CRC handbook of laboratory Safety - Chapter 4 docx

Furr, A. Keith Ph.D. "LABORATORY OPERATIONS" CRC handbook of laboratory Safety Edited by A. Keith Furr, Ph.D. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2000 Chapter 4 LABORATORY OPERATIONS I. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS The attitude of laboratory personnel toward safety is the most important factor affecting the safe conduct of research. It is more important than the quality of the equipment, regulations, managerial policies, the inherent risks associated with the materials being employed, and the operations being conducted. If the safety attitude of everyone in the laboratory is positive, and this attitude is clearly supported by either the corporation or the academic institution, then it is highly probable that a strong effort will be made for the research program to be conducted safely. Conscientious individuals will try to follow the standards of behavior established by their organization to ensure for themselves that their operations are as safe as possible, and will attempt to comply with regulations and policies which have been established for their protection. On the other hand, no matter how strict management policies are and how many regulations have been established, individuals with an attitude that safety concerns are not important and that nothing will ever happen to them will manage, somehow, to circumvent any inconvenient restrictions. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), in its performance oriented laboratory safety standard, recognized the importance of the local laboratory manager by placing the responsibility for developing and implementing a sound safety plan for the laboratory squarely on this individual. Rarely do you have as black and white a situation as implied by the two extremes in the preceding paragraph. No one is so careful that they avoid taking any risks, nor is any one totally unconcerned about their own safety. The goal should be to avoid taking unreasonable risks, and it is the responsibility of laboratory managers to establish, by policy and example, reasonable standards of conduct to ensure that this goal is met. Generally, a safe laboratory operation is usually a well-run operation. For example, labeling of secondary containers of reagents is not only a good safety practice to avoid accidental reactions leading to injuries, but it serves to prevent errors which could negatively affect the research program as well. The failure of a laboratory manager to establish the right atmosphere of safety and to enforce established safety and health policies can render the manager vulnerable to litigation on the part of an injured employee, especially if it can be shown that the failure was due to willful negligence. The OSHA Laboratory Standard does require a written hygiene plan for the laboratory facility but if written policies were not available, if a reasonable individual can be shown to have been likely to have anticipated a problem, and if due care to protect an employee under the individual 's supervision was not exercised, a civil court suit against the manager by the injured party could very well be successful. On the other hand, employees (at least in an academic institution), who deliberately does not comply with safety precautions of ©2000 CRC Press LLC which they have been informed and which are normally expected to be followed, may weaken their case due to contributory negligence to the extent that the suit would not succeed or the award be substantially diminished. In the corporate world, there are workman *s compensation laws that govern situations in which an employee is injured and usually provide for compensation to the employee regardless of who is at fault (although accepting workman’s compensation usually means waiving recourse to legal claims in court), although there are differences in coverage depending upon many factors in the different states. The whole concept of liability is constantly being modified by court actions. However, for financial as well as ethical reasons, the prudent manager or employer should be sure that the research programs for which the manager is responsible are conducted according to good safety practices, as defined by laws and regulations, corporate and institutional policies, and reasonableness. It is symbolic of our society that this chapter, intended to provide guidelines to assist in making laboratory operations safer, should start with such a strong legal tone. Formal safety standards have been established because of concerns for the rights of individuals and society, due to abuses by the very small minority that may place results or profits ahead of the well being of the persons involved. Individuals are no longer willing to accept what they believe to be excessive risks on behalf of their employer and are willing to go to court to protect themselves, to the extent that this prerogative is at risk of being abused. However, even without the need for laws and regulations, such a chapter in a book on laboratory safety would still be needed to provide guidelines to research personnel on how to avoid or minimize the risks associated with the conduct of research. Much has been made of the professional expertise, experience, and judgment of scientists which should allow them to be the best judge of the safety program needed in their research. In chemistry laboratories in the academic world, however, where competent, enlightened scientists should be found, it has been estimated that the accident rate is 10 to 50 times higher than that in industrial laboratories. The broad range in the estimate is attributed to the reluctance of academic personnel, particularly students, to report accidents. The disparity between the two situations may be explained by the greater likelihood in industry that scientists might be required to do a careful hazard analysis and follow strict safety precautions. The touted expertise of scientists is often confined to the scientific object of the research program. Very few scientists have taken formal courses in safety, health, and toxicology. Most of the relevant safety articles are published in journals devoted to topics outside of their major field of interest. They are likely to have no better judgment or common sense, on average, than any comparably well-educated and intelligent group. They may, in fact, because of the intensity of their interest in a very narrow field, have only a limited aware- ness of information extraneous to those interests which would assist them in making research decisions. In the academic area, many profess to be concerned that academic freedom could be abridged by rules imposed from the outside. Academic freedom, however, should not be confused with issues governing the health and safety of individuals and the environment transcend this desirable concept. There are legitimate concerns that research laboratories may become over regulated by too-specific a set of rules, since they do not fit the standard mold for which the original OSHA and other regulatory standards were designed. Instead of working with a few chemicals, a single laboratory may work with hundreds over the course of time, often for limited periods. Safety and health information may be extremely limited or nonexistent for newly synthesized substances or for many of the materials with which a scientific investigator may work. In general, research laboratory safety and health policies should not be regulated on a chemical by chemical basis except for sp ecific, known serious risks, but this does not mean that otherwise there should be no safety rules. Health and safety programs should be based on ©2000 CRC Press LLC well-defined general policies, sufficiently broad in scope, conservatively designed to encompass any reasonable hazard to laboratory personnel. They should be administered uniformly as institutional or corporate policies, tempered by local circumstances, to assure that all laboratory workers, including students, are equitably treated. II. OSHA LABORATORY SAFETY STANDARD The OSHA Laboratory Safety Standard, 29 CFR Part 1910.1450, addresses the issue of local responsibility by requiring that each laboratory develop an individual chemical hygiene plan as part of an overall organizational plan. Thus, it is the responsibility of individuals responsible for the laboratories to take time to consider the safety factors applicable to their work. The plan must be written to ensure that it is available to all the employees, and so documentation will exist that the effort has been made. The new standard is a performance plan, superseding the General Industry Standards for working with chemicals with a few exceptions, which reduces the number of explicit requirements to a very few. It also replaces, for laboratory operations, the Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR Part 1910.1200. This second standard addresses many of the same issues as does the Laboratory Safety Plan. The details of many of the topics found in the following sections, such as a discussion of the contents of Material Safety Data Sheets, definitions of toxic, acutely toxic, etc., are given in later sections of this chapter in order that the general provisions of the Laboratory Safety Standard not be obscured at this point by a profusion of details. The entire Laboratory Safety Standard, as published in the Federal Register is only about nine pages long (not including the non-mandatory sections). Although it is a performance standard, with few explicit requirements, it does not relieve the laboratory manager of any safety responsibility. It simply leaves up to that individual, supported by the organization, the best method for creating a safety program at least as effective for the laboratory 's employees as would have the General Industry Standard. The next several sections will deal with the requirements of the OSHA Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories standard, to use its official title. Information which facilitates compliance with these requirements represents the bulk of the first through fourth chapters of this book. A. The Chemical Laboratory The standard applies only to laboratory use of chemicals and their hazards. The definition of hazard is very broad - “a hazardous chemical means one for which there is statistically significant evidence based on at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles that acute or chronic heath effects may occur in exposed employees. The term ‘health hazard " includes chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensitizers, hepatoxins, nephrotoxins, agents which act on the hematopoietic systems, and agents which damage the lungs, skin, eyes or mucous membranes.” The standard also mentions physical hazards for materials that are flammable, combustible, compressed gases, explosives, oxidizers, organic peroxides, pyrophoric, reac-tive or unstable, or water reactive. Not all uses of chemicals with these properties are covered by the standard but only those uses which occur in a “laboratory” on a “laboratory scale.” Note that the list of hazardous properties does not include radioactive, ionizing and nonionizing radiation, or contagious diseases. Operations involving these types of hazards are covered under other standards or regulated by other agencies. The definitions are somewhat circular but the standard is clearly intended to exclude workplaces where the intent is to produce commercial quantities of a substance or where procedures are part of a production process or which simulate a production process. A laboratory is where small quantities of hazardous chemicals are used on a nonproduction basis. Laboratory-scale operations are those in which containers used in the work are designed to be safely and easily manipulated by one person. ©2000 CRC Press LLC Also, a laboratory uses a variety of chemicals and procedures. The scale is such that standard laboratory practices and equipment can be used to minimize the exposure to the chemical hazards. The utilization of chemicals with similar hazardous properties in a nonlaboratory environment falls under the OSHA hazard communication standard. B. Chemical Hygiene Plan A key component of the OSHA standard is the Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP). This is an explicit requirement for laboratory activities that conform to the definitions given in the preceding section. The facility must develop and carry out a written CHP which satisfies several criteria. The first three are generalizations but are nevertheless essential. It is not required in these three sections to define how one is to accomplish them. 1. Capable of protecting employees from health hazards associated with hazardous chemicals in the laboratory. 2. Capable of keeping exposure levels below the Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs) as listed in the General Industry Standards, 29 CFR 1910, Subpart Z. 3. The CHP shall be readily available to employees, employee representatives, and on request to OSHA. The remaining elements of the plan are much more explicit in their requirements. The standard states “The Chemical Hygiene Plan shall include each of the following elements and shall indicate specific measures that the employer will take to ensure laboratory employee protection.” 4. Standard operating procedures to be followed when working with hazardous chemicals. 5. Criteria the employer will use to select and implement measures to reduce employee exposures. This covers engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and hy- giene practices. Control measures to reduce exposures to extremely hazardous chemicals are considered especially important. 6. Fume hoods and other protective equipment must be functioning properly and a program must exist to ensure that this is so. 7. Employee safety information and training must be provided. 8. Defining a program to determine the need for and procedures for a pre-initiation ap- proval process for some operations. 9. Provisions for medical consultation and medical surveillance for employees when conditions exist in which exposures in excess of the PELs or action levels may have occurred or may routinely occur. 10. Designation of personnel responsible for implementation of the CHP, to include designation of a chemical hygiene officer (CHO) and, if appropriate, a chemical hygiene committee. Most organizations with a variety of laboratories would normally choose to form such a committee. 11. Special provisions for additional protection for work with particularly hazardous ma- terials such as carcinogens, reproductive toxins, and acutely toxic substances. If the scientific worker, for whom this handbook is intended, follows the recommendations in this handbook, the requirements to meet the desired outcome of the standard should be met, but a written plan is required. The next section will define what must be covered by the plan to meet the 11 requirements listed above. The topics will not be covered in the order in the list. ©2000 CRC Press LLC 1. Goals The introduction to the plan should succinctly state that the organization, for the specific laboratory plan, is committed to providing a program that reduces exposure of employee to hazardous chemicals to below acceptable limits by (1) providing them with adequate facilities for their work; (2) provision of appropriate en203gineering controls or, if that is not feasible for valid reasons, with personal protective equipment; (3) providing them, in a timely manner, with appropriate training in procedures which they are to follow, access to information about the chemicals with which they are working, the risks associated with the chemicals, how to recognize hazards which may arise, and emergency responses; (4) providing medical consultation and surveillance as needed; (5) providing ready access to the plan; and (6) monitoring the continuing efficacy of the plan. 2. Organization The organization responsible for implementation of the plan, including key individuals, by title, should be identified, along with a brief description of the responsibility assigned to each. An organizational chart should be provided with the following positions (or groups) identified: A. The senior person in the organization who is charged with the overall responsibility for safety and health programs in the organization. This position should be at a sufficiently high level to ensure that the program receives adequate support. B. The organization under the executive authority charged with actual implementation of the plan. Normally this would consist of the Environmental Health and Safety Department and the chemical hygiene committee. C. The CHO for the organization. This person could be the head of the Health and Safety department or the chairperson of the chemical hygiene committee. However, neither of these persons would normally be able to devote full time to this work and it is a critical, full-time position. The responsibility may be delegated to another person, most probably in the health and safety organization. The chemical hygiene committee should function to define policies and provide oversight of the program, while the health and safety staff should provide the daily operational support. The duties of the CHO should include: 1. Assist the individual laboratory managers to develop their own chemical hygiene programs. The CHO should not be, and indeed is not likely to be, sufficiently familiar with the operations of individual laboratories to be expected to write the plans for specific laboratories. They should provide a template or format for the persons locally responsible for a specific facility. 2. They should develop a “train-the-trainer”program to assist the local managers in providing the appropriate training for their personnel. 3. The CHO should develop a CHP covering the entire organization, containing basic policies for chemical procurement, storage, handling, disposal, facility standards, basic training, availability of Material Safety Data Sheets and other chemical information, personal protective equipment guidelines, emergency planning for the organization, and auditing and inspection protocols. 4. The CHO should conduct, or have done under their supervision, laboratory inspections of equipment, specifically including fume hoods and other fixed safety equipment, maintenance and housekeeping, chemical storage, and compliance with the organization and laboratory-specific safety plans. 5. The CHO should see that a medical consultation and surveillance program is available to the employees in the event of overexposure conditions and conduct environmental monitoring as required to support this program. D. The local laboratory management line of authority. This could be one or more persons, ©2000 CRC Press LLC dependent upon the size of the operation, with one individual designated as the senior person to whom responsibility ultimately devolves. The latter individual is responsible for seeing that the facility develop a CHP for that facility. A recommended approach would be to make the laboratory plan a second part of a document of which the organization's CHP would be the first. This would serve two purposes: every employee would have access to the policies of the organization, and would eliminate repetitious and possibly conflicting interpretations of these broad, basic policy areas. The laboratory management might choose to designate a laboratory hygiene officer, if the number of employees is large enough, to perform some of the following responsibilities and to liaise with the organizational CHO. Regardless of how it is done, the local laboratory management has the responsibility to: 1. See that the physical facilities are adequate and in good working order. 2. See that maintenance and housekeeping are satisfactory. 3. Develop and implement safe standard operating procedures for the activities conducted within the facility. These should be written and maintained in a suitable form to which the employees would have ready access. 4. Conduct training programs or see that training programs are provided to the em- ployees to inform them of the contents and location of the CHP for the facility, the location and means of accessing chemical information, such as Material Safety Data Sheets, the standard operating procedures for the facility, the risks associated with the chemicals in active use, warning characteristics of the chemicals in use, including possible symptoms indicating over exposures or possible adverse reactions, emer- gency response or evacuation plans, and availability of the medical program. 5. Ensure that chemicals are stored, handled, and disposed of properly. 6. Conduct in-house inspections of the facility, conduct, or have conducted, inventor- ies of the chemical holdings of the laboratory, and make sure that suitable personal protective equipment is available and employed as needed. E. As discussed in Chapter 1, the employee is the one ultimately responsible for complying with safety policies, in this instance, as contained in the CHP and standard operating procedures. They have the responsibility for developing good personal safety habits. 3. Training and Information Program The CHP must contain a description of the organization 's information and training program. The training and educational programs are to be made available at the time of the employee's initial assignment to potential exposure situations. Refresher training is to be provided at a frequency determined by the employer. The information to be provided to the employees must include: 1. The contents of the laboratory safety standard. Since the standard, including its appendices, is quite short, this may be accomplished by including a copy as an appendix to the CHP. 2. The location and availability of the organization 's and laboratory's CHP. This is most easily accomplished by maintaining a master copy of the basic CHP for the organization at a central location, such as the Environmental Health and Safety department, with copies of the laboratory CHP in the individual laboratories. However, the latter should include the basic plan. Access to a computerized information system is becoming widely available in many commercial laboratory organizations and larger academic institutions. The basic unit can be part of this information system and be available to anyone with access to the system at any time. A computer version has a distinct advantage in that it can be updated at any time without distribution of many hard paper copies. 3. The OSHA PELs or action levels for the chemicals in use in the employee 's work area. The entire list of PELs can be made an appendix to the CHP to satisfy this requirement ©2000 CRC Press LLC rather than having to modify this information whenever a new material is brought into the facility. Not every chemical has an established PEL or action level, but the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) publishes a more comprehensive list, updated annually, and the National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) also publishes lists of recommended exposure limits, and these must be made available in the absence of OSHA PELs. The three sets of levels do not always agree. Where they differ, the OSHA PELs and action levels are the legally applicable limits. Copies of the ACGIH and NIOSH limits are available as published documents and can be provided as reference material, available in the workplace. A cautionary statement should accompany the list of PELs or alternatives, stating that the limits are not absolute in the sense that a fraction below them is safe while a fraction above is not. Exposure limits should be kept well below the PELs. There are individuals with greater sensitivity for whom the legal PEL would be excessive. 4. The location and availability of reference material on the hazards, safe handling, storage, and disposal of the chemicals found in the laboratory. Note that OSHA uses the word “found,” not the phrase “in use.” For laboratories that have accumulated a large inventory of rarely used materials, this alone is an excellent reason to dispose of excess and obsolete materials. The minimum means of complying with this requirement is to maintain a file of the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) provided by the manufacturer of the chemicals. The MSDSs will satisfy the previous requirement for PELs or other recommended exposure levels since they include this information. As will be discussed later, maintaining an up-to-date copy of MSDSs in every laboratory is very difficult, but computer versions of these data are available which can serve as an alternative. MSDSs should be supplemented by other compilations of data. One weakness in the MSDS system is that in order to avoid liability due to recommending a less than necessary level of care, many manufacturers have gone to the other extreme and recommend very conservative measures. Manuals such as The Merck Manual and Properties of Industrial Chemicals by Sax would be good supplements to the MSDS data. Chemical vendors and distributors also usually maintain this information on their Internet pages. Labels on commercial chemicals provide much information. The standard requires that these labels not be defaced or removed. All of this material need not be in each laboratory, but the employee must be told where it is and how to obtain access to it. This access should be readily convenient. 5. Indicators and symptoms associated with exposure to chemicals used in the laboratory. All of the above is basic information which can be provided as part of the basic plan for the organization, if the employees know where the material is and have reasonable means to obtain access to it. Some organizations accomplish this by computers, and as the use of computers approaches universality, this is likely to become the favored approach. The required training program must include the following elements: 1. The employees must be informed of the methods used to detect releases or the presence of hazardous chemicals in the workplace. Some of these are available to the employee directly, such as information concerning warning properties of the chemicals (odor, visual indicators) or symptoms which might be experienced (irritation, nausea, or dizziness). Other means of detecting materials which may be used would include fixed alarms, such as gas monitors, or environmental monitoring by safety and health support staff. Among equipment which might be available would be detector tubes, ambient gas meters, passive dosimeters, and sophisticated devices such as portable infrared, atomic absorption, or gas chromatograph instruments. Detection methods which are available and might be employed should be listed in the CHP. Where access to these methods is ©2000 CRC Press LLC through nonlaboratory personnel, the training should include how to obtain the required aid and the telephone numbers of support personnel. Some of this material, such as the environmental monitoring services, should be in the organization's basic plan, but the indicators such as odor or the presence of local fixed gas monitors should be part of the laboratory's own plan. 2. The chemical and physical hazards of the chemicals in the workplace. This is almost the same as the basic information on PELs and MSDSs listed in the previous section. Those requirements basically defined limits of exposure and the sources of data. This requirement provides that the employees be given chemically specific hazard information on the chemicals in their work area. It is most important that the chemicals in actual use are the principal ones for which this information is provided. However, generic hazard information by class for chemicals present but not in use should be provided as well. There is always the potential for an accident involving chemicals not in current use. The employees must be informed that they are not to deface or remove the labels on commercial containers of chemicals, since they represent a primary source of information. It is not required by the standard, but following the requirement from the Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200, that secondary containers intended for use beyond a single work shift should be labeled, it is highly recommended that this be required. 3. The employees must receive training on the measures they can take to protect them- selves. The content of this training should be made part of the CHP for each individual laboratory. Among these measures are: a. Work practices specific to the laboratory. These include the standard operating and administrative procedures developed so that the work can be carried out safely and efficiently. b. Emergency procedures. This can include a wide variety of measures, including how to put out a small fire, how to evacuate an area (including identification of primary and secondary escape routes), steps to take to bring a reaction under control if time permits, how to relieve pressure on pressurized equipment, how to clean up minor spills, how to report larger spills and secure help in responding to them, how to use personal protective equipment available to them, first aid, and close-down procedures in the event of a fume hood failure or failure of any other item of protective equipment. Means of initiating a general evacuation from a facility, or the building in which the laboratory facility is located must exist and should be identified in this section. 4. The details of the CHP applicable to their area, including the basic organizational plan. The items listed above are for normal laboratory work. If there are some operations which require prior approval by a more senior individual or external group, then these must be included in the training program as well. This need not be a special and possibly more hazardous laboratory evolution, although that is the primary intent of this requirement, but it could represent the purchase of selected items of equipment which must meet certain standards of performance, such as refrigeration units, fume hoods, heating devices, storage cabinetry for flammables, certain classes of chemicals such as carcinogens, etc. Additional training is also needed for working with extremely hazardous materials. The training must include: 1. Where the work must be done. An area must be designated. This can be an isolated suite of laboratories with controlled access or an area as small as a fume hood, explicitly defined as the area where the work is to be done. ©2000 CRC Press LLC 2. The use of special containment devices such as hoods or fully contained glove boxes. 3. Standard operating procedures for the work with the material, including use of appro- priate personal protective equipment. 4. Means of safe removal and disposal of contaminated material. 5. Procedures to decontaminate the work area. 4. Medical Program The CHP must define the means by which the facility will comply with the medical requirements of the standard. In most cases, this procedure should be the same for all laboratories within an organization, so the means should be spelled out in the basic plan. There are four specific requirements: 1. Employees working with hazardous chemicals must be provided an opportunity to have a medical examination, and follow-up examinations if necessary, under any of the following circumstances: a. The employee develops any signs or symptoms associated with the chemicals to which they may have been exposed in the laboratory. b. For specific substances regulated by OSHA, e.g., formaldehyde, for which exposure monitoring and medical surveillance requirements exist in the standard for that substance, the employee must be offered the prescribed medical surveillance program if environmental monitoring shows a routine exposure level above the action level (or PEL, if an action level is not specified). c. An incident occurs such as a spill, leak, or explosion and there is a likelihood that the employee might have received an exposure to a hazardous substance; the employee must be offered an opportunity for a medical consultation. The consultation is for the purpose of determining if a medical examination is needed. 2. “All medical examinations and consultations shall be performed by or under the direct supervision of a licensed physician and shall be provided without cost to the employee, without loss of pay, and at a reasonable time and place.” 3. The employer must provide the following information to the referral physician, if available: a. The identity of the hazardous chemical(s) to which the employee may have been exposed. b. A description of the conditions under which the exposure occurred, including quantitative exposure data. c. A description of the signs and symptoms of exposure the employee is experiencing, if any. 4. The examining physician must provide a written opinion to the employer in a timely manner which shall include or conform to the following requirements: a. Any recommendation for further medical follow-up. b. The results of the examination and any associated tests. c. Any medical condition (not limited to the ones that may have resulted from the exposure) revealed in the course of the examination which may place the employee at increased risk as a result of exposure to a hazardous chemical found in the workplace. d. A statement that the employee has been informed of the results of the consultation or medical examination and any medical condition that may require further ©2000 CRC Press LLC [...]... mesylate Dinocap ©2000 CRC Press LLC 29122687 44 6866 -5 5 340 98 178 043 52 7 143 2 541 1223 -1 549 38 1689 845 143 817 55981 -7 5150 630080 41 575 944 47 4259 243 9012 305033 1620219 143 500 58253 43 841 5 1301 047 4 42 91638 81103119 2512 246 7 5 041 9 57109907 50362 52288 648 68 -2 172 546 2 66819 50180 6055192 13121705 147 944 17230885 23 541 506 789026 50293 647 33 43 9 145 66762 56531 6190392 3930 045 3 ... 75525 7 946 9 552 243 0 578359 24 9 241 63 1116 547 N-Nitrosodiethylamine N-Nitrosodimethylamine p-Nitrosodiphenylamine N-Nitrosodiphenylamine N-Nitrosodi-n-propylamine N-Nitroso-N-ethylurea 3-( N-Nitrosomethylamino)propionitrile 4- ( N-Nitrosomethylamino )-1 -( 3-pyridyl)1-butanone N-Nitrosomethylethylamine N-Nitroso-N-methylurea N-Nitroso-N-methylurethane N-Nitrosomethylvinylamine N-Nitrosomorpholine N-Nitrosonornicotine... 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Furr, A. Keith Ph.D. " ;LABORATORY OPERATIONS" CRC handbook of laboratory Safety Edited by A. Keith Furr, Ph.D. Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC,2000 Chapter 4 LABORATORY OPERATIONS I. GENERAL. in later sections of this chapter in order that the general provisions of the Laboratory Safety Standard not be obscured at this point by a profusion of details. The entire Laboratory Safety Standard,. does the Laboratory Safety Plan. The details of many of the topics found in the following sections, such as a discussion of the contents of Material Safety Data Sheets, definitions of toxic,