2O2 increased expression of FasL on the aortic endothelium (B)
Arrows point to positive FasL staining (red color in the original photomicrograph) Replacement of anti-FasL antibody with
non-immune rabbit IgG resulted in negative staining (C) Photographs are representative of immunostaining of three thoracic aorta
specimens Original magnification, 200×
Trang 8Publish with Bio Med Central and every scientist can read your work free of charge
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FasL expression in endothelial cells This effect may
con-tribute to reductions in leukocyte-mediated inflammation
and tissue damage
Competing interests
The author(s) declare that they have no competing
inter-ests
Authors' contributions
SM and KA carried out all of the experiments reported in
this manuscript NA participated design of the study
Acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful to Masayuki Shino and Yoshimi Sugimura for
their excellent technical assistance.
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