The Design of Manufacturing Systems Part 9 pptx

Two industrial case studies are presented. They were selected from a range of cases studied to identify and prove the existence of the three engineering paradigms introduced above. These cases have been chosen to illustrate the three different approaches to environmental protection outlined through the individual paradigms. Furthermore, the identification of clean technology characteristics in the cases selected has been taken as a proof that paradigms are changing in industrial practice. Two Industrial Case Studies Shell A project was carried out with Shell on the abandonment of an oil platform [6]. The task was to evaluate possible abandonment options and suggest the best option to the project team. Criteria for the selection of the best option included economic considerations, safety issues, public acceptance, and environmental TABLE 5.1 The Three Paradigms of Industrial Environmental Action Paradigm Criterion Dilute and Disperse Clean-Up Technology (End-of- Pipe Engineering) Clean Technology (Preventative Engineering) Leitbild Linear thinking, linear processes Linear thinking, linear processes Holistic, ecological thinking, cyclical activities Motivation for action No motivation for environmental protection Extrinsic motivation for defensive and reactive actions Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation for environmental protection, opportunity seeking Kind of activity None Purely technical Managerial, strategic, technical Participants in activity No activity Specialists Participation across the organization Organizational development No development Some specialist learning, development of environmental specialists High level of organizational learning throughout the enterprise and beyond (e.g., stakeholders) Production Continuous growth Continuous growth Minimized production with focus on quality Production process design Unchanged processes Unchanged process, technology- centered solutions leading mainly to add-on technology Changed processs, cyclical closed- loop, or cascaded production process Product design No concern for environmental impacts No design changes, recycling of products Design for the environment, design for minimization of life cycle impacts Material consumption Unrestrained Unrestrained (possibly increased due to additional processes) Minimized over the (product) life cycle Pollution Unrestrained, dilute and disperse Restrained through additional process, concentrate and contain Minimized over the (product) life cycle, if possible, rendered harmless Global environmental impact Not accounted for Aim to reduce, is it successful? Minimized through proactive activities Industrial output Product to be owned by user Product to be owned by user Provision of services, product on lease, servicing and recycling by producer Financial cost for environmental protection No investment Additional cost for add-on technology Investment into process change, saving of running and treatment costs Profit Largely based on non-accounting of environmental resources (free commodities) Partly achieved through avoiding legal penalties, also through saving of secondary treatment costs Largely achieved through innovation, savings for minimized material consumption, and pollution control and treatment © 2001 by CRC Press LLC © 2001 by CRC Press LLC 6 Model-Based Flexible PCBA Rework Cell Design 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Overview of Printed Circuit Board Assembly Technology Printed Circuit Board • Surface Mount Components • Surface Mount Component Assembly Processes • Through-Hole Components • Through-Hole Assembly Processes • Manufacturing Assembly Defects and Rates 6.3 Rework Technology and Assembly Robots PCBA Rework Requirement • Industrial Rework Equipment • Robots and Automated PCBA Rework 6.4 Overall Development Planning 6.5 Detailed Studies of Rework Manual Rework Procedure • Factors Affecting Rework • Thermal Considerations and Problems • Preheating • Heating 6.6 Determination of Reflow Methods and Automated Rework Techniques The Effect of Reflow Methods on Automation • Reflow Method Selection • Alternative Proposals for Automation • Hot Air/Gas- Based Surface Mount Component Rework • Iris-Focused Infrared-Based Surface Mount Component Rework • Soldering Iron-Vacuum Desoldering Iron-Based Through-Hole Rework • Solder Fountain-Based Through-Hole Rework • Comparison of Alternative Reflow Methods 6.7 Determination of Other Rework Requirements Rework Tools • Sensory Control System • Supervisory System 6.8 Development of Core Automated Rework Procedures 6.9 Equipment and Rework Tools Selection Manipulating Devices and Controllers • Reflow and Resoldering Devices • Reflow Control Devices • Other Rework Tools • Auxiliary Robot Tools • Control Equipment 6.10 Subsidiary Automation of Tools 6.11 Top-Down View of System Architecture 6.12 Detailed Automated Rework Procedures 6.13 Total System Modeling Requirements Physical System Modeling Requirements and Analysis 6.14 Robot and Vision System Software Development Necdet Geren University of Çukurova . Shell on the abandonment of an oil platform [6]. The task was to evaluate possible abandonment options and suggest the best option to the project team. Criteria for the selection of the best. presented. They were selected from a range of cases studied to identify and prove the existence of the three engineering paradigms introduced above. These cases have been chosen to illustrate the three. production process Product design No concern for environmental impacts No design changes, recycling of products Design for the environment, design for minimization of life cycle impacts Material